independenceandsuccessisthebestindicatorfortimespentonhousework withthose moredependenteconomicalyshouldering much more household work.theinflu

: 2015 2 CJS 35 : 2010 ( ) : DOI:10.15992/j.cnki.31-1123/c.2015.02.006 HouseholdDivisionofHouseworkforDouble-IncomeFamily: EconomicDependenceGenderIdeologiesorEmotionalExpres LIU Aiyu TONG Xin FU Wei Abstract:BasedontheanalysisofsamplingdataofThirdNationalWomen s StatusSurveyin2010thispaperfindsthathouseholddivisionofhouseworkin urbanchinadisplaysacharacteristicof womendo much morethan men. Householddivision ofhouseworkisinfluenced bythe economic dependent relationbetweenthecoupletimespentonpaidworkandgenderroleatitude andwithquitediferentmechanismsformaleandfemale.formaleeconomic * 1: (Author1:LIU AiyuDepartmentofSociologyPeking University;ChineseSocialand DevelopmentCenter PekingUniversity); 2: (Author2:TONGXinDepartmentof SociologyPekingUniversity); 3: (Author3:FU Wei DepartmentofSociologyPekingUniversity)E-mail:potatopku@pku.edu.cn 109

2015 2 independenceandsuccessisthebestindicatorfortimespentonhousework withthose moredependenteconomicalyshouldering much more household work.theinfluence ofgenderrole atitude on division of houseworkis significantstatisticalyandindependentlyregardlessofotherfactors.nogender displayexistsfor male.economicdependencyisnotthebestpredictorfor female shouseworkinvolvementand genderroleatitude does not work independentlyaswel.theinteractionofeconomicdependencyandgender-role atitudeonhouseholddivisiondisplaysverycomplexresultsforfemaleandthe genderdisplayappearedundersuchcontexthasquitediferentpaternsand efects.theefectsofgenderdisplaydecreaseifwomen sgender-roleatitude isincreasinglytowardmodern.thegendereddivisionofhouseworkisshapedby theeconomicstatusoflabormarketandsocialculturalexpectationandtheir interactionsas wel.gender-roleatitudeplaysasanintermediatevariable between economic dependency and household division.so we give an explanationwhyhouseholddivisionofhouseworkinchinaremainswomendoing morehouseworkthanmendespitethefactthatchinesefemalegreatlyimprove theireconomicsituationandpayasmuchtimeasmaleonproductivework. Keywords:economicdependencygender-roleatitudegenderdisplay ( ) ( ) 1949 1949 60 7.5% 1.04% 2012 5458.9 36% 1 2010 60.9% 2012 1. :htp://www.bjinfobank.com 110

: 2011 51.2%; 2010 51.1% 2000 1990 6 88% ( 2013) 4.01 2.7 2 2010 61.8 2000 (Coverman1985) (Brayfield1992) 1/2(Bianchietal.2000;Kilewaldaand Margaret2010) (second-shift)(hochschild1989) (BlairandLichter1991;Brayfield1992;LennonandRosenfield1994) ( ) ( ) 70% 75% (LennonandRosenfield1994) (Sheltonand Daphne1996) 2..2002.. :htp://www. stats.gov.cn 111

2015 2 (SheltonandJohn1996) : ; ; ( 2006; 2003; 2014) : ( ) : (timeconstrainttheory) (relativeresourcetheory) (gender-role theory)(ross1987) 1. : (timeavailability availabletime) :(1) ( );(2) 112

: ;(3) : (Becker 1985) (Coverman1985; Presser1994) (Coverman1985; Kamo1988;SouthandSpitze1994) ( 2014; 2013; 2005) (Sulivan1997) (Brines1994) : 1: 2. : 113

2015 2 (Perruccietal.1978) ( ) ( ) (BlairandLichter1991;Kamo1988) (2005) 9 3819 1989 2000 (2013) (Coverman1985) ( ) (Bitmanetal.2003;Brines1994;Evertsson andnermo2004) (LundbergandPolak1996) (Brines1994;Greenstein1996) (Baxteretal.2008;Bianchi etal.2000;bitmanetal.2003;presser1994) (2014) 2010 (Chen2005) ( 2006) 114

: ( 2013) (Gupta2007) (Brines1994) ( 2003) (Brines1994; McAlister1990) ; (Brines1994) (genderdisplay) : 2: ( ) 3: ( ) 3. 115

2015 2 (ZuoandBian2001) ( 2002) : (Perruccietal.1978) (Brayfield1992;Presser 1994) (SheltonandJohn1996) (Coverman1985;Cunningham2001; BlairandLichter1991;Presser1994) (Sanchezand Thomson1997) (Brines1994) 116

: (trade-of) (Greenstein1996;Southand Spitze1994) (WestandZimmerman1987) (Bitmanetal.2003;Greenstein2000) (Brines1994;Greenstein 2000) ( 2003; 2003; 2002) (2005) (YuandXie2012; 2014) (Brines1994) (Greenstein2000;Bitmanet al.2003; EvertssonandNermo2004) (YuandXie2012; 2014) 117

