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1 Curriculum Development for Multi-core Software Technology at Peking University Prof. Zhonghai Wu School of Software and Microelectronics Peking University August 2008

2 Cooperation in Field of Multi-core Technology Between Intel and SSPKU SSPKU and INTEL start multi-core trainer training class in 2004 for more than 30 teachers from Chinese well-known universities. SSPKU set up PKU-INTEL Multi-core Lab in 2006, and introduce multicore technology into several courses such as Computer Architecture, Internet Programming, and Parallel Computing. SSPKU got equipment donation and grant funding for multi-core curriculum development in SSPKU sent 3 multi-core teachers to INTEL China as visiting Scholars. One of them joined 2007 s International Workshop on Intel Multi-core Technology in Unite States. SSPKU send more than ten graduate students of PKU-INTEL joint lab to do their multi-intern in Intel China each year. SSPKU introduced a new course in 2006, Software Development based on Intel Multi-core Architecture for senior undergraduate and graduate students. SSPKU joined in the writing and editing of textbook Multi-core Programming in Curriculum for Multi-core Software Technology of SSPKU got MOE-INTEL award in 2008.

3 Objectives of the Course Multi-core technology is involved in several courses which include Computer Architecture, Operating System, Compiling Technology, Software Development Methodology, Software Design Schema, Programming Model, and Parallel Computing. It is difficult for software engineers to be skillful on the multi-core based software development in a short time without systemic training. To Training graduate students and advanced software engineers who are well up in multi-core technology and absorbed in software development on multi-core platform systematically, we introduce a new course, Multi-core Software Development Technology in our school. The course is aimed to help graduate students and advanced software engineers to deeply understand multi-core architecture, study multi-core software development methodology, models, tools and environment.

4 Win32 Multithreaded Programming Content of the Course OpenMP Programming Multithreading in the Win32 API Thread synchronization Lab & Mini-project Data dependencies Synchronization Performance Linux Multithreaded Programming Multithreading in Pthreads Thread synchronization GDB Integrated Practice Learn by Doing Project-driven Learning MPI Programming Message Passing Communicator Group Topology Introduction to Multi-core Hardware System Software Application Software Introduction to Parallel Computing Hardware Platform Computational Models Programming Models Programming Environment Programming Tools Software Development Tools C++ Compiler VTune Performance Analyzer MKL (Math kernel library) Thread Checker Thread Profiler

5 Introduction to Multi-core Technology Multi-Processors, Multi-Computer, and Multi-core Microprocessor (0.5hr) Multi-core Computer Architecture (1hr) Intel Multi-core architecture introduction Memory and Cache organization Multi-core interconnection Multi-core System on Chip Intel Multi-core Chipset OS and BIOS support to multi-core microprocessor (1hr) Trends in multi-core platforms Scheduling policy and algorithms Synchronization and deadlocks Operating System Design Principles for Multi-core Virtualization Technology support to multi-core microprocessor (0.5hr)

6 Introduction to Parallel Computing Parallel Computing Theory (3hrs) Parallel Programming model Parallel Algorithm Parallel Development Environment (3hrs) Parallel Programming Language Parallel Virtual Machine Parallel Compiler Multitask Multi-process Multi-thread

7 Network and MPI Programming Network Programming (9hrs) Introduction to TCP/IP and Internet Introduction to Network Programming TCP/IP network Programming Framework Network Programming Case Study MPI Programming and Tuning (6hrs) Introduction to MPI Install and configure MPICH MPI Programming MPI Cluster Communication MPI Performance Analysis and Tuning

8 Multithread Programming Windows Multithread Programming (6hrs) Introduction to Win32 Thread Library Multithreading in Win32 API Understanding Thread executing and Resource Access Multithread Programming and Tuning Linux Multithread Programming (6hrs) Introduction to POSIX Pthreads Library Multithreading in Pthreads Understanding Thread Synchronization Use GDB in Performance Tuning OpenMP Multithread Programming (6hrs) Introduction to OpenMP Multithreading in OpnMP Understanding Data dependencies and Thread Synchronization OpenMP Programming and Performance Tuning

9 Multi-core Software Development Tools (6hrs) C++ Compiler Performance tuning and monitoring tools, such as Intel VTune Tuning for high performance Tuning for low power Tradeoff between performance and power Tradeoff between one-core and Multi-core MKL Library Intel Multimedia Library IPP Runtime Analysis Intel Thread Checker Intel Thread Profiler Open source tools such as GCC, GDB

