Abstract: Policymakers around the world are working to unlock copyrighted works from substantial transaction costs in the digital environment. Copyrig

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Abstract: Policymakers around the world are working to unlock copyrighted works from substantial transaction costs in the digital environment. Copyrig"

鱼霏堵
5 years ago
Views:

1 Abstract: Policymakers around the world are working to unlock copyrighted works from substantial transaction costs in the digital environment. Copyright reform initiatives largely follow one of the two directions: Policymakers may change copyright from an opt-in regime into an opt-out or all-in regime (e.g., extended collective licenses and compulsory licenses) to eliminate the necessity of copyright transactions and allow downstream users to exploit copyrighted works without authorization. Alternatively, policymakers may streamline private transactions in the marketplace; create incentives for authors to provide licensing information, and eventually allow market players to innovate on efficient business models. Compared with the market approach, compulsory licenses have a number of drawbacks, e.g., divesting authors of exclusive rights in copyrighted works, resulting in wasteful rent seeking, and setting arbitrary prices for copyright royalties. However, the fundamental concern is that compulsory licenses would undermine the incentives for collecting societies and other market players to improve their services in order to decrease transaction costs. The evaluation of collective license, compulsory license and orphan work provides legislators with a valuable lesson: We cannot, in the name of lowering transaction costs, completely sidestep transactions, and sidestep the market as the principal mechanism to allocate social resources. Key Words: authorship; copyright; collective license; compulsory license; orphan works 2012

2 2012 a b 60 a b

3 c d BMI 65, 000 ASCAP 52, 500 GEMA 65, 000 1/10PRSmusic 100, 000 STIM 75, 000 e f c d e f

4 g SACEM 1989 GEMA 15 h Access Copyright Copyright Clearance Center CCC 3.56 i 1992 MTV IFPI VPL VPL MTV 15% j ASCAP BMI11.3% 11.7% k 30% 40% % l m 7 OK8% 27% 23% 60% 40%46% n TRIPS 13 WTO o g h i j k l m n o

5 70% 45% p 10% 90% q r 1/10 s ASCAP BMI SESAC blanket license 1909 t 40 p q r s t

6 u v w 30 x TRIPS y 1909 z Apollo Apollo Apollo u v q w x

7 Aeolian Apollo Aeolian Aeolian 10% , % 1909 # Apollo Aeolian #1 2012EMI #2 Sony/ATV Music Publishing Sony/ATV Universal Music Publishing Group UMPG Warner/Chappell Music 29.5% 23% 12.5% #3 Kobalt Music Group BMG Chrysalis % % Universal Music Group UMGSony Music Entertainment, Inc. SMEWarner Music Group WMG 27.5% 22% 14.6% #4 35.1% UMG UMPGSME Sony/ATV Warner/Chappell Music WMG #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5

8 itunes (64%) Amazon MP3 (16%) 4/5 #6 YouTube 71.5% #7 #8 #9 Harry Fox Agency Harry Fox Agency $ $ $2 CARP 2002 CARP 2002 $3 CARP SoundExchange $ CARP Apollo #6 #7 #8 #9 $0 $1 $2 $3 $4

9 $ $ $7 $ $9 P2P 1999 Napster 2002 %0 %1 itunes 2003 %2 P2P %3 500% 2 500% % % $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 %0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5

10 %6 %7 Orphan Works % % ^0 %6 %7 %8 %9 ^0

11 ^ ^2 ^3 ^1 ^2 ^3

12 nonexcludability non-rivalry

經濟部智慧財產局

經濟部智慧財產局經濟部智慧財產局我國著作權合理使用實務見解之研究期末報告書執行單位益思科技法律事務所中華民國一一年十二月八日 I 我國著作權合理使用實務見解之研究期末報告書計畫主持人賴文智 : 益思科技法律事務所所長臺灣大學法