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2 ,,,,,,,,,(1888 ),(1890 ),, ( ), (1893 ),,, 5, 19 20,,,,,( ),,, ;, ;, ;,

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36 tween people and the land, and restrictions on production rights. Under this sys2 tem, the Chinese agricultural style of intensive and meticulous farming expanded to Mongolia. At the same time, the spread of the pangqing system was accom2 panied by massive migration, including the immigration of all sorts of peoples into Mongolia, and the settling down of Mongolian nomads and displaced persons. The first tide of migration took place in the southern part of East Mongolia during the Qing dynasty. The main pangqing relations at that time were among Hans. However, with the growth of population and division of land, these relations de2 creased, and Mongolians in the south migrated north because of poverty and so2 cial turmoil. During the late Qing dynasty and the Republican period, the second tide of agricultural expansion and migration took place in the northern part of East Mongolia. In the closed areas of Mongolia, the main pangqing relations were among Mongolians. It was precisely the pangqing system and migration which encouraged the transformation of rural society in East Inner Mongolia. Preliminary Look at the Epidemic in the Lower Yangtze Region dur2 ing t he Late Xianfeng, Early Tongzhi Period : Also a Discussion of t he Relationship between War and Epidemic Y u Xi nz hong (79) During the Taiping Rebellion, there was large scale of epidemic in the Low2 er Yangtze region. It began in the tenth year of Xianfeng, reached a climax in the first year of Tongzhi, and died down with the end of the war in the third year of Tongzhi. It led the death of millions of people. Among Lower Yangtze epi2 demics during the Qing dynasty, its death rate was highest, and its scale was sec2 ond only to the epidemic of the Jiaqing and Daoguang periods. The epidemic was composed of cholera, malaria, dysentery, smallpox, cholera - like plague, and probably included typhoid and pertussis, etc. The key factor that led to the breakout of this large scale epidemic was the war. At the same time, the pesti2 lence also influenced the course of the war itself. On the New Policies in Late Qing Tibet Zhao Y untian (100) 2

37 During the late Qing dynasty, the New Policies were carried out in Tibet amid increased aggression by Great Britain and Russia while the Qing government faced increasing difficulties in governing Tibet. The main features of the New Policies in late Qing Tibet were : politically, adjusting the administrative system and cleaning up local administration ; economically, developing industry and com2 merce ; militarily, training New Army units and strengthening armament ; cultur2 ally, building schools and developing newspapers. After the New Policies were carried out, the adminstrative departments handled affairs more efficiently, agri2 culture, animal husbandry, industry, mines, communications and posts im2 proved, a modem army was developed, and modern culture was spread. The Qing government strengthened its rule over Tibet, and safeguarded Tibet s sovereignty. All these results helped to defend against foreign aggression. How2 ever, interference and disruption by capitalist countries, the corruption of the Qing government, and incompatibilities between some New Policies measures and Tibetan realities finally led to the failure of the New Policies in Tibet. The Timing, Process and Details of the Reform Movement of 1898 : Understanding, Correcting, and Improving on Past Interpreta2 tions( ) M ao Haijian (135) Using materials in the China No. 1 Historical Archive, and referencing archives at the Institute of Modem History of the Academia Sinica in Taipei and the Diplomatic Archive of the Department of Foreign Affairs of Japan, this article subjects the various views of past research to scholarly examination based on his2 torical data, and makes improvements and corrections accordingly. With a great deal of historical data, this paper details the whole process of the Reform Move2 ment of 1898, and provides authors own ideas about past interpretations. Re2reading t he A utobiography of L i Xi ucheng Jiang Tao(193) Catalog of Publications on Modern Chinese History in 2001 (208) English abstracts translated by Du Jidong and edited by Alexander Beels 3

2002 5,,,,, 1990,, 1996,,,,,, 1949,,,2000, ;20, 3,2000 7,1990, , , :( ), , 31 ; :, :,2001,

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