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1 39 6 Vol. 39 No ADVANCES IN MECHANICS Nov. 25, 2009, ,,,, 1 (near space) km, [1 12].,, 3 : (1) (20 30 km), (2) (30 70 km), (3) (>70 km),.,, : (1), (2),,,,,,, : (1),, 6, 1, (2), (3),, (4),,,,,,,, ;,,, (1/10) (1/20),,,, ;,,,, ;, :,,,, ;,,,,, : , : ejcui@httx.com.cn

2 6 : 659,,, :,,.,,,, :,,,,,, 2, : 5 [2 4,13 17] km, 8 9 km. ; 2 km,, 20 km, 70 km, 60 70m/s., km., 32 km, 1/100, 50 km, 1/1 000.,,, m/s,, km, 30 km,, /cm 3,, 99% ; 40 km,,, ;, 30.,, km,, 80 km,, 1/ km, 300 km, C. 800 km 3,,,.,,, (command, control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, C 4 ISR),,. : : (1) [9,10,18,19]. 2005,,,. :,, , -3, 2020, ,., ,

3 , : (high altitude airship, HAA) (near space maneuvering vehicle, NSMV). (2) [7,20 47]. : 20 60,, 90, 1996, , STI, 61 m, m ,,. 2003,, , km HAA, 4 000, 2006,, (advanced concept technology demonstration, ACTD) 2004, (operationally responsive space, ORS) (joint warfighting space, JWS) , Sanswire Networks,, (HiSentinel), 5,, : Lockheed Martin(, Loral, ); Sanswire Networks(Globe communications Cop., Stratellite TM); Aeros (,, 2005 ). : m, m 3, m; , 268 m, 180 t, 170 km/h, km. Rosaerosystems, : m 3, m;, m.,, 250 m 50 m, m kg, km,, : ATG (advanced technologies group,), Stratstar,, 2002,. (SkyCat) 2002,, SkyCat-1000, 15, 20 km ; SkyCat t, 180 km/h, km. : Sanswire TAO,, : 1998, JAXA 2004,, 68 m, m 3, m, 2 : 1998,, 2003, 50 m, m 3 h. 200 m, 2007, 2010, : (1) : AVEA t; t; , t, 30 d. (2) : 21 km km , 30 km, , (ascender)

4 6 : 661 (3) / : ( m), 30 km (defence advanced research agency, DARPA) (integrate sensor is structure, ISIS). 150 m, 50 m, m 3, m.,,,. (3) [19,48 53], (unmanned air vehicle, UAV),., ;,,, 1982,, 10-6, 500, 1 600,,, ,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 100, 2005, 20, 2015, 250, :,, ,, 70, ; 80, ; 90 : (Tier-3) (predator) (global hawk) ;, RQ-4A/B, RQ-4A 20 km, 36 h, km, ; 2005 RQ-4B, 50%, kg, 14.5 m, 35 m 39.3 m ,, ; 70 80,, : TY-141, TY-143 TY-243 ; 80,, : DPLA- 61( -1) -1T. 90, -137, 280 kg, 175 km, m, 530 km, 1993,, (Mart) (Marula),, : 21,

5 Ma 12 15, km, 20 g , 1200 km.,,, X-45 X-47B, X , X-45C, 12 m, 15 m, Ma 0.8, kg, m.,,,, 2003, 2010, 10m, 11 m, kg, Ma 0.8. (4) [54 56], 20 80,, , 54 km, 290 km. 90 kg, 14.3 m, , W,,,,, AeroVironment (Helios). 2.4 m, 75 m, 590 kg, , 14, 1999, 2001, 10, m ,,,,,,,,, (solar impulse) , , 2009, ; 61 m, kg, 70 km., 250 m 2 (5) [5 9,11 12] 2006 (air force scientific advisory board, AFSAB), ( 2010 ) ( 2020 ) (2020 ),,., :,, /, :,. 4 [57 61],,,, 20,,, : (hypersonic rocket vehicles, HRV) (hypersonic air-breathing vehicles, HAV), :

