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2 522 w w w... h t t p : / / n o b e l. s d s c. e d u / l a u r e a t e s / e c o n o m y a u t o b i o. h t m l 18.1 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 Edward Ma s o n ] Joe Bain [1] F. M. Scherer and D. Ross, Industrial Market S t ru c t u re and Economic Performance, 3d ed. (boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1990). [2] Edward S. Mason, Price Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise, American Economic Review, Supplement (March 1939), pp.61-74, and The Current State of the Monopoly Problem in the United States, H a rv a rd Law Review (June 1949), pp [3] Joe S. Bain, Industrial org a n i z a t i o n (New York: John Wi l e y, 1959)

Mason, Price Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise, American Economic Review, Supplement (March 1939), pp.

3 [ 4 ] [4] See Stephen A.Rhoades, Market Performance and Nature of a Competitive Fringe, Journal of Economics and Business (May 1985).

4 [ 5 ] A. A B. B C. C Joe S. Bain, Industrial Org a n i z a t i o n (Now York: Wi l e y, 1959), PP [5] Bain, Industrial Org a n i z a t i o n, p.237.

5 William BaumolJ. C. J. C. Panzar R. D. R. D. Wi l l i g [ 6 ] [6] William J. Baumol, J.C.Panzar, and R.D. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Stru c t u re (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982).

6 S I C S I C SIC2893 SIC S I C S I C / [ 7 ] H H I S i i N 100 H H I H H I [ 8 ] H H I 4 H H I 18-2 HHI = S i S I C N i= [7] O.Hirschman, The Paternity of an Index, American Economic Review 54 (September 1964), pp [8] See Scherer and Ross, Industrial Market Stru c t u re, pp

0H H I [ 8 ] H H I 4 H H I 18-2 HHI = S i 2 18-2 4 8 20 4 S I C - 4 8 20 2043 1987 87 99 99 + 2207 2 0 2 6 1 9 8 7 2 1 3 2 4

7 S I C Census of Manufacturers, MC87-S-7, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 1992, Table

1 9 8 2 8 4 9 2 9 8 2 6 0 2 1 9 7 7 8 6 9 7 9 9 1 9 7 2 9 0 9 6 9 9 3711 1987 90 95 99 3949 1987 13 21 35 94 1 9 8 2 1 7 2 8 4 4 1 4 0 1 9 7 7 2 1 2 8 4 1 1 9 7 2 2 8 3 7 5 0 3 9 9 5 1 9 8 7

8 528 w w w... : h t t p : / / w w w. a n t i t r u s t. o rg / : h t t p : w w w. u s d o j. g o v / a t r / i n d e x. h t m l F i n d L a w : h t t p : / / w w w. f i n d l a w. c o m / 0 1 t o p i c s / 0 1 a n t i t r u s t / i n d e x. h t m l w w w... h t t p : / / w w w. l a w. c o r n e l l. e d u / u s c o d e / 1 5 / c h 1. h t m l

c o m / 0 1 t o p i c s / 0 1 a n t i t r u s t / i n d e x. h t m l 18.2.1 1890 w w w.

9 a b 100 c F T C a 2 a 2 ( b ) 2. 2 ( c ) 3. 2 ( d ) ( e ) ( 1938 ) F T C 5

10 ( 1950 ) ( 1976 ) ( ) ( F T C ) F T C F T C ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1982

11 531 (H H I) ( 1984 ) 1. H H I ( ) 2. H H I H H I ( ) ( H H I)? AT & T 1 26 (McCaw Cellular) ( ) AT & T E C (British Airway) 353 w w w h t t p : / / w w w. u s d o j. g o v / a t r / G u i d e l i n e s / m e rg e r. t x t 1982 AT & T [ 9 ] ( ) [9] Based on Browse This, U.S. News & World Report, 5 December 1997, p.59. U.S. Sues Microsoft Over PC B r o w s e r, Wall Street Journal, 21 October 1997, p. A3, Knowing the ABCs of the Antitrust Case Against M i c r o s o f t, Wall Street Journal, 30 October 1997, p. B1, and M i c r o s o f t s Browser: A Bundle of Tr o u b l e, The Economist, 25 October 1997, p.74.

t x t 1982 AT & T [ 9 ] ( ) 95 95 80 95 [9] Based on Browse This, U.S. News & World Report, 5 December 1997, p.59. U.S. Sues Microsoft Over PC B r o w s e r, Wall Street Journal, 21 October 1997, p.

