( ) ChinaEconomicQuarterly Vol.12,No.4 July,2013 林毅夫陈斌开 * 摘要,,,, U,, 关键词,, 一引言,, GDP 10% 1,,, 20, % % 2 (Kui

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1 ( ) ChinaEconomicQuarerly Vol.12No.4 July2013 林毅夫陈斌开 * 摘要 U 关键词一引言 GDP 10% % % 2 (Kuijs2005; AzizandLi2007; ) ( /GDP) 62.3% 48.6% 3 ( 2009a 2009b; 2009; 2010; ) * ; ; ; chenbinkai@gmail.com ( ) ( 09&ZD02012&ZD028) ( 12JGB069 11ZDA01)

2 1110 ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ; ( ) 5 4 ChenandYao (2011) GDP ( ) ( 2010)

3 ; ; ; / / ; / (1) ( 2003) (2) ( 2003) (3) (Lin2003) (4) (Linand Chen 2011) (5) (6) (7) (8) BanerjeeandNewman (1993)BernhardandLloyd Elis(2000)GhaakandJiang (2002) Banerjeeand Newman (1993)

4 1112 ( ) 12 GhaakandJiang (2002) BernhardandLloydElis (2000) (Banerjeeand Newman1993;AghionandBol on1997); (AcemogluandZiliboi2001); (Banerjeeand Newman1993; AghionandBolon1997) ; ; ; ; 二基础模型 ( ) 1 ( ); ; ; k i yi yi c b i k i+1=b i 2

5 (CobbDouglas) U i (c i b i )=c 1α i b α i α (01) yi=b i+c i α k 6 i+1=αyi λ G (a)=λ(( a]) G ( ) a. w b. Leonief q1 c. Leonief q2 7 AghionandBolon (1997)BanerjeeandNewman (1993) k 珔 1 q1 r>2w q2 r> w (1) r Leonief

6 1114 ( ) q1 q2 > w. (2) ( ) BernhardandLloydElis (2000) k i a. w y F i = w +rk i. (3) b. (w ) y W i = w +rk i. (4) c. GhaakandJiang (2002) y E i = (q1 2w ) k l i + (q2 w ) k c i +r(k i k l i k c i ) ( 5) k l i k i c 8 (q1q2) w i 8 k i=ki; l k i=0; l 0<k i<ki l

7 三不同发展战略下的静态均衡 1 ( ) 2 ( ) w ( / / ) a. w k j w j= k j w y E = (q1 2w ) k l + (q2 w ) (k j w k l ) =y W = w +rk j w w 烄 q1 2w r j=1 k jw = 烅 w q2 w r j=2. 烆 k k j w / k>k j w b. c. ( ) w >q1q2 ; w =q1q2 ; w <q1q2 (6) 9 q12w>r q2w>r k k> k 10 >k jw

8 1116 ( ) 12 w G(k j w )= γ k d G(k)+ k jw 烄d G(k ] ) if w > w 烅 G(k j w ) γ k d G(k)+ k jw d G(k ] ) if w = w. 烆 w w γ [12] γ=1; γ=2; γ (12) w (i)g(k 1w ) 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) k 1w = q1 2w r. (Lewis1955;RanisandFei1961) (7) w 2 (i)g(k 1w )< 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) &G (k 1 q 1 q 2 ) 2 kd G(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 d G(k ] ) k 1 q 1 q 2 q1 q2 = q1 2(q1 q2)r = q1 q2 q2 (q1 q2)r =k2 q 1 q 2. w (w q1q2) + (i ) kd G(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 d G(k ] ) <G(k 1 q 1 q 2 )=G(k 2 q 1 q 2 ) 2 ). d G(k ] k 1q1 q 2 kd G(k) (HeckscherOhlin