10 Lab of the Course Lab.1 Software Development Tools for Multi-core Lab.2.1 Programming and Tuning with Windows Threads Lab.2.2 Programming and Tuning with Linux Threads Lab.3 Programming and Tuning with OpenMP Lab.4 Programming with MPI Lab.5.1 Correcting Threading Errors with Intel Thread Checker Lab.5.2 Tuning Threaded code with Intel Profiler

11 Lab.1 Multi-core Software Development Tools Intel compiler switches. Intel Vtune Performance Analyzer. IPP. Intel Thread Checker Intel Thread Profiler. open source tools.

12 调用曲线图 VTune 性能分析器分析程序运行时函数的入口点和出口点生成一张调用曲线图并且确定调用顺序和显示关键路径计数器监控器在运行时跟踪系统活动调优助手根据丰富的知识库分辨性能问题自动推荐代码改进办法

13 Thread Checker 线程检查器的使用寻找潜在的数据竞争编译和运行 Potential 程序的单线程版本打开 \code\thread Checker\potential_serial 文件夹, 双击 potential_serial.sln 文件 ; 在 Build 菜单里选择 Configuration Manager, 然后选择 Debug 模式 ; 在 Build 菜单里选择 Build Solution, 编译相关文件 ; 在 Debug 菜单里选择 Start Without Debugging, 运行程序编译和运行 Potential 程序的多线程版本打开 \code\thread Checker\potential_win 文件夹, 双击 potential_win.sln 文件 ; 在 Build 菜单里选择 Configuration Manager, 然后选择 Debug 模式 ; 按如下方式配置项目属性 : 选中 Debug 模式 (/Zi) 链接时保留 Debug 信息 (/DEBUG) 禁止自动优化 (/Od) 使用线程安全系统库 (/MDd) 使用二进制文件可重定位功能 (/fixed:no)

14 在 Build 菜单里选择 Build Solution, 编译相关文件 ; 在 Debug 菜单里选择 Start Without Debugging, 运行程序 ; 运行英特尔 VTune 性能分析器 ; 点击 New Project; 在 Category 栏选择 Threading Wizards, 在下拉框中选择 Intel Thread Checker Wizard; 选择刚才编译好的可执行文件路径 (\code\thread Checker\potential_win\Debug\potential_win.exe), 点击 Finish 按钮, 开始运行线程检查器 ; 线程检查器分析完毕后会显示一些诊断报告, 双击可观察相应代码 ;

16 Thread Profiler 线程档案器的使用打开 \code\threadprofiler\potential lab 1\ 文件夹, 双击 Potential Lab 1.sln 文件 ; 在 Build 菜单里选择 Configuration Manager, 然后选择 Release 模式 ; 按如下方式配置项目属性 : 选中 Debug 模式 (/Zi) 链接时保留 Debug 信息 (/DEBUG) 使用线程安全系统库 (/MD) 使用二进制文件可重定位功能 (/fixed:no)

17 在 Build 菜单里选择 Build Solution, 编译相关文件 ; 运行英特尔 VTune 性能分析器 ; 点击 New Project; 在 Category 栏选择 Threading Wizards, 在下拉框中选择 Intel Thread Profiler Wizard; 选择刚才编译好的可执行文件路径 (\code\thread Profiler\Potential lab 1\Release\potential.exe), 点击 Finish 按钮, 开始运行线程档案器 ; 运行结束后, 可看到双重视图

18 分析程序返回到 Profile 栏的 Concurrency Level 视图, 有多少时间消耗在串行 ( 只有一个线程 ) 执行程序? 多少时间消耗在完全的并行执行? 从这能得到什么启发? 打开 grouping to thread 视图, 该视图显示了程序中所有线程在关键路径上的活跃程度该程序一共运行过多少个线程? 有什么性能问题? 打开 grouping to object 视图, 是否有同步对象在关键路径占了相当大比例, 而它又是串行执行的? 如果有, 是哪一个? 双击 Timeline 栏, 打开时间轴视图从这些数据中所发现最明显的特征是什么? 如果有性能问题, 应该从哪方面去解决它?

