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1 Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Aug. 2015, 23(8): DOI: /j.cnki.cjea * 刘 1 艳 2 侯龙鱼 3** 赵广亮 1 李庆梅 1 江泽平 (1. / ; ; ) 锗是良好的半导体材料, 且具有清除自由基抗衰老抗氧化等生物活性, 在电子工业和医学领域应用广泛目前在植物上的研究主要集中在提高植物品质, 促进植物生长及对植物毒害等方面本文综述了锗及其化合物的理化性质起源与分布特征, 分析了锗在影响植物生长方面的生理生化机制锗具有清除自由基的电子结构, 能改变土壤中酶活性和微生物, 改变植物对营养元素的吸收和利用影响植物光合作用改变植物的抗氧化系统等适宜剂量的锗能促进种子萌发, 有效控制藻类生长, 提高作物的品质锗积累过多, 影响生理代谢, 抑制植物生长, 产生毒害锗在种子萌发植物生长方面的研究与应用, 为探索锗在调节植物生长生理生态等方面的作用提供理论基础, 为植物吸收利用锗, 减少锗污染方面提供理论参考锗植物生长抗氧化系统微量元素 : Q945 : A : (2015) Mechanism and application of germanium in plant growth LIU Yan 1, HOU Longyu 2, ZHAO Guangliang 3, LI Qingmei 1, JIANG Zeping 1 (1. State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding / Institute of Forestry Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing , China; 2. Department of Grassland Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing , China; 3. Beijing Badaling Forest Farm, Beijing , China) Abstract Germanium (Ge), a semiconductor element belonging to group IV of the periodic table which is a series of carbon (C), silicon (Si), getin (Sn) and lead (Pb), can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is widely used in electrons and medicine. Although studies have shown that Ge exists in animals, plants and biomaterials, limited studies have analyzed the effect of Ge on plant physiology. Recent studies on plant Ge have mainly focused on improving plant growth and quality, and on plant damage toxicity. Thus in order to comprehensively understand Ge and its bioactivities, a detailed review of physiochemical properties, origin and distribution of Ge was conducted in this paper. The mechanisms of plant physiological and biochemical response to Ge as well as the application of Ge in plant growth were also comprehensively discussed. Ge could directly scavenge ROS due to its electron configuration 4S 2 4P 2. Ge played pivotal role in key enzyme activities and microbes related to nutrient transformation and cycling in soil. In plants, Ge changed nutrient absorption and utilization at a high efficiency. Ge also influenced plant photosynthesis by varying photosynthetic pigments. Ge enhanced the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic substances by chelating reaction in some vegetable and cereal plants. It increased the accumulation of polysaccharides, sugars, soluble proteins and amino acid in several plants. However, with excessive accumulation of Ge, normal metabolism of roots and shoots was interrupted in plants. Studies on the absorption, transport and distribution of Ge in plants as well as the corresponding mechanisms were very few. In future, there was need for further studies on the interactions of other elements with Ge. Until now, the application of Ge in agricultural production included seed germination, seedling growth and plant quality. Ge had also been applied to control algae growth. This paper provided the basis for Ge regulation of plant growth and the responding physiological and ecological mechanisms. It also provided a useful guide for Ge uptake by plants. Keywords Germanium; Plant growth; Antioxidant system; Trace element * (2014M550886) ** :, [email protected], [email protected] : :

2 (Received Mar. 18, 2015; accepted Jun. 5, 2015) 19 80,, [1 2] 20,, [2 3], [2],, [1],, 1 锗及其化合物性质, 4, IVA ( ) Ge, 32, 72.59, 947.4, 2 830, 4s 2 4p 2, Ge C, [4],,, [1,5] [6] (GeO 2 ), (GeO) (GeS 2 ) (GeSe 2 ) [2,7] 6 : [7 9],, [8], [7] [10] 3 [8] 2 锗的起源与分布 1869, (Mendeleev),, (Ekasilicon, Es) 1985, (Weisbach) (4Ag 2 S GeS 2 ) 1886 (Winkler), (Germanium) [2,6], 7 mg kg 1, [2], 0.2 mg kg 1[8] H 2 GeO 3 HGeO 3 ( ) [7] 1913, (Comer), 1929 Duloit [7] [1] 3 锗在植物生长中的作用机制 3.1, 4s 2 4p 2, 4,, 1, [5,11 12] 3,, [1], [5] [13] (ESR), Ge-132, 3.2 [14] (2~8 mg kg 1 ), ; (10 mg kg 1 ) 28.3% 20.5%,, 20~50 mg kg 1 [14 15] (10 mg kg 1 ), (0~ 50 mg kg 1 ), (100 mg kg 1 ) (10 mg kg 1 ), [14 15] [15] (Oryza sativa), 4 mg kg 1 20 mg kg 1, 8 mg kg mg kg 1 (Glycine max), 8 mg kg mg kg 1,

