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1 The Occurrences of HAB in Chinese coastal waters in recent years Mingyuan ZHU, Ruixiang LI and Zongling Wang First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Qingdao , P. R. China Oct.15, 2004

1. HAB Events in coastal water of China 1930 s: 1 1950 s: 1 1960 s: 2

2 1. HAB Events in coastal water of China 1930 s: s: s: s: s: s: : BJ YS Qingdao HK SS ES

3 There are 3 areas with frequent HAB occurrences Bohai Sea Yangtze River Estuary and coastal water of Zhejiang Coastal water of Guangdong

4 Increase of HAB in coastal water of China In new century, the occurrences of HAB has been increasing continuously, it is the second peak of HAB in China. number HAB in Chinese coastal waters during year Till 2003, there were 647 HAB recorded, during 2001 to 2003, number of HAB was 275,accounting for 40% of total events recorded

5 2. Some character of HAB in China Sea

6 2002 HAB in Bohai Sea 年份 There were 109 HAB from 1952 to 2003 赤潮次数 ( )

7 Large in scale -In 1952, thare was a HAB of Noctiluca with area of 1,460 km 2 in Estuary of Yellow River -In 1998, a HAB of Ceretium furca in Liaodong Bay with a area of 5,000km 2 -In 1999, a HAB of Noctiluca in Liaodong Bay with an area of 6,300 km 2

8 辽宁 Most HAB located along the coast 北京天津河北山东

10 Time of HAB occurrence was June to Sept with peak in July 赤潮发生次数 ( ) 月份

11 Most causative species was nontoxic. Main species include Noctilluca scintillans, Ceretium farca, Mesodinium rublum, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros socialis,eucampia zodiacus, Leptocylindrus danicus,chattonella marina Some are toxic Dinophysis fortii, Gymnodinium sp

12 11% 7% 2% 6% 2% 6% 2% 赤潮异湾藻夜光藻海洋卡盾藻微型原甲藻甲藻类 7% 4% 4% 49% 星脐圆筛藻叉角藻丹麦细柱藻舟形藻红色中缢虫聚生角毛藻 HAB of Noctilluca scintillans accounted for 50%

13 连云港盐城 HAB in East China Sea 上海宁波 30 温州厦门福州 25 赤潮多发区 21 40

14 HAB in East China Sea Rapid increase 50 땜베 홍벌 A 저쾨윱땜베녀낢慤숭固셕 쾨 B 80 땜베녀낢랙늴鑒 쾨덜 40쾨덜 50쾨덜 60쾨덜 70쾨덜 80쾨덜 90쾨덜 In 2002, there were 51 cases of HAB,in 2003, 86 쾨덜

15 area mainly in Estuary of Yangtze And coastal water of Zhejiang 랙쪽 (%) 쉭坑懶베낀쉭왯녀낢뜩랙혐儷櫓켓懶베르쉔懶베

16 scale is increasing 랙쪽 (%) < >1000 km 2

17 Peak in May 랙쪽 (%)

18 There were 23 HAB organism formed HAB, accounding for 41.9% of total 定鞭藻 0.5% 땍급荳, 0.5 % 硅藻 39.5 % 배荳, 39.5 % 甲藻 54.7 % 솖荳, 54.7 % 隐藻 0.5% 金藻蓝藻 3.7% 1.1% 茶荳, 0.5 % 쏜荳, 1.1 % 융荳, 3.7 %

19 Since 2000,HAB of Prorocentrum dentatum (donghaiense ) happened every year in May with area over 1,000 km 2. In 2004, it reached 10,000 km 2,very rare in the world, worth study time location area Causative species 2000 年 05 月 03~24 日舟山中街列岛海域 7000 东海原甲藻 / 亚历山大藻 2001 年 05 月 10~17 日长江口外花鸟山邻近海域 1000 东海原甲藻 2001 年 05 月 10~13 日舟山群岛中街山列岛海域 3000 东海原甲藻 / 亚历山大藻 2002 年 05 月 3~11 日舟山中街山列岛海域 800 东海原甲藻 / 亚历山大藻 2002 年 05 月 17~19 日嵊山海域 900 东海原甲藻 / 中肋骨条藻 / 红色中缢虫 2003 年 5 月 4~11 日中街山列岛附近海域 3000 东海原甲藻 2003 年 6 月 25~30 日长江口外海域 1000 东海原甲藻 / 中肋骨条藻 2004 年 5 月 3-22 日浙江中部南部海域东海原甲藻 / 亚历山大藻

