1 * () () () () 1995 ( ) (GMOGenetically modified organism) (event) 1 () 120-1572004 2004 7 * /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 21
1996 Clive James 2004 8140 2 14 5.8 % 93.4 % 5.5 % 1.1 % 16 4760 58 % 1620 (20%) 540 (7 %) 500 (6 %) 370 (5 %) 120 (1 %) 1% 2004 15 ( 1 ) 99.9 % 11 4880 60 % (1930 24 %) (900 11 %) (430 5%) 2 C. James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2004. ISAAA Briefs, No. 30 (2004). ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. http://www.agbios.com/docroot/articles/05-012-001.pdf 2005 3 2 22 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
2004 8140 72 % 19 % 8 ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 20 (6)Pioneer Hi-Bred (4) Syngenta (3 ) Dekalb Genetics Corporation(2 ) BASF Inc. Aventis CropScience (1) 15 Aventis CropScience (6) (4) (3)Calgene Inc. Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. (1) (3)Calgene Inc. (2) (1) (3 ) Aventis CropScience (1) () 1990 1995 2001 2004 8576 % 1999 2002 2004 45 % 2003 3 (2414 ) (1279 ) (411 ) 32 % 14 % 27% 25 % 11 % 9 % 3 http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/field/pcp-bba/ /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 23
100 200 4 4 2001 60 2002 696 54 % Seminis 2004 California Agriculture 1999 120 1 5 6 TescoSainsburyCarrefour 19963 (280 ) 2001 180 (6,300) 99.4 % 7 HeinzMcDonaldBurger King 4 J. Fernandez-Cornejo, and W.D. McBride, Adoption of Bioengineered Crops. ERS Agricultural Economic Report No. AER810 (2002). http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer810 5 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5540 6 () 120-1572004 7 H. Warwick and G. Meziani, Seeds of Doubt: North American Farmers Experiences of GM Crops. Soil Association (2002). http://www.greenpeace.net.nz/pdf/sod.pdf 24 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
76% 8 () 2003 469 105 100 65 % (22.1 %) 2002 32 % ( 32 ) 31.5 % (37 ) 9 65% 10 210 2000 650 32 523 50 % 19 % 10 114 42 % 16 % 12 % 11 % 9 % 11 8 % 1996 80 2000 1000 70 % 95 % 54 12 2003 22 8 G. Goldberg, Genetically modified crops and the American agricultural producer. In (G.C. Nelson, ed.) Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics. Academic Press, San Diego. P.157-162 (2001). 9 B. Hategekimana and M. Beaulieu, Genetically Modified crops: Steady Growth in Ontario and Quebec. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 21-004-XIE (2002). http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/21-004-xie/21-004-xie02112.pdf 10 Reuters (London) Monday, Some Canadian growers warn UK, although 65% canola planted is GM. November 3, (2003). 11 Serecon Management Consulting Inc. and Koch Paul Associates, An Agronomic and Economic Assessment of Transgenic Canola (2001). http://www.canola-council.org/production/gmo_toc.html 12 V. Lehmann, and W.A. Pengue, Herbicide tolerant soybean: Just another step in a technology treadmill? Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 43, p. 11-14 (2000). /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 25
% 15 % 13 1999 Jose Alencar 2003 13 2006 () 1988 1998 100 (Paarlberg 128 14 ) 2003 39 % 15 1990 (Paarlberg 121 14 ) Bollgard 1994 1997 33B 16 1999 33B 1993 13 J.F. Silva, Brazil Approves Biotech Soybeans. USDA GAIN Report # BR 3613 (2003). http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles//200310/145986266.pdf 14 R.L. Paarlberg, The Politics of Precaution: Genetic Modified Crops in Developing Countries. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London (2001). 15 USDA Foreign Agriculture Service: Production, Supply and Distribution (PS&D) online database, Complete Raw Data Files. (http://www.fas.usda.gov/psd/complete_files/default.asp) 16 http://www.biotech-online.com.cn/lifescience/no.2/monsanto_bollgard.htm 26 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
1997 1999 15 17 2000 200 (Paarlberg 143 14 ) 2002 18 Mahyco 1996 2001 2002 2003 249 1.8 % 2002 1999 19 2002 20 2003 199620002002 1995 2003 100 ( 3.9%) 22% 10 21 29 17 http://www.biotech-online.com.cn/mediacenter/domestic/domestic024/domestic024_6.htm 18 V. Shunmugam, India Enters the GMO Era. USDA GAIN Report # IN2023 (2002). http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200204/140683341.pdf 19 P.G. Corpuz, Bt Corn Field Test to Resume. USDA GAIN Report # RP0022 (2000). http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200003/25637312.pdf 20 http://www.map-adc.org.ph/da/news_050803a.htm 21 A.C. Burst, Approval of Biotech Canola Provokes Debate. USDA GAIN Report #AS3023 (2003). http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200307/145985635.pdf /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 27
22 () 2000 2003 40 23 1996 1998 199798 Bt-176 24 25 500 150 35 1 22 G. Pope, Agricultural Biotechnology in Japan (2000). USDA GAIN Report #JA0128. http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200011/55678723.pdf 23 http://www.agbios.com/static/news/newsid_5079.php 24 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5251 25 http://www.seedquest.com/news/releases/2004/june/9082.htm 28 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
6.6% 1. 23 % 53 % 75-80 % 26 10 27 2004 Mississippi Homan McFarling 78 28 1999 2003 St. Louis 29 26 (BASF Plant Science) 2004-06-24 27 http://www.seedquest.com/news/releases/2004/june/8954.htm 28 http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techpolicy/2004-04-28-monsanto-seed_x.htm 29 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=4842 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 29