2015 2 / ( ) (YuandXie2012) ( ) : 4: 5: 5 犪 : ; 5 犫 : ; 5 1 4 5 (Chang1997;Lee2002) (Sanchez1994) 2010 118

: ( ) 1. 2010 2010 12 1 (PPS) : ( ) 460 40 ; 5 ; 15 29698 18-65 7458 5888 ( ) 2. :(1) (Brines1994) :( - )/( + ) -1 +1-1 +1 0 119

2015 2 (Coverman1985) : (2) ; (Gupta2007) U 0 U 0(Brines1994;Greenstein2000) : ; 0 (Greenstein2000) 4 0.68 20 4 (Yu 120

: andxie2012; 2014) (1) (SouthandSpitze 1994) 30-44 ( 2013) :25-29 30-44 :29 30-44 45-65 (2) : 6 6-17 18 (3) (4) ( 2006) : ( / / ) (5) : (6) 107 84 1 121

2015 2 1: (N=3158) (N=2539) ( ) 45.01 53.04 107.09 67.31 0.37 0.40-0.08 0.35 0.29 0.37 0.13 0.22 ( ) 11.99 3.16 11.87 3.88 ( ) 11.16 3.42 12.22 3.22 ( ) 491.86 118.70 473.03 118.84 ( ) 3.37 5.62 2.50 10.25 ( ) 1.65 3.62 2.93 4.44 53.15 22.22 61.32 20.36 ( ) 42.32 8.89 39.54 7.65 14.56 20.66 7.79 15.01 96.04 58.13 116.22 63.63 1173 37.14 847 33.36 1169 46.04 2593 45.52 561 17.76 523 20.6 29 251 7.95 253 9.96 30-44 1611 51.01 1620 63.80 45 1296 41.04 666 26.23 177 5.60 119 4.69 6 546 17.29 406 15.99 6-17 1232 39.01 1193 46.99 18 1203 38.09 821 32.34 276 8.74 128 5.04 502 15.9 542 21.35 1293 40.94 1444 56.87 1087 34.42 425 16.74 / 836 26.47 613 24.14 2322 73.53 1926 75.86 327 10.35 281 11.07 414 13.11 442 17.41 1133 35.88 920 36.23 1284 40.66 896 35.29 1804 57.12 1326 52.23 852 26.98 725 28.55 502 15.9 488 19.22 122

: : ( ) 20 70 1976-1984 ( 4824 ) 6.95 19.53 ;1985-1993 ( 8403 ) 7.37 16.14 ;1994-2003 ( 6986 ) 7.03 14.46 (KilewaldaandMargaret2010) 1990-2010 ( 2 3) 2: ( ) 1990 2000 2010 465.8 443.4 473.4 432.0 492.0 472.9 50.9 29.8 32.7 22.7 21.0 19.0 147.1 111.7 77.7 60.4 49.9 38.2 455.7 456.7 460.2 465.5 469.9 471.3 123.7 220.2 75.1 180.2 45.1 106.9 3: ( :%) 14.4 12.6 8.7 15.1 6.6 10.8 11.0 2010 61.0 63.3 72.6 65.0 56.2 36.6 24.7 N( ) 5888 5888 5888 5888 5888 5888 5888 15.6 14.8 9.2 11.6 24.3 9.0 44.0 - - 2000 74.2 78.2 87.4 84.3 71.2 79.4 56.4 - - N( ) 5573 5571 5576 5587 5594 5113 4470 - - :(1) (2)2010 ;2000 (3) - 123

2015 2 2010 492 473 19 4% 2 18-65 1990 2010 1.7 1.1 1990 128.2 258.6 2 ;2000 88.1 214.2 2.4 ;2010 45.1 106.9 2.4 2010 : 61% 63.3% 72.6% 65% 56.2% 36.6% 24.7% 2000 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1m 1f + + + 2m 2f 1 3m 3f 2 4m 4f 4 5 124

: 4: (N=3158) 1m 2m 3m 4m 30-44 7.883(4.427) 7.934(4.410) 7.314(4.382) 7.311(4.380) 459.468(5.325) 9.245(5.304) 7.782(5.236) 7.731(5.222)) 6-3.027(5.050) -3.494(5.021) -2.280(4.979) -2.276(4.976) 6-17 -9.377(5.296) -9.402(5.267) -7.833(5.243) -7.824(5.236) 18-6.943(5.687) -6.789(5.656) -4.940(5.610) -4.923(5.602) 11.442(3.861) 11.498(3.853) 10.581(3.874) 10.577(3.871) 10.785(3.556) 10.630(3.556) 10.779(3.587) 10.728(3.585) 10.446(3.579) 10.277(3.579) 11.084(3.605) 11.088(3.605) : / -1.468(2.432) -1.572(2.415) -1.411(2.409) -1.420(2.411) 2.552(4.359) 2.621(4.359) 2.675(4.344) 2.726(4.347) 0.190(3.661) 0.407(3.657) 0.587(3.652) 0.663(3.649) -7.022(3.331) -6.996(3.336) -6.783(3.356) -6.741(3.360) 0.267(2.450) 0.003(2.453) 0.219(2.432) 0.241(2.429) -1.351(3.011) -1.452(3.023) -2.539(2.999) -0.085(0.010) -0.085(0.010) -0.085(0.010) -0.074(0.129) -0.061(0.128) -0.028(0.124) -0.463(0.251) -0.520(0.256) -0.537(0.280) -2.528(2.997) -0.085(0.010) -0.024(0.124) -0.542(0.280) -0.120(2.536) -0.115(2.534) 0.287(2.542) 0.276(2.545) 4.641(3.437) 4.626(3.432) 5.174(3.392) 5.145(3.400) -21.091(2.979)-29.204(6.641)-27.029(6.602) -27.180(6.634) - 10.002(6.444) 9.901(6.404) 7.404(8.534) - - 0.293(0.050) 0.277(0.067) - - - 0.051(0.128) 85.731(8.385) 86.026(8.359) 68.669(9.084) 69.561(9.357) R 0.077 0.078 0.093 0.093 125