3 8 : mg kg mg kg 1[15] ( 10 mg kg 1 ) ( 100 mg kg 1 ) 2 ( 20 mg kg mg kg 1 ) [15], (2~4 mg kg 1 ) (>8 mg kg 1 ) T3 (Photobacterium phosphoreum) [15] mg L 1 (Spirulina platensis) (Dunaliella salina) (Dicrateria zhanjiangensis) (Nannochloropsis sp.), [16] [17 19] / [20 21], (Triticum aestivum) [21], ; (Helianthus annuus), [22] [14], (<4 mg kg 1 ) a, (>15 mg kg 1 ) a [23] GeO 2 (5 mg L 1 ) (Dendrobium officinale) 400 mg L 1 GeO 2, (Ganoderma lucidumt) 54.34% [24] 150 mg L 1 (Ganoderma applanatum), 36.62% [25] [26] (GeO 2 ) (Dendrobium huoshanense) [23] GeO 2 (5 mg L 1 ) [27] GeO 2,, GeO 2,, [24,28],,, [24] 400 mg L 1 GeO 2, (SOD) 16.73%; [29] (Flammulina velutiper), [30] (GeO 2 ) (Panus giganteus) SOD (POD) (CAT) [26] 4.0 mg L 1 (GeO 2 ), SOD CAT, (GSH)/ (GSSG), (GSH) [31], POD CAT [14] SOD CAT POD (GSH-Px),, POD, SOD CAT [23] GeO 2 (5 mg L 1 ) SOD CAT, POD, [32] [33] ( Ⅳ) [(C 15 H 9 O 7 )Ge 2H 2 O] 2H 2 O, ; [12] DPPH Provasoli [34], 25~90,, [1 2,7],, [7,20,31,35 36] [20,36 37] Lewin [20] (Diatom spp.), Azam [35] Ge/Si, [31], [36,38 39],

4 , [40],,,,, [41 42],, [7,43] 3.4 [6], GeO 2 (40~240 mg L 1 ) (Hordeum vulgare),, 40 mg L 1, 52% 95%, ( ) (<500 mg kg 1 ), [8] [27] [44] GeO 2,,, Puerner [37] (Cucumis sativas) (Raphanus sativus cv Red Globe ) Cheong [9] Ge-132( 10 mg L 1 ) (Lactuca sativa), GeO [26,31,42], [16,20,27,31],, [16,20] [9,14 15], IV,,,, [31] 4 锗在控制藻类生长中的应用 20 60,, [1,20] Lewin [20] 1~10 mg L 1 GeO 2,, Provasoli [34] Chapman [45] Markham [21],, [16,46 47] (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) [46] ; (Spirulina platensis) [48], 5 锗在农业生产中的应用 [9] [27], [37] [49] [6], (GeO 2 ) (Panax ginseng), [50] ; 60 mg L 1 [51] GeO 2 (5 mg L 1 ) [23] 0.50 mg L 1 3 ( 3 3 ), [49] Cheong [9] Ge-132 (2.5~10 mg L 1 ), GeO 2 ( 5 mg L 1 ) Puerner [37],, [50], Yu [51] [6], [50] [24] 400 mg L 1 (GeO 2 ), 54.34% [25] 150 mg L 1 [30] 18 mg kg 1 6 小结与展望,,,,

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中国农学通报 2014,30(3):15-19 Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 棉花叶面施肥研究进展李永旗, 李鹏程, 刘爱忠, 董合林 ( 中国农业科学院棉花研究所 / 棉花生物学国家重点实验室, 河南安阳 455000) 摘要 : 作物叶面施肥