19 Lab.2.1 Programming with Windows Threads Practice multi-threaded programming of applications using Win32 threading API. Find and resolve a common data race. Convert a serial application to a threaded version. Find simple data races in code and resolve these threading errors using critical sections as the synchronization mechanism. HANDLE CreateEvent( ); HANDLE OpenEvent ( ); ResetEvent( ) SetEvent ( ) WaitForMultipleObjects ( )

20 实验目的掌握利用 Win32 API 进行线程的同步掌握利用 MFC 库进行线程的同步掌握多线程调试技术

21 #include "stdafx.h" #include <windows.h> #include <process.h> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> using namespace std; HANDLE evread, evfinish; void ReadThread(LPVOID param) { WaitForSingleObject (evread,infinite); cout<<"reading"<<endl; SetEvent (evfinish); } void WriteThread(LPVOID param) { cout<<"writing"<<endl; SetEvent (evread); }

22 int main(int argc, char * argv[]) { evread = CreateEvent (NULL,FALSE,FALSE,NULL) ; evfin = CreateEvent (NULL,FALSE,FALSE,NULL) ; _beginthread(readthread, 0, NULL) ; _beginthread(writethread, 0, NULL) ; WaitForSingleObject (evfinish,infinite) ; cout<<"the Program is End"<<endl; return 0 ; } 程序输出如下 : Writing Reading. The Program is End

23 Lab.2.2 Programming with Linux Threads Practice multi-threaded programming of applications using Pthreads. Find and resolve a common data race. Convert a serial application to a threaded version. Find simple data races in code and resolve these threading errors using critical sections as the synchronization mechanism. Create Thread:pthread_create() Threas exit: pthread_exit(), pthread_cancel() Waiting the end of Thread : pthread_join() Thread detach:pthread_detach()

24 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <pthread.h> #define THREAD_NUMBER 2 int retval_hello1= 2, retval_hello2 = 3; void* hello1(void *arg) { char *hello_str = (char *)arg; sleep(1); printf("%s\n", hello_str); pthread_exit(&retval_hello1); } void* hello2(void *arg) { char *hello_str = (char *)arg; sleep(2); printf("%s\n", hello_str); pthread_exit(&retval_hello2); } Output: pku@pku-laptop:~$./helloworld Begin to create threads... Begin to wait for threads... hello world from thread1 return value is 2 hello world from thread2 return value is 3 Now, the main thread returns

25 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; int ret_val; int *retval_hello[2]; pthread_t pt[thread_number]; const char *arg[thread_number]; arg[0] = "hello world from thread1"; arg[1] = "hello world from thread2"; printf("begin to create threads...\n"); } ret_val = pthread_create(&pt[0], NULL, hello1, (void *)arg[0]); if (ret_val!= 0 ) { printf("pthread_create error!\n"); exit(1); } ret_val = pthread_create(&pt[1], NULL, hello2, (void *)arg[1]); if (ret_val!= 0 ) { printf("pthread_create error!\n"); exit(1); } printf("now, the main thread returns.\n"); printf("begin to wait for threads...\n"); for(i = 0; i < THREAD_NUMBER; i++) { ret_val = pthread_join(pt[i], (void **)&retval_hello[i]); if (ret_val!= 0) { printf( pthread_join error!\n ); exit(1); } else printf("return value is %d\n", *retval_hello[i]); } return 0;

26 Lab.3 Threading Methodology using OpenMP Use the most common OpenMP C statements. Compile and run an OpenMP program. #pragma omp parallel for [clause[clause ]] for( index = first ; test_expr ; incr_expr){ body of the loop; } //instance: #pragma omp parallel for for(int i=0;i<n;i++) z[i]=x[i]+y[i]; #pragma omp parallel [clause[clause] ] block //instance: #pragma omp parallel for(int i=0;i<5;i++) printf("hello world i=%d\n",i);

27 实验目的掌握基于 OpenMP 多线程应用程序开发掌握基于 OpenMP 多线程同步掌握基于 OpenMP 多线程应用程序性能分析

28 循环并行化 #pragma omp parallel for [clause[clause ]] for( index = first ; test_expr ; incr_expr){ body of the loop; } 实例 : #pragma omp parallel for for(int i=0;i<n;i++) z[i]=x[i]+y[i];

29 并行区域编程 #pragma omp parallel [clause[clause] ] block 实例 : #pragma omp parallel for(int i=0;i<5;i++) printf("hello world i=%d\n",i);