20 Group Photo with the crew

21 Photo after a safety exercise

22 2002 年 5 月 C C Surface Salinity Salinity at 20m Surface Salinity Salinity at 20m Salinity in May 2002

23 大面调查轨迹和表层叶绿素分布 Chl-a (ug/l) HKUST

24 Present ~ ~ ~ ~10 7 Distribution of total dinos in April 2002

Present 10 3 10 3 ~10 4 10 4 ~10 5 10 5 ~10 6 10 6 ~10 7

25 Present ~ ~ ~ ~ Distribution of Prorocentrum donghaiense in April 2002

26 Survey station in May 2003

27 May May 2 风 May 4 May April to 7 7 to to May 10 0 to 7 7 to 15 May 15 to to April May Chl-a in April and May, 2003

28 Barotropic Tides only True Bathy

29 Cruise in April, 月, 东海原甲藻赤潮发生前 : 东 29 海原甲藻主体分布在中街山列岛以南, 28 台州列岛以北 30-60m 等深线之间的次表 ze 层 zd zc 18 zb za Chl-a 年 4 月 2 日 -6 日叶绿素分布

30 Chl-a in April in East China Sea 年 4 月 2 日 -5 日叶绿素分布年 4 月 9 日 -11 日叶绿素分布

31 Prorocentrium and salinity 32 Chlorophyll a ug/l 32 Chlorophyll a ug/l 31.5 Salinity 0 to 7 7 to Salinity Red tide of Prorocentrium in salinity between 28~30

32 Prorocentrium and temperature 32 Chlorophyll a ug/l 32 Chlorophyll a ug/l to 7 7 to Temperature Temperature Red tide of Prorocentrium in sea water temperature above17

33 Prorocentrium and turbidity 为什么是东海原甲藻而不是别的种的赤潮? 32 Chlorophyll a ug/l 31.5 Turbidity NTU 东海原甲藻赤潮在发生发展消亡整个过程都主要分布在浊度 5~10 NTU 的海区

34 HAB in South China Sea

35 HAB events during From 1980 to 2002,there were 145 cases of HAB( not including Hong Kong)

36 Time of HAB in South China Sea during Nov-June with peak in March to April

37 Estuary of Pear River, Daya Bay Dapeng Bay, Zhiling Bay and Zhejiang are area with more HAB

38 More HAB organisms in South 4% 各种藻引发的赤潮 4% 3% 4% 1% 甲藻硅藻蓝藻针胞藻定鞭藻红色中缢虫其它 China Sea 27% 57% 甲藻赤潮 18% 夜光藻裸甲藻 sp. 锥状斯氏藻其它甲藻 8% 15% 59%

39 3 Comparison of HAB in above 3 areas 渤海东海南海 From 1952 to 2003 there were 111 HAB in Bohai Sea,301 in East China Sea and 164 in South China Sea.

40 In recent 3 years, HAB in East China Sea increases, but not in Bohai and South China Sea 渤海黄海东海南海赤潮发生次数

41 渤海南海东海 From 2001 to 2003, HAB in Bohai was 45, in East China Sea 171, in South China Sea 42.

42 东海南海渤海 Time of HAB events in 3 area during 2001 to 2003 It was 6-9 in Bohai, 5-7 in East China Sea, 1-5 in South China Sea.

