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1 Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, Sep. 2012, 20(9): DOI: /SP.J * 1 朱文达 2 张宏军 3** 涂书新 4 魏守辉李 1 林 ( ; ; ; ) 鸭舌草是稻田的恶性杂草, 严重危害水稻生长发育, 降低水稻产量通过研究稻田鸭舌草的危害及其防治经济阈值, 可以达到规范稻田鸭舌草防除体系推动杂草防除现代化和减少除草剂对生态环境污染的目的采用大田试验研究了不同密度的鸭舌草对水稻生长发育和产量性状的影响及其防治经济阈值研究结果表明, 本试验条件下, 当鸭舌草密度为 80 株 m 2 时, 鸭舌草积累的生物量 ( 鲜重 ) 达 17 t hm 2, 地上部吸收的 N P K 养分分别为 kg hm kg hm 2 和 kg hm 2 在鸭舌草的竞争下, 田间光照状况恶化, 水稻生长受到抑制鸭舌草密度为 80 株 m 2 的处理与无鸭舌草对照相比, 水稻株高下降 20%, 有效穗下降 46%, 穗长下降 11%, 而水稻空粒数增加 3.5 倍, 导致产量降低 55% 平方根模型可以较好地拟合鸭舌草密度(x) 与水稻产量损失率 (y) 间的关系 [y= sqrt(x), F=177.42, P< ] 在水稻产量为 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2 时, 人工防除鸭舌草的经济阈值为 4.0~14.8 株 m 2 ; 而 4 种化学除草剂 [10% 苄嘧磺隆 WP 10% 吡嘧磺隆 WP 48% 灭草松水剂 56% 二甲四氯钠粉剂 ( 辉县 )] 计算的经济阈值较低, 为 1.0~1.6 株 m 2 结果说明, 鸭舌草对水稻生长有抑制作用, 并导致水稻产量损失 ; 而经济阈值的计算表明, 化学除草剂防治鸭舌草具有明显的经济优势鸭舌草水稻养分吸收光照强度竞争防治经济阈值产量性状 : S181 : A : (2012) Effects of Monochoria vaginalis on growth and yield properties of rice and its control economic threshold estimation ZHU Wen-Da 1, ZHANG Hong-Jun 2, TU Shu-Xin 3, WEI Shou-Hui 4, LI Lin 1 (1. Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan , China; 2. Agricultural Chemicals Testing Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing , China; 3. College of Environment and Resources, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan , China; 4. Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing , China) Abstract Sheathed monochoria [Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. F.)] is a troublesome weed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Understanding damages of sheathed monochoria and economic threshold of control in rice fields could standardize sheathed monochoria control measures, promote weed control modernization and reduce herbicide pollution. A field experiment was conducted to study damages of sheathed monochoria to rice growth and yield along with economic threshold of prevention by manual weeding and herbicides use. The study set different densities (0 plant m 2, 1 plant m 2, 5 plant m 2, 10 plant m 2, 20 plant m 2, 40 plant m 2 and 80 plant m 2 ) of sheathed monochoria in rice field. The results showed that fresh biomass of sheathed monochoria at 80 plant m 2 was 17 t hm 2, with accumulated N, P, and K in weed shoots of kg hm 2, 9.17 kg hm 2 and kg hm 2, respectively. Rice was severely inhibited due to competition with sheathed monochoria for both nutrients and sun light. In comparison with the control, plant height, effective ear number and ear length of rice dropped by 20%, 46% and 11%, respectively at * ( , ) ** : (1962 ),,,, stu@mail.hzau.edu.cn (1938 ),,,, zhwda@163.com : :

