Rice Bowls: Bright, Hard, and Brittle

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2 COMMANDISM ?

4 80 4

5 : John Elster

6 chao

8 1 2 8 Archie Wright 8

11 Herb Ruth Gamberg Hugh Deane % " "New York Review of Books, February 2, 1989, pp

12 The Alexander Epstein Memorial Lecture, University of Michigan, October 20, 1988, p

13 Great Ridge Hill Great Ridge Geo

14 Li Hongchang 1/ Fuxun Kailan Li Lingchiao

15 Congdao Chang Chang Chang 13 Li Hongen1967 Shi Shuangguei Wang Jinhong Wang Luan Wang Jinhong Wang Jinhong Wang Jinhong

16 Jinhong Wang Jinhong Wang Jinhong Jinhong Jinhong Jinhong Jinhong Jinhong Jinhong Jinhong 1958 Jinhong 1973 Wang Jinhong Wang Jinhong Jinhong YellowMill Shen Majin Wang Jinhong [0] conclusion of a national party congress Jinhong 16

17 Jinhong Wang Jinhong 1977 Jinhong

18 Jinhong Chang Jinhong 15 Jinghong Manfu 12 Chou-fa, Wende Jinhong Chang yanjiu Zhangwenying Shen 50 Jinhong Jinhong

19 Monthly Review

20 % 30% 40%

21 , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , / % sweat potatoes

22 % Yang Chingli / % % 22

24 % 80% 50%

26 1956 Liao Luyen 5%

27 (1) (2) (3) (4) % 4.8% (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

28 Gaojen 28

29 95% 88% 90% 29

30 /

31 ,

32 10 Horse Square =

33 gardens carts 10% 20% sorghum liquor %

35 % Inner Mongolian Journal of Social Science 35

36 50% 3 50% / * * % % * * *10 6% 1.0* % 3 / / /3 2/3 1/3 1/3 36

37 a b % 18~30 37

38 1-2 6 On hill land, stock tend to run fence lines making paths that erode badly when pounded by rain 38

39 % 5 39

40 Armand Hammer

41 leveling and transferring leveling and transferring

42 bushel silk filiatures

43 10 10 Shanyin shipping taxes 20 license fees load taxes Jianhua 13 43

44 Jianhua The place was functioning as the most successful collectives functioned elsewhere in China in the past the machinery people

45 Atakachi waste slopes

46 46

47 (conventional till) ( ) Yeji village, Huang County This article is a revised and shortened version of a letter written to Neville Maxwell, one of the founders of the Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding, in March

48 2. ( 10 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 38 Yeji village, Huang County

49 % heavy discingdeep chiseling

50 (a) / (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) 30 50

51 % the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service 70 the Production Credit Association 7 51

52 ding xing 52

53 %-75% Brigade Monthly Review 39, no. 10 (March 1988) 53

54 =

55 % ( ) ( ) 420 / 470 / 420 / 157 /( ) 55

56 / / ( ) 314 /( ) 461 / 211 /( ) 170 /( ) ( ) / 444 / ( ) 255 / 255 /( ) 224 /( ) ( ) 1/4 25% , , ,

57 [0] [0] 13 57

58 [0]

60 % 30% 40% 30% 40% 30% 40% 30% 40% 30% % grain is the key link Herb Ruth Gansberg Hugh Deane 60

61 % , % 42.8% % Ching Pao-yu, "Chinas Rural Reform and Grain," unpub. ms. 61

62 7.3% % 49% 56% 164% % % % % % / %-60% 22% 167% 100%-200% 20 accumulation funds % 22.5% Commandism 80 : 62 [0]

63 1% /3 63

64 labor productivity Great Leap utopianism voluntarism commandism gigantism egalitarianism Maurice Meisner Maoist Party Organization Department The predominance of Mao was never more than marginal Mao's China (New York: The Free Press, 1977), p

65 "one stroke of the knife"

67 [0] GNP 100 GNP GNP GNP 67

69 ?? ( ) ( ) ( ) 69

70 ( ) ( ) ;

71 23 24 [ ] Hua, Zhang, and Luo, cited in "Top Economists Look Back Over Decade of Reform," The China Daily, four-part series, December 1988, pt James Petras, "Contradictions of Market Socialism in China," unpub. ms., 1987, pp

73 27 27 Petras, "Contradictions," p. 1 73

74 T William Hinton Monthly Review Press1990 The Great Reversal 74

75 V Nightline

76 PUMCH 76

77 hollow bullets dumdum bullets , Sichuan rats the Panda series of Chinese translations 7 4 BBC 77

79 Adam Smith

80 80

嶺南地區的大開發時期始於宋代當時由於陸上絲路無法通行朝廷特別注重南方海上貿易發展於廣州設市舶司管理來華朝貢和貿易的蕃舶北宋滅亡後南宋定都江左大量北方漢人被迫逃往南方有朝廷官宦家眷沿贛江南下或越過南嶺定居南雄地區或沿北江直下廣州在珠江三角洲地區開基立業繁衍後代

嶺南地區的大開發時期始於宋代當時由於陸上絲路無法通行朝廷特別注重南方海上貿易發展於廣州設市舶司管理來華朝貢和貿易的蕃舶北宋滅亡後南宋定都江左大量北方漢人被迫逃往南方有朝廷官宦家眷沿贛江南下或越過南嶺定居南雄地區或沿北江直下廣州在珠江三角洲地區開基立業繁衍後代祠堂建築蕭麗娟前言下去這亦間接鼓勵祠堂建築及文化的傳承發展和更新從歷史檔案及田野考察調查的資料顯示在大埔區延綿約14,800公頃的範圍內先後建成的祠堂共約160座現仍保留的約120 座它們在形制歷史及面積方面均有不同之處這些祠堂大部分仍保留著傳統功能是氏族進行宗族活動的地方亦是村落的焦點它們實在是大埔區的重要文化財產香港發展迅速雖然香港島及九龍半島的傳統村落已不復存在