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1 7 9 Vol. 7 No Journal of Food Safety and Quality Sep., 2016 林 * 昕, 黎其万, 杜丽娟, 兰珊珊, 魏茂琼, 和丽忠, 刘宏程 ( ( ),, ) 摘要 : 目的方法 , (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS),, 结果 2.5%, (0.2 mg/kg); (HQ) 97.5% 99.5% 1 结论,, 关键词 : ; ; ; ; Content determination and health risk assessment of cadmium in rice in Yunnan province LIN Xin, LI Qi-Wan, DU Li-Juan, LAN Shan-Shan, WEI Mao-Qiong, HE Li-Zhong, LIU Hong-Cheng * (Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Kunming), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming , China) ABSTRACT: Objective To evaluate the health risk on human caused by cadmium (Cd)accumulated in rice in Yunnan province. Methods Cadmium concentration of 1950 rice samples collected from Yunnan province in 2014 was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The metal pollution in milled rice was evaluated by single factor pollution index, and the metal health risk was assessed by nonparametric probability method. Results Cadmium concentration of 2.5% samples was exceeded the China health standards for food (0.2 mg/kg). The hazard quotient (HQ) of the health risk was higher than 1 for 97.5% and 99.5% exposure. Conclusion The accumulation of Cd in rice is a potential health risk to consumers of some areas in Yunnan province. Considering the potential health risk, it is necessary to implement yearly monitoring of Cd contamination in milled rice in Yunnan province. KEY WORDS: cadmium; rice; dietary exposure; health risk assessment; Yunnan province 1 引言,,,, [1], 1200, [2],,,,, * 通讯作者 :,, [email protected] *Corresponding author: LIU Hong-Cheng, Researcher, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Kunming), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.9 Xueyun Road, Kunming , China. [email protected]

2 (Cd),,,, 258, 207, (FAO/WHO) (JECFA), (PTWI)7 μg kg -1 BW -1 (PTMI)25 μg kg -1 BW -1[3], [4],,, Salomon-Sand [5], ; Ji [6],, ; Kim [7],, ; [8] 2007~2014, : ; [9], 8.89% ; [10], ; [11],,,, [12],,,, ( 1),,, 2 材料与方法 2.1 原料与试剂 2014,, , 3.33 hm 2 5,, 2, 50, 1 kg (, ), (Cr) ( ), 1 mg/ml 2.2 仪器与设备 (ELAN9000DRC-e, PerkinElmer ) 2.3 样品检测,, GB/T [13] 0.25 g 10.0 ml +1.0 ml, 25 ml,, 1 GBW10045, 2.4 大米中镉的评价 NY/T [14],, : PI=C i /S i : PI ; C i, mg/kg;s i, mg/kg -1 GB [15], : 0.2 mg/kg 表 1 单因子污染指数评价标准 Table 1 Single factor contamination index 0.6, 0.6~ ,

3 9, : 大米中镉的健康风险评估膳食暴露评价模型 (USEPA), (CDI) : CDI=Cf IR EF ED D/BW AT 365 : CDI, mg kg -1-1 ; Cf, mg/kg; IR, kg/d; EF, d/a; ED, a; D, d/ ; BW, kg; AT, d 健康风险定量评估 (PTMI) (JECFA mg kg -1-1 ), CDI PTMI (HQ), HQ 1, ; HQ 1,,, : HQ=CDI/PTMI 蒙特卡洛法 (Monte Carlo) 模拟风险评估法 Monte Carlo,,, Oracle Crystal Ball( ) Monte Carlo CDI HQ, Monte Carlo, 100%,, HQ 95% 97.5% 99.5% [16] 2.6 数据处理 Microsoft Office Excel 2007, Crystal Ball 3 结果与分析 3.1 云南大米中镉超标评价 1, 1950 : 100% Crystal Ball,,, 2, PI 95% 0.6, ; 97.5%, PI 1,, 2.5%; 99.5%, PI 2,,,, 3.2 云南大米中镉的暴露评估 2, Monte Carlo Crystal Ball Monte Carlo, 3 : CDI 0.01 mg kg -1-1, FAO/WHO (JECFA), ; 95% 0.02,, 97.5% 99.5%,, 99.5% CDI 2.8 表 2 大米镉暴露量评价公式计算参数 Table 2 Parameters for probability model of Cd in rice sample (IR) kg/d [16] (EF) 350 d/a [17] (ED) 70 a [17] (AT) 70 d [17] (D) 30 d [18] (BW) 60 kg [19] 3.3 云南大米中镉的健康风险评估 CDI, Crystal Ball HQ, 4 : HQ 1, 95% 1, 97.5% 99.5% , 97.5% 99.5% HQ 1, 6.23% 4 讨论,, Monte Carlo,,,,

4 3844 食品安全质量检测学报 Fig. 1 图 1 大米中镉含量数据分布拟合图 Fitting distribution of cadmium contents in rice samples Fig. 2 图 2 大米中镉的单因子污染指数 Index of cadmium pollution in rice samples 第7卷

5 第9期林昕, 等: 云南省大米中重金属镉含量及其健康风险评估 Fig. 3 图 3 大米镉月暴露风险评估模拟 Probability distribution of CDI for cadmium in rice samples Fig. 4 图 4 大米中镉风险熵的评估值结果 Result of risk assessment of cadmium in rice samples 3845