6 6 : , ( : ),,, 20 50, 70,,, 80 90,, : 1986, (national aero-space plane, NASP),,,,, , 30 NASP, X-30,,, Ma < 8,, (hypersonic systems technology program, HySTP), 10 15,, : 10, 20,,,,,, : Hyper-X 20 90, (Hyper-X), HyTech, Ma=(4 8), Ma=(8 10) HyFly, , DARPA ONR, Ma = 6 DARPA (falcon).,, falcon (CAV) (ECAV) (HCV)., Hyper-Xs,, Ma = (5 10) X-43 X-43A, X-30, X-43A 3, ,. X-43A,, : ; ; Ma ; X-43A :,,,,,,,,,,,. NASA,,, X-43 NASA,, : falcon, 2005,, DARPA, falcon CAV HTV(hypersonic technology vehicle),

7 HTV-1, Ma = 19,, (30 45) km, HTV C, 25 ; HTV-2, 2009, HTV-2 22; HTV-3, 2009 HTV-1 HTV-2, HTV-3 10., (HyFly), 2006 Ma=(4 6), ( ) km. F-15E,, Ma = 3.5, HyTech (HyTech) GDE-1, 68 kg, JP , GDE-1 Ma = 4.5 Ma = 6.5,,, , (AFRL) ( ) ( ), SED-WR , SED-WR X-51A. X-51A,, 4.26 m,, 635 kg , GDE-2 Ma = 5.0 X-51A 7 27, CDE-2 NASA, GDE-2, X-51A 2009,, , (NAI). (NASA) (DOD),, :,. 3 : :,, ; :, ; : NAI 3 : / ; ;, 1957, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,, -M,,,, SS-25,, 33 km. (THAAD)

8 6 : [1 4,20 21,24 26] (1), /,,, (<2liter/d atm m 2 ), ( ), (2), Re,,,,,,, (3),,,, : ;, ;,, ;,,, ;, (4) /,, 5.2 [1,12,19,48,49] (1), 10 5,, (2),, ;,, / (3), ; ( ) ; ; ; m,,, : (1) ( ) (2), (4),.,. (5), GPS SAR,, / /,,, 30%,, 5.3 [2 4,54 56] : Re

9 ,,,, : ,, 1958,, , ; 20 80,, 20%; 10%. 21, 16% 18%.,,,,,, (cul in ga se 2, CIGS), 1 kw/m 2,, 10 kw h,,,,, H 2 ( H 2 ) ( O 2 ),,,, ( 40% 50%), 2003, 5, , 34,,,,,,,,, : ; 5.4 [58 67],, 4 : ; ; ;.,. NASA 9 (technology readiness levels, TRL), 1. 1 TRL / 9 6 2,

10 6 : / / / 2.5(4 6) 2.5(4 6) 3(5) 2.5(4 5) 2.5(4 6) 2.5(3 ) 3(3 7) 1.5(2 4) 2.5(3 6) 2.5(4 6) 2(3 4) 2.5(3 5) - 2.5(3 5) 1.5(3 4) 3(4 6) 2.5(3 6) 3(3 6) / 3(4 5) 3(4 5) 2.5(2 5) 2(3 4) 3.5(5) 1.5(2 3) 1.5(1 5) / 3(5 6) 2.5(5 6) 2(4) 2(4 5) :, 1 5, NASA 1 9 TRL ( ). 2 :, :, TRL 4 6 ( ) 2 3, ( ),,,,,, : (1) [60,64,68 79],,, :,,. X-43A :,,

11 ,,, 20, (1 10 ms), ( ),, 8.,,,, ( ), (2) [80 86],,, : ( 8 ),, ; ;, 8 ; / ( / / ; ; ; ; ; (multidisciplinary design optimization, MDO) ), ;,, ,,,,,,, km, ( : / ) (3) [72,87 97], : :,,, ; ; ;, : ( ) ( + ) ( ),. :, ( ) ;, (4) [12,98 100],,, ( )