9 ) (FacorPriceEqualizaionTheorem) Rybczynski w = q1q2; (iv)g(k 2 q 1 q 2) < [ kd G(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 d G(k ] ). (i) w >q1q2 1 1 ( ) w =w ; w (w q1q2); w =q1q2; w > q1q2 1 (AkinsonandSigliz 1969;Basuand Weil1998;AcemogluandZiliboi2001) Basuand Weil (1998)( / ) ; ( / ) Basuand Weil (1998) AcemogluandZiliboi (2001) AcemogluandZiliboi (2001) LinandZhang (2007a) ( ) LinandZhang (2007a)

10 1118 ( ) 12 1 LinandZhang (2007a) ( ) 11 (Lineal.1994;Lin andchen2011;linandzhang2007b;linandli2007) (lumpsumax) T s=q1q2w T 1=s k s k s = T s ( 8) k s k s T w T s (Lin2003) 11

11 烄 G(k 1w )= 2 k d G(k)+ k 1w d 珔 G(k)k s k ] +k s = 2 k d G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) ks if w > w 烅 G(k 1w ) 2 k d G(k)+ k 1w d 珔 G(k)k s k ] +k s (9) 烆 = 2 k d G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) ks if w = w. (9) (7) 1 1 ; ( ) 12 L i INC CAF i INC CAD ( i 10) INC CAF i i INC CAD i i L i>=<0 / / (Roemer1982) / (i)g(k 1w ) 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ). 12

12 1120 ( ) 12 w / w +rk w +rk T; (q12w )k (q12w ) k+r(k 珔 k) 珔 (q12w )k T (q12w ) +r(k )T T k e k w / I CAD k e kw I CAF k e kw (q1 2w )k e w +rk w (q1 2w )k e T w +rk w T I CAF k e kw I CAD k e kw (q1 2w ) +r(k e k) 珔 w +rk w (q1 2w ) +r(k e )T w +rk w T (11) I CAF k I CAD e kw k e kw / I CAF k e kw <ICAD k e kw I CAD k T e kw 2 [ kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ; ] ) 2 [ kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) ks (HarrisandTodaro1970) T

13 (i)g(k 1w )< 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) &G (k 1 q 1 q 2) > [ kd G(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 d G(k ] ). 13 T k [0k CAD 1w ] / w CAF +rk w CAD +rk T k (k CAD 1w k CAF 1w ) / w CAF +rk (q1 2w CAD ) k T k [k CAF 1w + ] (q12w CAF ) k (q12w CAD ) k T 1 k [0k CAD 1w ] T w CAD k (k CAD 1w + ) <w CAF T 2 k (k CAD 1w + ) 2 k [k CAD 1w k) 珔 k [ k+ 珔 ) k * (1) k (k CAD 1w k * ] ; (2) k (k * + ) 13 (i) (i) (i) q1q2

14 1122 ( ) 12 2 k e k w / I CAD k e kw I CAF k e kw ( q1 2w CAF ) k e w CAF +rk w ( q1 2w CAD ) k e T w CAD +rk w T I CAF k e kw I CAD k e kw ( q1 2w CAF ) 珔 k+r(k e k) 珔 w CAF +rk w ( q1 2w CAD ) 珔 k+r(k e )T w CAD +rk w T (12) I CAF k I CAD e kw k e kw / 2 I CAF k e kw <ICAD k e kw 1 w CAD T I CAD k T e kw 2 2 ( ) / ; 四不同发展战略下的动态路径和稳态特征 k (0k j w ] k +1 =α(rk +w ). (13) k (k j w k) 珔

15 k +1 =α[(q1 2w )k ] 烄 (14) 烅 k +1 =α[(q2 w )k ] 烆. k ( k+ ] 珔 k珔 (k k) 珔 k +1 =α[(q1 2w ) +r(k k)] 珔烄烅 k +1 =α[(q2 w ) +r(k k)] 珔烆. ( 15) 3αr<1;α(2q2q1)>1 αr<1 GalorandZeira (1993) α(2q2q1)>1 3 (7) (9) (13) (14) (15) G +1 (G ) w =w(g ) lim {w G }= {w G } G +1 (G )=G w =w(g ) ( ) 1 G(k 1w ) 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) 0 (Ranis andfei1961) G(k 1w )= 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w d G(k ] ) 1 2 G(k 1w )< 2 kd G(k)+ k 1w kd 珔 G(k ] ) &G (k 1 q 1 q 2 ) 2 + d G(k ] ) k 1q1 q 2 kd G(k)

