65,,,,,,,,,2002,,,,,,,,,,, (Mendelsohn) (Crespi),,,???,,,, http :/ / www1. chinadaily. com. cn/ worldrep/ / html. Harold Mendelsohn

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1 2002 2,,,,, : / / / 2002 ( Midterm election),9 11, 11, 9111,,,,80-90 %,90 %,,2002,,, http :/ / www1. chinadaily. com. cn/ worldrep/ / html.

2 65,,,,,,,,,2002,,,,,,,,,,, (Mendelsohn) (Crespi),,,???,,,, http :/ / www1. chinadaily. com. cn/ worldrep/ / html. Harold Mendelsohn and Irving Crespi, Television, Personality Cults and the Pseudo Cam paign, Allen Wells, ed., Mass Media and Society (National Press Books, 1972).

3 66 :, ;,,,,, ( Plurality with Single2Member2District System), (, ), ( First2 Past2the2Post) (Winner2Takes2All),,,10-20,, 40 %,35 % 1994,44. 6 %, 1995 : ( ),,1988,635 Austin Ranny : Governing : A n Int roduction to Political Science ( NJ : Prentice2Hall, 1996), p. 168., 1958,, 1986 Thomas Mackie and Richard Rose, The International A l manac of Electoral History ( Washington, D. C. : Congressional Quarterly, 1991), p Anthony Downs, A n Economic Theory of Democracy ( New York : Harper & Row, 1957), pp

4 67,10 %,,, : (Sophomore surge),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 1984, 1992,,,,,,,1996 Matthew C. Moen & Gary W. Copeland, The Contem porary Congress : A Bicameral A pproach (Belmont, CA : West/ Wadsworth Company, 1999), p. 39. James E. Campbell, The Presidential Pulse of Congressional Elections (Lexington : University of Kentucky Press, 1993) ; also, CampbellπsThe Presidential Surge and Its Midterm Decline in Con2 gressional Elections, ,Journal of Politics, Vol. 53,No. 2, May 1991, pp Richard W. Waterman,Comparing Senate and House Electoral Outcomes : The Exposure Thesis, Legislative St udies Quarterly, XV ( Feb. 1990), pp ; and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, James A. Stimson, and Richard W. Waterman,Interpreting U. S. Congressional Elections : the Exposure Thesis,Legislative St udies Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 2, May 1986, pp Ibid., p. 195.

5 68,3000, ,,,,,,,,:,, ( ),2000,,,,,,, :3M () 3M,,,,,, :,,2001,317 Evan Cornog,Character vs. Policy,Col umbia Journalism Review,January/ February 2001.

6 69, M,Message ( ) Media ( ) Money ( ) (Message) ( Edward W. Brooke) 1966,,,,,,,,,, (Media),,,,,,,,,,, 1978,,, 1978,,,,,,, ::,,2000,ix J. F. Becker & E. E. Heaton, J r.,the Election of Senator Edward W. Brooke,Public Opi nion Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3, Fall, 1967.

7 70, (Money),,,,,, :,,,,3M,, 3M, () :,,, 50, ; 60,, 70-80,,,, : : Larry J. Sabato, The Rise of Political Consultants : New Ways of Winning Elections (N Y: Basic Books, 1981). Richard A. Joslyn,Election Campaigns as Occasions for Civil Education, in Daid Swanson and Dan Nimmo, eds., New Di rections i n Political Com m unication (Sage Publications, 1990), pp

8 71 :, :, : :, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , (Ron Wyden),,,, 1944 Karen S. Johnson2Carter and Gary A. Copeland, Negative Political A dvertisi ng (Lawrence Erl2 baum Associate, 1991), p. 127.