12 6 : 669,,,,,,,,, (reaction jet control system, RCS) ( X-31 F-22 Su- 37 ). ( ), R-73. 4,, 5, 2 2 1, 60g., :,,, (5) [ ], Ma,,, /,,, / /,,, : (1), (2) /, (3), (4), (5) -, (6) -, (7) :,, ; ; ;. (6),, : ; ; ;,,, (7) [ ],,, ( ) ;, (morphing aircraft technology, MAT)., : :,,,, (8) [12,58,59,62,63,71]

13 , 3 8 8,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1. :,, , :, , ( )., 2006, 6: ( )., 2006, 7: ,,, 2008, 17(2): Hampton Stephens. Near-Space. Air Force Magazine, 2005, 88(7): , 2006, 5: htm, [ ] 11, 2007, 6: : 2007,, US Department of Transport Federal Aviation Administration. FAA-P Airship Design Criteria, AC-21-09, Griffin D K, Giorgio P. Feasibility study of geostationary stratospheric light-than-air platform. Fluids 2000, Denver, Eward C Robinson et al. Models of the near space geophysical environment. PL-TR Environmental Research Paper No.1207, Palmen E, Newton C W. Atmospheric Circulation System: Their Structure and Physical Interpretation. York: Academic Press, 1969 New 18 [ ] 19, 2006, 12: , :, G A,, D. :, Netherclift O J. Airships Yesterday and Tomorrow. England: The Air-Ship Association Ltd., Colozza A J. Initial feasibility assessment of a high altitude long endurance airship NASA CR , 24, 1999, 3: ,, 2007, 26(8): ,,, 2006, 5: Toshitaka T, Takashi A.Effects of meteorological condition on the operation of a stratospheric platform. In: The 3rd

14 6 : 671 Stratospheric Platform System Workshop. Tokyo Japan, Munk M M. Aerodynamics of airships. NACA-TR-184, Thompson J. Design of small airship. AIAA Paper , Onda M. Design and application of a stratospheric longendurance LTA platform. AIAA Paper , Lambert D E. Development architectures for high altitude airship. AIAA Paper , Colozza A, Dolce J L. High altitude long endurance airships for coastal surveillance. NASA- TM , Elfes A, Bueno S S, Bergerman M, et al. A semiautonomous robotic airship for environmental monitoring missions. In: Proc. IEEE Conf. Robotics & Automation. Leuven, Belgium, Sasa S S. Stratospheric platform program in Japan and ground-to-stratosphere flight test. In: 9th UAVNet Meeting. Amsterdam, Kim D M, Lee Y G. Korea stratospheric airship program and current results. AIAA Paper , Nayler A. Airship activity and development world-wide AIAA Paper , Kanikdale T, Marathe A, Pant R. Multi-disciplinary optimization of airship envelope shape. AIAA Paper , ,,., 2003, 37(6): ,,, 2005, 23(4): ,,, 2004, 1: ,,, 2007, 25(1): Lutz T, Wagner S. Drag reduction and shape optimization of airship bodies. Journal of Aircraft, 1998, 35(3): Gomes V B S, Ramos G J J. Airship dynamic modeling for autonomous operation. In: Proc. IEEE Conf. Robotics & Automation. Leuven: IEEE, Mueller J B, Paluszek M A. Development of an aerodynamic model and control law design for a high altitude airship flights. AIAA Paper , Schmidt D K. Dynamic modeling of control and stationkeeping guidance of a large high altitude near space airship. AIAA Paper , Li Y W, Nabon M. Modeling and simulation of airship dynamics. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, 2007, 30(6) : Bessert N, Frederich O. Nonlinear airship aeroelasticity. Journal of Fluid and Structures, 2005, 21: , 19(4): com/ /30971.htm from=relate htm cn/critical/25/ / html Boucher R J. Sunrise, the world s first solar powered airship. Journal of Aircraft, 1985, 22(10): Colella N J, Wenneker G S. Pathfinder and the development of solar rechargeable aircraft. llnl.gov/etr/pdfs/ pdf Thomas E. Noll et al. Investigation of the helios prototype aircraft mishap. Jan 2004 NASA Langley Research Center servlet/cetin/action/htmldocumentaction?baseid=1& docno= Hunt J L, Laruelle G, Wagner A. Systems challenges for hypersonic vehicles. In: Future Aerospace Technology in the Service of the Alliance. AGARD-CP-6000, Walker S H, Sherk C J. The DARPA/AF falcon program: the hypersonic technology vehicle #2(HTV2)flight demonstration phase. AIAA Paper , Houchin R F. The hypersonic revolution, case studies in the history of hypersonic technology, vol. II: from scramjet to the national aerospace plane. In: Hallion R ed. Ohio: Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Moses P L, et al. NASA hypersonic flight demonstrators overview, status, and future plans. 2004, 55(3 4): Acta Astronautica, 62 Laurie A Marshall et al. Overview with results and lessons learned of the X-43A mach 10 flight. AIAA Paper , X-51, 2007, 3: Morelli E A, Derry S D, Smith M S. Aerodynamic parameter estimation for X-43A from flight data. AIAA Paper , Orton G F, Scuderi L F, Sanger P W, et al. Hypersonic aircraft and transatmospheric vehicles. In: Noor A K, Venneri S L, eds. Future Aeronautical and Space Systems. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Blankson I M. Air-breathing hypersonic waveriders: a survey of research needs. In: Anderson JD, Lewis MJ, Corda