30 Ohio 2004 (Seed Availability and Competition Act) 31 32 33 34 Schmeiser Schmeiser 35 SchmeiserSchmeiser Schmeiser Schmeiser 36 Schmeiser 37 85 % 12 30 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5147 31 http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/c?c108:./temp/~c108un4ptm 32 http://www.acga.org/news/2004/070904.htm 33 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5707 34 DIRECTIVE 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. 11 35 http://gmo.agron.ntu.edu.tw/ipr/schmeiser 36 http://www.seedquest.com/news/releases/2004/may/8763.htm 37 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5564 30 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
38 (Paarlberg 126 14 ) 2. StarLink 39 Cry9C 10 Cry9C 40 Prodigene 41 tripsin (Biopharming) 2001 Iowa 2002 60 Nebraska 2002 13600 65 270 38 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5130 39 http://gmo.agron.ntu.edu.tw/laws/starlink.htm 40 http://www.usda.gov/gipsa/biotech/starlink/122700seedletter.htm 41 http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/gmo/prodigene.htm /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 31
42 ( ) 50 43 Prodigene 44 138 33 Starlink (Cry9c) 45 56 302 FAO 2002 (2000 1) 46 Biogenetic Services (BGS) 47 48 42 http://www.usda.gov/newsroom/0033.04.html 43 http://www.agbios.com/static/news/newsid_4914.php 44 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5575 45 ETC Group, Maize Rage in Mexico: GM maize contamination in Mexico -- 2 years later (2003). http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/maizerage.pdf 46 S. Koops, GM Crop Find Update (2002). USDA GAIN Report #NZ2036. http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200210/145784407.pdf 47 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5526 48 http://www.seedquest.com/news/releases/2004/june/8890.htm 32 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
Advanta 2000 49 600 2001 Navarra 50 3. 1998 2003 51 52 0.30.5 % 0.9 % ( ) 53 54 55 56 57 58 Syngenta 49 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=1382 ( 1317, 1383) 50 L. Spendeler, and J.F. Carrasco, The Impact of GM Corn in Spain. Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, Madrid (2003). http://www.tierra.org/transgenicos/pdf/algranoingles03-08.pdf 51 Regulation No 1946/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2003 on transboundary movements of genetically modified organisms. http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_287/l_28720031105en00010010.pdf 52 Commission of the European Communities, Guidelines for the development of national strategies and best practices to ensure the co-existence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming (2003). 53 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5525 54 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=4878 55 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5339 56 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=4910 57 http://politics.guardian.co.uk/green/story/0,9061,1051427,00.html /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 33
59 2003 414 60 61 200310 62 2003 63 2003 (Tasmania) 2008 64 65 Mendocino 50 2004 47 56 % 66 Mendocino Marin Trinity 58 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5652 59 Reuters, Japan steps up checks on GM papaya imports from US. January 28, (2002). 60 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5393 61 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5517 62 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=4964 63 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5158 64 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5386 65 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5524 66 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5313 34 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
(Rio Grande do Sul State) 67 1998 GMO-free Zone 68 2003 (GMO-free zone) 24 GM-free Europe 69 2003 70 Co-existence 71 72 ( ) 73 67 J. Bell, Brazil s transgenic-free zone (1999). http://www.grain.org/seedling/?id=55 68 http://www.naturallaw.org.nz/genetics/mediarel/98_11_06.asp 69 http://www.foeeurope.org/gmos/gmofree/ 70 International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Ten European regions want to remain GM free, BRIDGES Trade BioRes, Vol. 3 No. 20, 14 November, (2003). http://www.ictsd.org/biores/03-11-14/story1.htm 71 http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/reports/coexistence2/index_en.htm 72 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=6321 2005 3 9 73 GM () /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 35
74 75 76 210-2472004 74 http://www.agbios.com/main.php?action=shownewsitem&id=5646 75 ELSI --ELSI 2002 76 http://bulletin.coa.gov.tw/show_news.php?cat=show_news&serial=1_diamond_20031104425100 2005 3 9 36 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
/vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 37 77 Trips 27.3 ( ) 78 200 40 77 http://biotech.nsc.gov.tw/5-01.html 2005 3 9 78 6(3):1-10, (2004)
79 UPOV 1991 W A A B A W B C A W C C A A B C B A C B A A C 1991 UPOV 1996 A 80 (1) (2) (3) 79 2005 3 9 transgenic 80 () 248-2692004 38 /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw
/vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 39 81 5% 2003915 1996 81 http://food.doh.gov.tw/life/genefood/pop_cornsign.htm 2005 3 12
/vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 40 94% 3.8%
(2004) GM () 210-247 (2002) ELSI --ELSI 2002-12-28 (2004) 6(3):1-10 (2004) () 248-269 Goldberg, G. (2001) Genetically modified crops and the American agricultural producer. In (G.C. Nelson, ed.) Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics. Academic Press, San Diego. P.157-162. James, C. (2004) Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2004. ISAAA Briefs No. 30, ISAAA: Ithaca. Lehmann, V. and W.A. Pengue (2000) Herbicide tolerant soybean: Just another step in a technology treadmill? Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 43, p. 11-14. Paarlberg, R.L. (2001) The Politics of Precaution: Genetic Modified Crops in Developing Countries. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 41