12 P C w w w... F i n d L a w I E h t t p : / / w w w / f i n d l a w. c o m / 0 1 t o p i c s / 0 1 a n t i t r u s t / m i c r o s o f t. h t m l ( ) ( ) ( A ) ( B ) ( B ) ( ) ( A ) ( A ( B ) ( B / E PA C P S C E E O C

13 533 / O S H A N L R B I C C N R C S E C F C C F D A F E R C FA A N H T S A B AT F United States Government Manual 1994 / 5, Office of Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration. [ 1 0 ] C F C 2000 H C F C C F C H C F C H C F 200 [10] Based on How Clean-Air Bill Will Force Du Pont into Costly Moves, Wall Street Journal, 25 May 1990, p. 1ff.

14 534 [ 11 ] [ 1 2 ] 25 E PA E PA P = $ Q P Q T R M R T R = P Q = $15 000Q 0. 3Q 2 T C M C MR = dtr dq = $ Q TC =$ Q Q 2 MC = dtc dq = Q Q MC = M R Q = Q 0. 7Q = Q * = [ 11] 11 [12]

3Q 2 T C M C MR = dtr dq = $15000 0.6Q TC =$100 000 000 + 6Q + 0.

15 535 P * = (21 420) = $8 574 = T R T C = P Q T C = (21 420) [ (21 420) (21 420) 2 ] * = $ R O I 8. 4 ROI = E PA R O I T C 1 = $ Q Q 2 $ $ = 7.2% ROI 1 = $ $ = 5.4% 13 [ ] MC 1 = dtc 1 dq = Q M C 1 M R M C 1 = M R Q = Q 0. 8Q = Q * = P * = (18 740) = $ = T R T C 1 = ( [ (18 740) 2 ] 2 * = $ [13] 1. 5 R O I 4. 6 %

6 10 6 $840 10 6 100 = 7.2% ROI 1 = $45.5 10 6 $840 10 6 100 = 5.4% 13 [ ] MC 1 = dtc 1 dq =8 + 0.2Q M C 1 M R M C 1 = M R 8 + 0.

16 536 R O I 2 E PA T C 2 = $ Q + 0.2Q 2 M C 2 = Q M C 2 = M R Q = = 0.6Q Q * = P * = (14 983) = $ = T R T C = ( [ (14 985) 2 ] 3 * = $ ROI 2 = R O I ROI 3 = $ $ = 3.0% $ $ = 4.3% B O P B O P = 1/ $ = $ E PA E PA

3 (14 983) = $10 504 4 000 18 740 14 985 1 150 3 3 = T R T C = 10 504 (14 985 [85 000 000 + 15 14 985 +0.

17 537 w w w... h t t p : / / w w w. f e r c. f e d. u s / AT & T M C I ( ) AT & T AT & T 7 [ 14 ] w w w... h t t p : / / W W. u s p t o. g o v / [14] A. E. Kahn, Surprises from Airline Deregulation, R. W. Crandall, Surprises from Telephone Deregulation and the AT&T Divestiture, and E. J. kane, Interaction of Financial and Regulatory Innovation, American Economic Review (May 1988), pp

.. h t t p : / / W W. u s p t o. g o v / [14] A. E. Kahn, Surprises from Airline Deregulation, R. W. Crandall, Surprises from Telephone Deregulation and the AT&T Divestiture, and E.

18 538 / ( ) [ 15 ] [15] A.E. Kahn, The Role of Patents, in Competition, Cartels and Their Regulation, ed. J.P.Miller (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1962).

19 A & P A & P A & P ( G M 1966 ) ( F T C S t r i d e R i t 1996 ) ( I S O ) I S O ( ) I S O

20 540 [ 16 ] w w w... h t t p : / / ff a s. u s d a. g o v / i t p / i m p o r t s / s u g a r- i m p o r t. h t m l S S D D / / P. Krugman and M. Obstfeld, International Economics (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1988). f, g, h, i j f, g, h, i j f i 4. 8 g, j h g [16] Adapted from C. C. Coughlin and G. E. Wo o d, An Introduction to Non-Ta r i ff Barriers to trade, F e d e r a l Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January 1989, pp

Obstfeld, International Economics (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1988). f, g, h, i j 12. 66 f, g, h, i j f 6. 16 1. 67 i 4.