2 9 : 1205 sheathed monochoria density of 80 plant m 2. However, blighted rice grain number increased by 3.5 folds, which resulted in rice yield drop by 55%. The optimum regression for rice yield loss rate (y) and sheathed monochoria density (x) was a square root model of y= sqrt(x) at F= and P < For 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2 rice yield, the sheathed monochoria economic threshold for manual weeding was 4.0~14.8 plant m 2. Also for 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2 rice yield, it was 1.0~1.6 plant m 2 for application of 10% Bensulfuron-methyl WP, 10% Pyrazosulfuron WP, 48% Bentazon and 56% MCPA sodium salts. The results suggested that sheathed monochoria severely inhibited rice growth and yield. Also chemical pesticides were efficient in controlling weeds based on estimated economic thresholds of control. Key words Sheathed monochoria, Rice, Nutrient uptake, Light intensity, Competition, Economic threshold of control, Yield character (Received Dec. 25, 2011; accepted Apr. 19, 2012), (Echinochloa crusgalli L.) [Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep.] (Alligator alternanthera Herb.) (Cyperus difformis L.) [Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. F.)] (Eclipta prostrata L.)[Rotala rotundifolia (Wall. ex Roxb.) Koehne] [1], (Oryza nivara), [2 3] [4], 60 m 2, 10%,, [5 7] [4,8], [9],, [10] [11] 10% WP 10% WP 48% 56% ( ), [12 13],,,,,,, 1 材料与方法 1.1,,,,, ph 6.80, 21.0 g kg 1, 1.80 g kg 1, mg kg 1, 15.3 mg kg 1, mg kg , 8 ( m 2 ),, 0 () , 4 m 2 (2 m 2 m), 4, m 2 2 kg, (BB )(N.. P.. K ) 45 kg 3 d, 20 cm 20 cm,, 50 cm,,, 4~6 d 1,, 1.3, ( ) [6] min, 60 2 d, ( ), (SM700) 115 cm() 65 cm( ) 30 cm 15 cm,, 5, ;, ; ; 0.5

3 mol L 1 NaHCO 3 ; 1 mol L 1 ; ph ph ( 1.. 1) [14], = ( )/ 100% (EIL), : EIL= (C/Y P E) 100%;, C ( ), Y, P, E (%), 1.4 Excel 2003, SAS 8.2 Duncan s 11, ( ), 2 结果与分析 2.1,, 1,,,, 80 m 2 17 t hm 2, 15 t hm 2 1,, N P K, 80 m 2, N kg hm 2, P 9.17 kg hm 2, K kg hm 2,,, 40~80 m 2, 20% 2.2 2, 65 cm ( ), Table 1 表 1 不同鸭舌草密度下鸭舌草的鲜重水分株高及水稻的株高 Fresh biomass, water content, and plant height of sheathed monochoria and rice plant height under different densities of sheathed monochoria Density of sheathed monochoria (plants m 2 ) Fresh biomass of sheathed monochoria (kg hm 2 ) Water content of sheathed monochoria (kg hm 2 ) Plant height of sheathed monochoria (cm) Plant height of rice (cm) ±2.65a ±42.41e ±38.34e 45.75±2.99d ±1.83a ±146.54e ±132.48e 53.50±4.80bc ±7.85a ±288.14e ±260.48e 56.50±2.52ab ±4.04a ± d ± d 60.25±2.63a ±6.24a ±560.44c ±506.64c 50.25±5.32cd ±4.04a ±995.19b ±899.65b 56.50±3.87ab 94.25±6.18b ± a ± a 57.50±1.73ab 89.75±7.27b P<0.05, The data in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different at 0.05 level. The same below. 图 1 不同鸭舌草密度下鸭舌草地上部氮磷钾养分的积累量 Fig. 1 N, P, K nutrient accumulation of sheathed monochoria shoots with different densities in rice field 图 2 不同鸭舌草密度下稻田不同离地高度的光照强度 Fig. 2 Light intensity in rice field at different heights from the surface under different densities of sheathed monochoria 115 cm 65 cm 30 cm 15 cm 115 cm, 65 cm, 30 cm and 15 cm in the legend indicate different heights from the surface, respectively.