16 1124 ( ) 12 w q1q2 w =q1q2 2 k珔 3 kd G(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 kd 珔 G(k k 珔 ] ) <G(k 1 q 1 q 2 )=G(k 2 q 1 q 2 )< 2 kd G(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 d G(k ] ) w =q1q G(k 2 q 1 q 2) [ kd G(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 d G(k ] ) w q2 1 α k (k 1w k] 珔 / +1 I CAF k e kw = ( q1 2w CAF ) k e w CAF +rk w I CAF k e +1 kw +1 = ke +1 / α k w +1 / α = ( q1 2w CAF +1 ) k e +1 w CAF +1 +rk w +1 ICAF k e kw I CAF k e +1 kw +1 = ( q2 w CAF ) k e w CAF +rk w = ke +1 / α k w +1 / α = ( q2 w CAF ) +1 k e +1. w CAF +1 +rk w +1 (16) k ( k+ 珔 ] / +1 I CAF k e +1 kw +1 I CAF k e +1 kw +1 I CAF k e kw =ke +1 / α k w +1 / α = ( q1 2w CAF +1 ) +r(k e +1 ) w CAF +1 +rk w +1 = ( q2 w CAF ) 珔 +1 k+r(k e +1 k) 珔. w CAF +1 +rk w +1 (17)

17 k+1<k w j w CAF +1 I CAF k e +1 kw +1 <ICAF k e kw / / GhaakandJiang (2002) (OrderPreserving) 14 k ss ei =α(q2 w ss )k ss ei k [ k 2w k] 珔 i k ss ei =α(q2 w ss ) +r(k ss ei k) 珔 k ( k+ 珔 ] i k ss w =α(w ss +rk ss ) (18) w G(k ss ) w k d G(k)+ k ss w + d G(k) k ei ss i k ss w w ss w ss = q2 ( 1 α ) k ss w = αwss 1αr k ss =k2wss ei (18) k ss w 珔 k k(1αr) 珔 I ss = k ss w αq21 I ss α q2 r 3 3 ; / α 14 BernhardandLloydElis(2000)

18 1126 ( ) 12 q2 r ( ) ( w <q1q2) (w q1q2) T ; 3 (1αr) 3 w [w q1q2) T>w w α(q12w r) w =w G { } k w = α (w T) 1αr k e = α [(q12w r) kt] 珔 1α r N w γ (N ek e )( w=w ) Nw=γ (N ek e )( w>w ) I=k e / k w w k w ke N w N e γ [12) (BanerjeeandNewman1993) 4 4 /

19 / U 五数值分析 ( ) 1 3 q1=4;q2=3;w = 0.5; k=3;α=0.5;r=1.2 珔 LN(m n)m n LN(mn) ( ) T [00.4] m [20] n w =0.5; 4 ; 4

20 1128 ( ) ( ) T [00.4]

21 U ; 六结论性评述

22 1130 ( ) 12 ; / (growhwihequiy) / (Lin2003) (LinandChen2011;ChenandYao2011; ) (Lewis1955p.376) 附录 1 k jw w j=12 w w (i)g(k1w ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) k1w ] = q1 2w r. w q1 q2 k1w k1q 1 q >k1w 2 k2w k2q 1 q 2 >k2w k2w >k1w