21 541 j h G AT T G AT T [ 17 ] [17] A m t r a k F D I C F S L I C F S L I 1 000

22 542 [ 1 8 ] ( A m t r a k ) Penn Central 6 C o n r a i l R & D H H I F T C [18]

23 543 C o n r a i l 1. 8 A 3 0 E 8 B 2 5 F 5 C 1 5 G 4 D 1 0 H 3 ( 1984 )? a. C D ( 25 ) b. F G ( 9 ) 2. (Specific Motors Corporation) P = Q T C = Q a. b.?? c. 28 ( x = b± b2 4ac 2a a x 2 + bx + c = 0 ) 3. P = Q Q

24 544 ( ) T C = Q + 10Q 2 Q a. b.? c. ( 500 ) P = 620 ( ) d. ( c )? e [ a ( b ) ]? f.? g. (Clear Water Coalition) T C = Q + 10Q 2? h ?? 4. (Public Service Company) a. [ ( ) T = w A A +w B 2 B +2w A w B AB A B w A w B A B w A + w B = 1 A B A B A B A B ] b. w A = 0.333( ) w B = 0.667( ) c.? d.? 5. P = Q P = Q

25 545 M C = Q a. b. c. 450?? w w w Anthony Becker h t t p // w w w. s t o l a f. e d u / p e o p l e / b e c k e r / a n t i t r u s t / s u b j e c t. h t m l Ricky Hasbronk (496U.S.543) h t t p : / / w w w. s t o l a f. e d n / p e o p l e / b e c k e r / a n t i t r u s t / S u m m a r i e s / u s h t m l

26 18A.1 18A.1.1 ( ) ( ) 18A.1.2 [ 19 ] ( ) ( ) u x = u x (W 1, W 2, W 3,..., W n, Z 1 ) 1 8 A - 1 X X W 1 W n Z 1 [19]

27 547 18A ( ) ( ) P = M C ( ) ) 18A A - 1 X Y

28 548 18A.1.5 ( P a s a d e n a ) 18A.1.6 S c h u y l k i l l Rapid Transit District 18A.1.7 ( ) 18A.1.8 ( ) -

29 549 18A.1.9?? ( ) [ 20 ] 18 A - 1 ( 18 A - 1 a ) m ( 18 A - 1 a ) ( ) ( ) 10 [20] Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economies 2 (October 1960), pp

30 (1 600 ) ( ) ( ) A - 1 b a b 18A-1 18A A - 1 a 18 A - 1 b ( ) (

31 551 18A.2 ) ( ) 13 [ 21 ] 18A A A.2.3 [21] J. Farrell, Information and the Coase Theorem, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1987, pp and F.H.B. Harris, Economic Negligence, Moral hazard, and the Coase Theorem, Southern Economic Journal, 56(3), January 1990, pp

32 552 ( )? ( 1 ) ( 2 ( 3 ) / 18A A.2.5 ( )

33 553 18A.2.6 ( ) ) w w w... h t t p : / / w w w. e p a. g o v / d o c s / a c i d r a i n / a r d h o m e. h t m l 1990 ( ) ( ) ( )

34 554 18A.2.7 Times Mirror C o m p a n y [ 22 ] ( )? [ 23 ] ( ) 18 A - 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 20 [22] This example is based on Otto A. Davis and Andrew Whinston, The Economics of Urban Renewal, L a w and Contemporary Pro b l e m s ( Winter 1961), pp [23] 15 16

35 A A-2 ( )

36 Lead Weight Refining Q Q A ( ) Q B T C = Q + 4Q 2 P A = Q A P B = 400 Q B a. b. c.? Q a.? b. 10 1?

第一章緒論

第一章緒論歩 1 See Donold E. Nuechterlein, United States National Interests World (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 172. 2 1992 6 178 3 5 9 1991 1 4-7 25 4 2001 12 27-8 5 2000 5 205 6 5 9 1991 1