30 临界区 int i; int max_num_x=max_num_y=-1; #pragma omp parallel for for(i=0;i<n;i++) { #pragma omp critical (max_arx) if(arx[i]>max_num_x) max_num_x=arx[i]; #pragma omp critical (max_ary) if(ary[i]>max_num_y) max_num_y=ary[i]; }

31 原子操作 int counter=0; #pragma omp parallel { for(int i=0;i<10000;i++) #pragma omp atomic //atomic operation counter++; } printf("counter = %d\n",counter);

32 Lab.4 Programming with MPI MPI_Init: initialize MPI environment MPI_Finalize: Finalize MPI environment MPI_Comm_rank : Mark MPI Processes MPI_Comm_size: Mark the numbers of processes in a MPI Process group

33 MPI 程序的四个基本函数 MPI_Init: 初始化 MPI 执行环境 MPI_Finalize: 结束 MPI 执行环境 MPI_Comm_rank : 标识各个 MPI 进程的 MPI_Comm_size : 用来标识相应进程组中有多少个进程

34 #include <stdio.h> #include "mpi.h" int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { int rank; int size; MPI_Init( argc, argv ); MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank); MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size); printf( "Hello world from process %d of %d\n", rank, size ); MPI_Finalize(); return 0; } Output: Hello world from process 0 of 4 Hello world from process 1 of 4 Hello world from process 2 of 4 Hello world from process 3 of 4

35 Lab.5 Advanced Tools Lab.5.1 Correcting Threading Errors with Intel Thread Checker Debug Win32 threaded applications and resolve data race conditions. Use the advanced features of Intel Thread Checker. Lab.5.2 Tuning Threaded code with Intel Profiler Use Intel Thread Profiler to detect performance issues in applications threaded with the Win32 threading API. Navigate through the Thread Profiler features to understand program thread activity.

36 Intel Thread Checker Plug-in to VTune Performance Analyzer Debugging tool for threaded software Locates bugs quickly Data races or storage conflicts More than one thread accesses memory without synchronization Deadlocks Thread waits for an event that will never happen

37 Starting Thread Checker Results

38 Intel Thread Profiler Plugs in to the VTune performance environment Pinpoints performance bottlenecks that directly affect execution time Identifies performance issues in OpenMP* or threaded applications using the Win32* API and POSIX* threads

Setting Compile &Link Options Selected the Release build Make sure that Debug format is specified Make sure that the Debug symbols are generated for the

39 Setting Compile &Link Options Selected the Release build Make sure that Debug format is specified Make sure that the Debug symbols are generated for the application Make sure that thread safe libaries have been selected Make sure that application is build with /fixed: no option from linker- >Advanced attribute

Creating a New Project a Thread Profiler Activity Start Vtune Performance Analyzer and select new project From the Category Threading Wizards, select the Intel Thread Profiler Wizard.

40 Creating a New Project a Thread Profiler Activity Start Vtune Performance Analyzer and select new project From the Category Threading Wizards, select the Intel Thread Profiler Wizard. Be sure to click on the Thread(Windows* API or POSIX* threads) radio button is selected Select Thread Profiler and click on configure Select the Thread Activity and Transitions check boxes. This selection will issue a warning that the Thread Profiler may take longer to run. Accept this warning by clicking on yes.

41 Mini-project of the Course Select one of 20 mini Projects in order to develop a multi-core application, such as: MP4 Converter, Streaming Server, Mail Server, ftp Server etc.

42 Mini-project 1: MP4 Converter Convert AVI, MPEG and MP4 video to H.264 video MPEG-2 video AVI video Decoder Encoder H.264 video MPEG-4 video Reference: Eric Shufro Video Transcoding with Intel IPP

43 Intel Integrated Performance Primitives Providing source code and libraries for media types such as MP3, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.263, H.264, JPEG, JPEG2000 etc. Well documented. Easy to use. Transcoder Architecture Decoder and encoder based on the IPP. Transcoder class encapsulates both the encoder and decoder. Memory is accessible between the encoder and the decoder. Transcoder runs in three separate threads.

44 Mini-project 2: Porting open source streaming server Project : Port an open source streaming server to Intel Multi-core Platform Port Darwin Streaming Server to multi-core platform. Optimize Darwin Streaming Server. Real-time streaming scheduling algorithms

45 Q&A Thank you!

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