23 G(k1w )> G(k1w ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ] > 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ] G(k2w )> G(k2w )> G(k1w ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ] [ > kdg(k)+ k 2w dg(k ] > k dg(k)+ k 2w dg(k 珡 K ] ) [ w q1q2 w k珔 (i)g(k1w )< 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w k k珔 dg(k ) &G(k1q k珔 ] 1 q 2 ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) k 珔 ] ). ) k1q 1 q 2 q1 q2 q1 q2 = q1 2(q1 q2)r = q2 (q1 q2)r =k2q 1 q. 2 w q1q2 k1w k1q 1 q 2 >k1w k2w k2q 1 q 2 >k2w k2w >k1w G(k1w )> G(k1q 1 q 2 ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] > 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ] G(k2w )> G(k2q 1 q 2 ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] [ > kdg(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ] > k dg(k)+ k 2w dg(k ] ) [ w q1q2 G(k1w )= 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ] ). ). ) (i ) k dg(k) + k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] < G(k1q 1 q 2 )= G(k2q 1 q 2 )< 2 k dg(k) + k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] w>q1q2 G(k2w ) [ = k dg(k)+ k 2w dg(k ] ). G(k2q 1 q 2 )< G(k2w ) [ = k dg(k)+ k 2w dg(k ) ] < kdg(k)+ [ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ) ]

24 1132 ( ) 12 G(k2q 1 q ) [ 2 > kdg(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] w<q1q2 G(k1w )= 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ] ). G(k1q 1 q 2 )> G(k1w )= 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ] > 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] G(k1q 1 q 2 )< 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] w=q1q2 G(k2q 1 q ) [ 2 = kdg(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] G(k1q 1 q 2 )= 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] (iv)g(k2q 1 q ) [ 2 kdg(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] k [ k+ ) 珔珡 w ( q2r) 1+ 珡 w w>q1q2 珡 w (q1q2 w] 珡 w q1 q2 k1w <k1w k1q 1 q 2 k2w <k2w k2q 1 q 2 k1w <k2w G(k1w ) G(k1q 1 q ) [ 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] k dg(k)+ [ k 1w dg(k ) ] < 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ] G(k2w ) G(k2q 1 q ) [ 2 kdg(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] k dg(k)+ [ k 2w dg(k ] w q1q2 (q2r w) 珡 k= 珔 w 珡 w= 珡 ( q2r) 1+ w 珡 ).

25 w (q1q2 w] 珡 1 G(k2w ) [ = k dg(k)+ k 2w dg(k ) ] 烄 G(k1w )= 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ifw ] > w 烅 G(k1w ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ifw = w. 烆 ] 烄 G(k1w )= 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k)k s ] +ks = 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ks if w ] > w 烅 G(k1w ) 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k)k s ] +ks 烆 = 2 k dg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ks if w = w. ] k1w ks w w 2 k CAF 1w ) L = [w CAF +rk] [(q1 2w CAD ) k T]= w CAF (q12w CAD r)>0l k (k CAD 1w (q1 2w CAD r)k +T. k) 珔 (w CAD k (k 1w CAF L = [(q1 2w CAF ) k] [(q1 2w CAD ) k T]=2(w CAD w CAF ) <0L k ( k+ ) 珔 L= [(q1 2w CAF =2(w CAD w CAF ) k +T. ) 珔 k+r(k k)] 珔 [(q1 2w CAD ) 珔 k+r(k k)t] 珔 w CAF ) 珔 k+t.

26 1134 ( ) 12 L w CAF +rk 1w CAF =(q12w CAF ) k 1w CAF L k 1w CAF L k [k CAD 1w k) 珔 k [ k+ ) 珔 L = [w CAF k=k 1w CAD +rk 1w CAD ] [(q1 2w CAD ) k CAD 1w k= L = [(q1 2w CAF k * 3 ) k] 珔 [(q1 2w CAD ) T]=2(w CAD (1) 1G(k1w ) 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ] T]= w CAF w CAD +T >0. w CAF ) +T <0. k k1w k w αw q1 2w r < 1αr. 3 α(2q2 q1)>1 α(q1 2w )>1 ; k+1 = α(rk+w )>k k (k1w 珔 k] k+1 =α[(q1 2w )k]>k α(q1 2w )>1. k ( k+ ] 珔 2 kdg [ k +1 (k)+ 1w + dg (k ) +1 ] > 2 kdg k (k)+ 1w + dg (k ] G+1(k1w ) G(k1w ). ) 2G(k1w )< 2[ kdg(k) + k 1w dg(k ) & G(k1q ] 1 q 2 ) 2[ kdg(k) + k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] >1 w w+1>w 3 w (w q1q2) α(q2(q1q2))>1 α(q12w)>1