15 J, et al, eds. Proceedings of the First International Waverider Symposium, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, October Orton G F, Scuderi L F. A hypersonic cruiser concept for the 21st century. SAE Paper , September Tsien H S. Similarity laws of hypersonic flows. J Math Phys, 1946, 25: Lees L. Hypersonic flow. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Aeronautical Conference. Los Angeles. Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, New York, AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel.Aerodynamics of hypersonic lifting vehicles.agard-cp-428, Bristol, Bertin J J, Cummings R M. Fifty years of hypersonics: where we ve been, where we re going. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2003, 39(6-7): Bertin J J. Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Hirschel E H. Viscous effects. Space Course. Germany: Aachen, February Bertin JJ, Graumann BW, Goodrich WD. High velocity and real-gas effects on weak two-dimensional shock interaction patterns. J Space Rockets. 1975, 12(3): Gazley C. Boundary-layer stability and transition in subsonic and supersonic flow. Journal of Aeronautical Sciences, 1953, 20: Reshotko E. Boundary-layer stability and transition. Annu Rev Fluid Mech, 1976, 8: Beckwith IE, Bertram MH. A survey of NASA Langley studies on high-speed transition and the quiet tunnel. NASA TM X-2566, July Bouslog SA, An MY, Hartmann LN, et al. Review of boundary layer transition flight data on the space shuttle orbiter. AIAA Paper , Bertin J J, Graumann B W, Goodrich WD. Aerothermodynamic aspects of shock-interference patterns for shuttle during entry. J Spacecr Rockets, 1973, 10(9): McClinton C R, Voland R T, Holland S D, et al. Windtunnel testing, flight scaling and flight validation with Hyper-X. AIAA Paper , Engelund W C. Hyper-X aerodynamics: the X-43A airframe-integrated scramjet propulsion flight-test experiments. J Spacecraft & Rockets, 2001, 38(6): Billig F S. Propulsion systems from takeoff to high-speed flight. In: Murthy S N B, Curran E T, eds. High-speed flight. Propulsion Systems. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Thomas J L, Dwoyer D L, Kumar A. Computational fluid dynamics for hypersonic airbreathing aircraft. In: Desideri J A, Glowinski R, Periaux J, eds. Hypersonic Flows for Reentry Problems, vol. I. Berlin: Springer, Curran E T, Heiser W H, Pratt D T. Fluid phenomena in scramjet combustion systems. Annu Rev Fluid Mech, 1996, 28: Gregory T J, Petersen R H, Wyss J A. Performance tradeoffs and research problems for hypersonic transports. Journal of Aircraft, 1965, 2(4): Bogar T J, Alberico J F, Johnson D B, et al. Dual-fuel lifting body configuration development. AIAA Paper , Curry D M. Thermal protection systems manned spacecraft flight experience. In: Current Technology for Thermal Protection Systems. NASA CP-3157, Kelly H N, Blosser M L. Active cooling from the sixties to NASP. In: Current Technology for Thermal Protection Systems. NASA CP-3157, Goldstein H. Reusable thermal protection system development a prospective. In: Current Technology for Thermal Protection Systems, NASA CP-3157, Fahrenholtz W G, Hilmas G E. NSF-AFOSR joint workshop on future ultra-high temperature materials. Report DMR , 2004 NSF 91 Upadhya K, Yang J M, Hoffmann W P. Materials for ultrahigh temperature structural applications. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 1997, 76 (12): Levine S R, Opila E J, Halbig M C, et al. Evaluation of ultra-hightemperature ceramics for aeropropulsion use. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2002, 22(14, 15): Blosser M L. Investigation of fundamental modeling and thermal performance lssues for a metallic thermal protection system design. AIAA Paper , Daryabeigi K. Effective thermal conductivity of high temperature insulations for reusable launch vehicles. NASA/TM , Daryabeigi K. Thermal analysis and design of multi-layer insulation for re-entry aerodynamic heating. AIAA Paper , Reddy J N, Chin C D. Thermomechanical analysis of functionally graded cylinders and plates. Journal of Thermal Stresses, 1998, 21(6): , Margason R J. Fifty years of jet in cross flow research. AGARD-CP-534, Kennedy K, Walker B, Mikelsen C. Jet interaction effect on a missile with aerodynamic control surface. AIAA Paper , Brandeis J, Gill J, Brandeis J, et al., Experimental investigation of super and hypersonic jet interaction on configurations with lifting surface. AIAA Paper , ,, :,, McNamara J J, Friedmann P P, Powell K G, et al., Threedimensional aeroelastic and aerothermoelastic behavior in hypersonic flow. AIAA Paper , 2005