43 Concentration and ratio of DIN to DIP in HAB area in China area site nutrient(mg/l) N/P N 珠江口 South 大鹏湾大亚湾柘林湾长江口 East 舟山海域杭州湾渤海湾 Bohai 莱州湾大连湾 P

44 HAB species in 3 area during 年 5 角毛藻中肋骨条藻具齿原甲藻长耳盒形藻海洋原甲藻东海 2002 年 8 夜光藻中肋骨条藻具齿原甲藻亚历山大藻红色中缢虫短裸甲藻聚生角毛藻红色裸甲藻 2001 年 14 夜光藻裸甲藻 sp. 海链藻 sp 叉角藻多纹膝沟藻具剌膝沟藻锥状斯氏藻亚历山大藻 sp 细柱藻 sp. 脆根管藻拟菱形藻 sp 细长褐胞藻赤潮异弯藻红色中缢虫南海 2002 年 7 夜光藻中肋骨条藻无纹环沟藻海链藻 sp 束毛藻 sp 棕囊藻红色中缢虫 2001 年 8 夜光藻圆筛藻丹麦细柱藻舟形藻甲藻聚生角毛藻圆筛藻红色中缢虫渤海 2002 年 4 夜光藻裸甲藻原甲藻海洋卡盾藻

45 Root causes of HAB Eutrophication may be the main causes for HAB in Bohai.

46 赤潮次数无机氮 (mg/l) 磷酸盐 (mg/l) 赤潮次数污染物浓度 (mg/l) Nutrients and HAB in Bohai during 1985~2000

47 Change of chl-a and nutrients during HAB of Ceretium farca in Bohai Sea in 1998 salinity DO (mg/l) DIN (µg/l) (DIP) (µg/l) Chl-a mg/m 3 Before < after >

48 Change of nutrients of Leptocylindrus danicus HAB in Bohai Sewa in2001 DO mg/l COD mg/l DIN µg/l DIP µg/l Silicate µg/l 赤潮前赤潮中赤潮后 (data from North Sea Monitoring Center)

49 HAB site in Bohai in 2003

50 The eutrophicated area reduced from 2003 to 2002,it was km 2 in 2002 and km 2 in Eutrophicated area in Bohai Sea

51 In East China Sea Eutrophication, diluted water from Yangtze River, upwelling and front as well as unique bethmetry may be responsible for large scale Prorocentrium bloom

52 Prorocentrium and Alexantrium Blom in may, 2002

53 Prorocentrium bloom during May 3 to June 4, 2002

54 Front of bloom

55 Bloom of prorocentrium in May 2004

56 Bloom of Prorocentrium in May, 2000

57 Position of Red-Tide in May Salinity Temperature

58 Distribution of nutrients before red tides NO 3 -N Si PO 4 -P

59 In South China Sea More HAB organisms. Dence mariculture and land base pollution caused eutrophication here. From march to May, it is the season for monsoon changes from North East to South West. Raining and divergence is favorable for HAB. Ei Nino events?

60 Chl-a a in different site of a bloom in Estuary 40 of Pear River Chl a (mg/m 3 ) 网采浮游植物 Microphytoplakton 微型浮游植物 Nanophytoplankton 微微型浮游植物 Picophytoplankton 0 赤潮高峰区 Central area 赤潮消退区 disappearing area 网箱养殖区 aquaculture area

61 Condition in different site of HAB in Pear River Estuary Site T( O C) S DO mg/ dm 3 PH O 2 % Si P NO 3 NO 2 µmol/dm 3 NH 4 Σ N middle Disapp earing maricu lture Non bloom

62 Nutrients in aquaculture area Oudou, in Aug NO 2 -N P NO 3 -N Si NH 3 -N DIN aquaculture Outer mean N P was high in aquaculture area

63 Diversity of phytoplankton wharf culture outer mean sur bot sur mid bot Aug Aug

64 4. Preliminary conclusion In China, HAB events in East China Sea has been increasing rapidly, that in Bohai Sea in North and South China Sea had no clear increase. It may attributed to the control of pollution loading. However, impacted by both natural variation and human activities, HAB in East China increases both in number and affected area.

65 Time of HAB occurrence seems a little earlier than before. It is June to Sept in Bohai,, April to June in East China Sea and Jan. to May in South China Sea. There are more HAB organisms in South China Sea than those in Bohai Sea and East China Sea.

66 Thank you

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