2015 2 5: (N=2539) 1f 2f 3f 4f 30-44 12.209(6.360) 12.345(6.379) 12.375(6.403) 12.002(6.395) 45 29.578(7.764) 29.696(7.778) 29.623(7.789) 29.042(7.785) 6 10.457(8.056) 10.547(8.053) 10.355(8.018) 10.285(7.998) 6-17 23.944(8.179) 23.789(8.180) 23.414(8.157) 23.442(8.135) 18 13.349(8.822) 13.129(8.830) 12.548(8.816) 12.614(8.788) -7.621(6.554) -7.592(6.573) -7.471(6.502) -7.167(6.543) 9.176(6.310) 8.838(6.324) 8.474(6.244) 8.537(6.284) 5.817(6.908) 5.643(6.918) 5.125(6.855) 5.154(6.890) : / -0.469(3.578) -0.491(3.578) -0.738(3.590) -0.733(3.589) 7.177(6.477) 7.316(6.492) 7.003(6.497) 6.658(6.499) 2.889(5.882) 3.127(5.910) 3.030(5.895) 2.794(5.891) -5.314(5.853) -4.961(5.887) -4.830(5.858) -5.131(5.849) 6.657(3.897) 6.563(3.888) 6.286(3.859) 6.351(3.849) -5.352(3.725) -5.357(3.727) -5.110(3.736) -5.253(3.732) -0.130(0.015) -0.129(0.015) -0.129(0.015) -0.169(0.078) -0.174(0.075) -0.176(0.073) -1.124(0.432) -1.180(0.432) -1.175(0.431) -0.128(0.015) -0.184(0.072) -1.228(0.438) 0.484(3.544) 0.641(3.560) 0.777(3.567) 0.667(3.558) -9.809(4.236) -9.573(4.238) -9.125(4.273) -8.948(4.260) -13.467(4.814)-14.076(4.872)-13.428(4.811) -13.175(4.823) - 6.343(6.855) 6.292(6.836) 39.416(21.513) - - -0.115(0.076) -0.047(0.087) - - - -0.522(0.300) 134.069(14.460)133.011(14.616)140.839(15.336)136.647(15.595) R 0.123 0.123 0.124 0.125 :(1) :29 ; : ; : ; : / ; : ; : ; : (2) (3) 3m 4m 3f 4f 126

: 4 5 : (1) 30-44 30 7.3 30 12 3m 4m 6-17 23 (2) 4m 4f 10 0.85 1.28 (3) 2010 3.37 2010 2.5 (4) 4m -0.205 1 0.205 : 8.9 4f -0.066 127

2015 2 1 0.066 ( ) 2 (5) : 1 0.117 2010 : ; / ( ) ( 2014) 4 (6) 3m 3f 3 3. 0.067 128

: F 2.71 0.067 0.1 ( ) 5a 5b (7) 3m 4f 30-44 6-17 / : =78.392-0.085 +0.293-0.028-0.537-27.029 +9.901 =51.177-27.029 +9.901 =183.356-0.128-0.047-0.184-1.228-13.175 +39.416-0.522 61.32 =115.868-13.175 +7.416 1 0.888 16.8 2539 85 3.3% :26 ( ) 31%;1 129

2015 2 1: 29 7 7 5 6 4 7 10.2 26% 46% ( 43.75) ( 75) ( 2) 2 130

: 2: (8) 3m 4f ( ): ( ) 131

2015 2 ( ) 1949 0.37-0.08 (t=44.82 =0.000) 53.15 61.32 132

: ; ; : ( 1972:158) 1990 ( 2005) / / / ( 2000) 133

2015 2 : ; ; 30 (References).2005. : 70 90 [J]. (10):41-94..2014. [J]. (2):116-129..1972. ( )[M]. :..2005. [J]. (5):78-90..2000. [M]. :..2013. [J]. (1):71-76..2004. [J]. (2):208-213..2003. [J]. (3):41-47..2005. [G]//....2006. [J]. (5):16-22. 134

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