27 k+1=α(rk+w)>k w k k1w k q1 2w r < αw k (k1w 珔 k] 1αr. k+1 =α[(q1 2w)k]>k α(q1 2w)>1. k ( k+ ] 珔 2 k dg [ k +1 (k)+ 1w + dg +1 (k )] > 2 k dg k (k)+ 1w + dg (k ] G+1(k1w ) G(k1w ) 2 k dg [ k +1 (k)+ 1w + dg +1 (k )] > G+1(k1w ) w+1 > w. ) 3 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] < G(k1q 1 q 2 )= G(k2q 1 q 2 )< 2 kdg(k)+ k 1q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] 3 α(q2(q1q2))>1 q1 q2 k k1q 1 q 2 k q1 2(q1 q2)r <α (q1 q2) k+1=α(rk+w )>k k (k1q 1 q 珔 2 k] 1αr. k+1 =α[(q1 2(q1 q2))k]>k α(q1 2(q1 q2))>1. k ( k+ ] 珔 γ [ kdg k +1 (k)+ 1q1 q 2 + dg (k ) +1 ] >γ [ kdg k (k)+ 1q1 q 2 + dg (k ] G+1(k1q 1 q 2 ) G(k1q 1 q 2 ) γ [ kdg k +1 (k)+ 1q1 q 2 + dg +1 (k )] > G+1(k1q 1 q ) 2 γ+1 <γ. 4G(k2q 1 q ) [ 2 kdg(k)+ k 2q1 q 2 dg(k ) ] ) w<q2 1 α w+1>w

28 1136 ( ) 12 w<q2 1 α α(q2w)>1 k+1=α(rk+w)>k w k k2w k q2 w r < αw k (k1w 珔 k] 1αr. k+1 =α[(q2 w)k]>k α(q2 w)>1. k ( k+ ] 珔 2 k dg [ k +1 (k)+ 2w + dg (k ) +1 ] > 2 k dg k (k)+ 2w + dg (k ] G+1(k2w ) G(k2w ) 2 k dg [ k +1 (k)+ 2w + dg +1 (k )] > G+1(k2w ) w+1 > w. (2) k (k1w 珔 k] ) I CAF k +1 e /I CAF kw +1 k ekw I CAF k +1 e /I CAF kw k +1 ekw = ( q1 2w CAF +1 ) k w +1 w CAF +1 +rk w +1 = ( q2 w CAF +1 ) k w +1 w CAF +1 +rk w +1 <1 <1. k ( k+ ] 珔 I CAF k e /I CAF +1 kw k e +1 kw I CAF k +1 e /I CAF kw k +1 ekw k+1<k w CAF jw +1 3 = [( q1 2w CAF +1 ) +r(k e +1 )]/k e +1 (w CAF +1 +rk w )/ +1 k w +1 = [( q2 w CAF +1 ) +r(k e +1 )]/k e +1 (w CAF +1 +rk w )/ +1 k w +1 I CAF k +1 e kw +1 <ICAF k e kw (1) {w G } w =w < [( q1 2w CAF ) +1 k e ]/ +1 k e +1 (w CAF +1 +rk w )/ +1 k w +1 < [( q2 w CAF ) +1 k e ]/ +1 k e +1 (w CAF +1 +rk w )/ +1 k w +1 w(1αr) α(w T) w T > w α(q1 2w r) 1αr < (q1 2w r). / k w <1 <1. = α (w T) 1αr k e = α [(q1 2w r) kt] 珔 k w =α(rk w +w T) k e = 1αr