16 6 : Spain C, Zeiler T A, Bullock E, et al. A flutter investigation of all-moveable NASP-like wings at hypersonic speeds. AIAA Paper , Mei C, Abdel-Modagaly K, Chen R, Review of nonlinear pannel flutter at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. Applied Mechanics Review, 1999, 52(10): COLE S R, et al. Supersonic Aeroelastic instability results for a NASP-like wing model, AIAA Paper CP, McNamara J J, Friedmann P P, et al. Aeroelastic and aerothermoelastic vehicle Behavior in hypersonic flow, AIAA Paper , Heeg Jennifer, Zeiler Thomas A, Pototzky, et al. Aerothermoelastic analysis of a NASP demonstrator model, AIAA Paper CP, Guruswamy G P, Navier-Stokes computations on swepttapered wings, including flexibility. Journal of Aircraft, 1992, 29(4): ,,, 2007, 8: Kudva N. Overview of the DARPA smart wing project. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): Rodriguez A R. Morphing Aircraft Technology Survey. AIAA Paper , McGowan A R, et al., Recent results from NASA s morphing project. In: 9th International Symposium on Smart Structure and Materials, SanDiego, California, SPIE Paper No , Cooper J E. Smart aircraft morphing technologies. In: Eurocores S3T Kick-off Meeting, Strasbourg, Sept 2006 RESEARCH STATUTES, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND KEY TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF NEAR SPACE FLYING VEHICLES CUI Erjie China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics, Beijing , China Abstract A brief summary is given in this paper on the research status and new developments of near space flying vehicles. Some key technical problems in both low speed and high speed cases are discussed, followed by a brief description of future development trends. Keywords near space, flying vehicles, status and development, key technical problem ejcui@httx.com.cn

01-袁春飞.FIT)

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