9 72,,,,,,,,,,,, 8, :( ),,2 % (Ansolabehere) ( Iyengar) : (Lemert),,,,,, Ronald D. Ronald D. Ibid. Elving,Accentuate the Negative Contemporary Congressional Campaigns, internet source : http :/ / / PS/ Sept96/ elving. cfm. Elving,Accentuate the Negative Contemporary Congressional Campaigns, internet source : http :/ / / PS/ Sept96/ elving. cfm. S. Ansolabehere, S. Iyengar, A. Simon & N. Valentino,Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?A merican Political Science Review, Vol. 88, No. 4, 1994, pp James B. Lemert, Wayne Wanta, and Tien2Tsung Lee,Party Identification and Negative Adver2 tising in a U. S. Senate Election,Journal of Com m unication, Vol. 44, Spring 1999.

10 73, ( Patterson) (McClure),,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,2001,319 Thomas E. Patterson and Robert D. McClure, The U nseeing Eye : The Myth of Television Power in National Elections (N Y: G. P. Putnamπs Sons, 1976). :,,1984 Anne Johnston & Anne Barton White,Communication Styles and Female Candidates : A Study of the Political Advertising during the 1986 Senate Elections,Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 2.

11 74,,,, ( Peter Clarke) ( Eric Fredin), ( Gerald M. Kosicki),,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Eugene P. Ericksenπs book review in Public Opinion Quarterly, Spring,1996. Peter Clarke and Eric Fredin,Newspapers, Television, and Political Reasoning,Public Opi nion Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 2, Gerald M. Kosicki, Lee B. Becker,and Eric S. Fredin,Buses and Ballots : The Role of Media Im2 ages in a Local Election, Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 71, No. 1, Spring : ( ),,2001 9,672

12 %60 %,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,1990, 25,,, :,, ,230 :,230,,673

13 76, () :,,,,,,,,, :,, 70,,, 1990, ,,,,,, ::,,,, :,230 :,,1990 2,7

14 77,,,,, , ( ), 20 %40 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Carla B. Johnston, Election Coverage (Butterworth Heinemann, 1991). :,,1992,26

15 78, : :

16 4 new framework is being planned for the U. S.2RO K alliance in which the United States will redefine its role. The Evolution of U. S. Policy for Japanese Economic Revival Deng Feng (47) U. S. policy for J apanese economic revival was an inevitable outcome of global U. S. Cold War strategy. Under the restric2 tion of various factors, the policy had different priorities in dif2 ferent periods since t he Truman administ ration. At first, t he United States supported the limited trade between Japan and China and helped Japan in developing markets in Southeast Asi2 a. After the outbreak of the Korean War, only the role of Southeast Asia was emphasized. In the later stage of the Tru2 man administ ration, t he policy laid equal st ress on Sout heast Asian and Western market s. After Eisenhower resumed power Washingtonπs policy first placed emp hasis on Sout heast Asia and finally paid a good deal of attention to Western market s while promoting Japan into the GA TT. All these fully show a st rong ideological color in American diplomacy, especially in forging a special relationship with Japan in the post2war era. Media and t he Congressional Election in American Politics S un Zhe & S hen Guoli n (64) This paper analyzes t he role media play in American politics, particularly in Congressional elections. It describes campaign st rategies and mediaπs f unction in midterm elections. Means of communication between candidates, media, and voters are ex2 plored to illustrate the trend ofmarketization Congression2 al elections and t he complicated relationship between media and t he Congress. By investigating into bot h positive interactions as well as conf rontations, t he aut hors demonst rate how and to what extent the media havemanipulatedthe Congressional elections. Reasons are combed to show t he mixed feat ures of Congressional electoral reform. The Environmental Issue in U. S. National Security Bo Yan (79) The aut hor holds t hat environmental security is an important component of t he U. S. national security. Since environmental

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南京农业大学学报( 社会科学版) 第 16 卷单边委托与模糊治理 :基于乡村社会的混合关系研究田雄,王伯承摘摇要:当前,乡村社会利益主体之间关系呈现出复杂多变而非理性合作的态势其中,县乡干部与村干部形成共事与共谋冶关系,村干部与村民形成支持互利冷漠和反对冶等四种关系乡村利益主体之间多种混合关系形成的