6 %,,,,, [20] [21], [22],,,,, Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo,, [23] 1044, Monte Carlo [24], Monte Carlo,,, 6.23%,,,,,,, ( ), kg/d, 2010,,,,,, 5 结论 GB ,, 6.23%,, 2.5% 97.5% 99.5% 1,,, 参考文献 [1],,. 2012~2014 [J]., 2015, 04: Cai WH, Hu SG, Xu XM. Risk assessment on exposure of lead and cadmium of rice in Guangdong residents from 2012 to2014 [J]. J Food Mach, 2015, 04: [2],,. Cd Zn Se [J]., 2009, 30(9): Zhang LY, Li LQ, Pan GX. Variation of Cd, Zn and Se contents of polished rice and the potential health risk for subsistence-diet farmers from typical areas of south China [J]. J Environ Sci, 2009, 30(9): [3] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA). Summary and conclusions of the seventy-third meeting of joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives [R]. Geneva: FAO/WHO, [4],,. JECFA [J]., 2013, 02: Zeng YY, Lai ZN, Xu YY. Advancement of JECFA report on risk assessment of cadmium dietary exposure [J]. J Chin Fish Qual Stand, 2013, 02: [5] Salomon Sand, Wulf Becker. Assessment of dietary cadmium exposure in Sweden and population health concern including scenario analysis [J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2012, 50 (3 4): [6] Ji K, Kim J, Lee M, et al. Assessment of exposure to heavy metals and health risks among residents near abandoned metal mines in Goseong, Korea [J]. Environ Poll, 2013, 178, [7] Kim M, Wolt J. Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary cadmium in the South Korean population [J]. Food Addit Cont, 2011, 28(1): [8],,,. 2007~2014 [J]., 2015, 06: Cai WH, Hu SG, Su ZJ, et al. A health assessment of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury in dietary in Guangdong province during 2007 to 2014 [J]. J Food Saf Qual, 2015, 06: [9],,. Monte Carlo [J]., 2013, 01: Zhang DX, Ma HM, He ZY. Risk assessment of cadmium exposure from rice by Monte Carlo simulation method [J]. J Environ Hyg, 2013, 3(1): [10],,,. [J]., 2015, 16: Zou MY, Zhang L, Zhou YP, et al. Pollution evaluation and dietary expousure risk assessment of heavy metals in rice from a lead-zinc ore mine [J]. J Guangdong Agric Sci, 2015, 16: [11] Wang ZX, Hu XB, Xu ZC, et al. Cadmium in agricultural soils, vegetables and rice and potential health risk in vicinity of Dabaoshan mine in Shaoguan, China [J]. J Cent South Univ, 2014, 21(5): [12],,,. Cd Pb [J]., 2014, 11: Zou XL, Zu YQ, Li Y, et al. Pollution and health risk assessment of cadmium and lead in cultivated soils and crops surrounding a lead-zinc mine in Yunnan province [J]. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2014, 11:

7 9, : 3847 [13] GB [S]. GB National food safety standards-determination of cadmium in food [S]. [14] NY/T [ S ]. NY/T Agricultural, livestock, aquatic product pollution monitoring technical specifications [S]. [15] GB [S]. GB National food safety standards- Food safety limited edition [S]. [16],,,. 9 [J]., 2014, 03: Zhao J, Wang R, Wang QQ, et al. Analysis on the dietary nutrition intake status among the community residents aged 9 and above in Panlong district of Yunnan province [J]. J Food Saf Qual, 2014, 03: [17] USEPA. Exposure factors handbook [R]. Washington DC: Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 1997: [18],,. JECFA [J]., 2013, 3(2): Zeng YY, Lai ZN, Xu YY. Advancement of JECFA report on risk assessment of cadmium dietary exposure [J]. J Chin Fish Qual Stand, 2013, [J]., 2011,(1): Reng RF, Ge SL, Jie HS, et al. The distribution and correlation of chromium and cadmium in soil and rice [J]. J Zhejiang Agric Sci, 2011,(1): [22]. [D]. :, Sun XY. Analysis on heavy metal content in rice of China and its health risk evaluation [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, [23]. [D]. :, Su QY. Study on risk assessment of cadmium in mollusks [D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, [24],,,. [J]., 2015, 19: Lu MB, Chen ZJ, Li WX, et al. Survey and dietary exposure assessment of cadmium in wheat from two main wheat-producing regions in China [J]. J Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 19: ( 责任编辑 : 杨翠娜 ) 作者简介 02: [19],,,. [J]., 2015, 04: Tu JF, Liu LY, Luo Q, et al. Contents and health risk assessment of cadmium in milled rice in Fujian province [J]. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2015, 林昕, 硕士, 实习研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品品质与安全 @qq.com 04: [20]. [D]. :, Jin L. Analyzing and modeling heavy metals in soil-rice system from some areas of Jiangsu and potential food exposure risks [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing 刘宏程, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品品质与安全 [email protected] Agricultural University, [21],,,.

% GIS / / Fig. 1 Characteristics of flood disaster variation in suburbs of Shang

% GIS / / Fig. 1 Characteristics of flood disaster variation in suburbs of Shang 20 6 2011 12 JOURNAL OF NATURAL DISASTERS Vol. 20 No. 6 Dec. 2011 1004-4574 2011 06-0094 - 05 200062 1949-1990 1949 1977 0. 8 0. 03345 0. 01243 30 100 P426. 616 A Risk analysis of flood disaster in Shanghai