29 α[(q12w ) +r(k e k)t] 珔 Nw γne k e w (w q1q2) (1αr) T > w w α(q1 2w r) α (w T) 1αr < w (q1 2w r). k w = α (w T) 1αr k e = α [(q1 2w r) kt] 珔 k w =α(rk w +w T) k e = 1αr α[(q12w ) +r(k e k)t] 珔 Nw =γne k e (2) I=k e / k w = ( q1 2w r) T. w T I T w I= ( q1 2w r) T w T > ( q2 w ss r) = ( 1αr) =I ss. w ss αw ss > ( q1 2w r) > ( q1 2(q1 q2)r) w (q1 q2) I T w q12(q1q2)=q2(q1q2)>q2w ss w ss >q1q2 w ss =q2 1 α 4 (1) G(k1w )= 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ] G(k1w )= 2 kdg(k)+ k 1w dg(k ) ks ] 1 k+1=α[(q12w )k] k+1=α(rk+w );

30 1138 ( ) 12 k+1=α[(q12w )kt] k+1=α(rk+w T) T (2) I CAD k e /I CAD +1 kw +1 k e kw I CAD k e /I CAD +1 kw +1 k e kw = ( q1 2w CAD ) +1 k e +1 T w CAD +1 +rk w +1 T kw +1 k e +1 = [( q1 2w CAD ) 珔 +1 k+r(k e +1 k)t] 珔 (w CAD +1 +rk w +1 T) kw +1 k e +1 I CAD k e /I CAD +1 kw +1 k e T T kw U. 参考文献 [1] AcemogluD.andF.Ziliboi Produciviy Diferences Quarerly Journalof Economics (2) [2] AghionP.andP.Bolon A TheoryofTrickleDownGrowhandDevelopmen Review of EconomicSudies [3] AkinsonA.andJ.Sigliz. A New View oftechnologicalchange EconomicJournal (315) [4] AzizJ.andC.Li ExplainingChina slow ConsumpionTheNeglecedRoleofHouseholdIn come IMFworkingpaper200707/181. [5] [6] [7] BanerjeeV.andF.Newman OccupaionalChoiceandheProcessofDevelopmen Journal of PoliicalEconomy [8] BasuS.andN.Weil AppropriaeTechnologyandGrowh Quarerly Journalof Economics [9] BernhardD.andH.LloydElis EnerpriseInequaliyandEconomicDevelopmen Review of EconomicSudies200067(1) [10]ChenB.andY.Yao TheCursedVirueGovernmenInfrasrucuralInvesmenand House holdconsumpion OxfordBuleinofEconomicsandSaisics201173(6) [11]GalorO.andJ.Zeira IncomeDisribuionand Macroeconomics Review of EconomicSudies [12]GhaakM.and N.Jiang A Simple ModelofInequaliyOccupaionalChoiceand Develop men Journalof DevelopmenEconomics [13]

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32 1140 ( ) 12 DevelopmenSraegyIndusrialSrucure andincomedisribuion JUSTIN YIFU LIN (Peking Universiy) BINKAI CHEN (Cenral Universiyof Financeand Economics) Absrac Thispaperinvesigaesheefecsofgovernmen sdevelopmensraegyon inequaliy.a comparaiveadvanagedefying (CAD)sraegyreduceslabordemandand herebyresulsinlowerequilibrium wageraewhichleadsohigherinequaliy.forheless developedcounriesunderacomparaiveadvanagefolowing (CAF)sraegyinequaliy wildecreaseduringisdevelopmenprocessbecausehepoorwilbenefimorefromheris ingwagerae.underacadsraegyhoweverinequaliymayriseduringisdevelopmen processandkuznes inverseucurveappears.meanwhileurbanizaionakesamuchlonger imeunderacadsraegyhanhaunderacafsraegy. JELClasificaion O25D31P20

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