4 9 : 1207, 30 cm 15 cm,,, 30 cm, 20~80 m 2, 28%~39%; 15 cm, 5~80 m 2, 55%~85%, 2.3, 2, 80 m 2, 46%, 11%,, >20 m 2,,,, 2, 0 m 2 80 m 2, 3.5, >20 m 2, ( 3),, kg hm kg hm 2 1 m 2, 15% ; 80 m 2, 55% Table 2 表 2 不同鸭舌草密度对水稻产量性状的影响 Effects of density of sheathed monochoria on yield properties of rice Sheathed monochoria density (plants m 2 ) Effective ear number (10 4 hm 2 ) Ear length (cm) Grain number per ear Blighted grain number per ear Rate of empty grain (%) 1000-grain weight (g) ±25.98a 20.84±0.17a 94.63±7.34a 5.66±0.50c 5.99±0.47b 24.28±0.07a ±25.98ab 20.84±0.22a 92.10±3.04a 8.68±1.40bc 9.40±1.27b 24.31±0.39a ±65.38ab 20.84±0.32a 84.68±5.09b 8.40±4.68abc 9.92±5.70b 24.31±0.65a ±38.84ab 20.35±0.61ab 84.29±2.28b 11.09±4.41abc 13.26±5.63ab 24.29±0.38a ±35.00ab 19.91±0.33ab 74.29±5.50cd 9.15±1.01bc 12.40±2.13ab 24.24±0.48a ±32.79bc 19.48±0.71bc 75.34±3.67c 22.09±15.65a 28.92±19.38a 23.65±0.22a ±37.75bc 19.41±0.18bc 70.11±6.13cd 18.56±4.68ab 26.47±6.17a 23.47±0.74a ±27.54c 18.63±0.83c 67.23±0.95 d 18.17±3.69ab 27.09±5.91a 23.41±0.20a 表 3 鸭舌草密度 (x) 与水稻产量损失率 (y) 的一元回归模型筛选结果 (n=7) Table 3 Regression models for rice yield loss (y) and the density of sheathed monochoria (x) (n=7) 图 3 Fig. 3 不同鸭舌草密度与水稻产量及水稻产量损失率 ( 减产率 ) 的关系 Rice yield and yield loss rates under different densities of sheathed monochoria 2.4 SAS 8.2, 11 (y) (x) ( 3), 2,, y= sqrt(x) (F=177.42, P< ) (x) Model No. Regression model r S(x/y) 1 y=a+bx ** y=a+b/x 0.676ns /y=a+b/x ** y =a+blog(x) ** logy=a+bx ** logy=a+blogx ** lny=lnd+bx ** lny=lnd + b/x * y=a+bx ** y=a+bsqrt(x) ** sqrt(y)=a+bsqrt(x) ** *, ** P<0.05 P<0.01; ns * and ** stand for statistical significance at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively; ns stands for not significance. (y), ,

5 Y 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2, P 1.5 kg 1,, hm 2, 80 %,,, 10% WP 10% WP 48% 56% ( ), 265~300 hm 2, 95% 95% 95% 92%, ( 4),, y= sqrt(x), 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2, 4.0~14.8 m 2,,,,, 10% WP 4,, 1.0~1.6 m 2 表 4 当水稻产量为 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2 时鸭舌草对水稻的经济危害水平及其防治经济阈值 Table 4 Economic infestation levels of sheathed monochoria and its control economic threshold in rice field for rice yield of 6 000~9 000 kg hm 2 Control measure Control cost (Yuan hm 2 ) Expected control efficiency (%) Economic infestation level (%) Economic threshold (plant m 2 ) Manual weeding ~ ~ % WP 10% Bensulfuron-methyl ~ ~1.6 10% WP 10% Pyrazosulfuron ~ ~1.5 48% 48% Bentazon ~ ~1.5 56% ( ) 56% MCPA sodium salt ~ ~1.6 3 讨论,,,, [15 17],,,,,,, [9,18], [19], [15 16] 10% WP 4, 1.0~1.6 m 2, 2~4 [20],,,,,,, : (1),,,, ; (2),,,,,,,,,,,,, [21 22],, 参考文献 [1]. [J]., 2009, 26(6): [2]. [J].

6 9 : 1209, 2005, 32(1): [3],,,. [J]., 2008, 39(3): [4],. [J]., 2002, 18(2): [5],,,. [J]., 2010(1): 8 11 [6],,,. [J]., 1998(3): [7],,,. [J]., 2009, 17(3): [8],,,. [J]., 2005, 20(4): [9],,,. [J]., 2012, 20(1): [10],,,. [J]., 2010, 43(5): [11],,,. [J]., 2010, 18(1): [12]. 10% [J]., 2009(12): 95, 97 [13],,,. 10% [J]., 2011, 50(15): [14]. [M]. 3. :, 2005: 495 [15],,,. [J]., 2010, 29(3): [16],,,. [J]., 2008, 27(2): [17] Cheng W G, Sakai H, Nishimura S, et al. The lowland paddy weed Monochoria vaginalis emits N 2 O but not CH 4 [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2010, 137(1/2): [18],. () [M]. :, 2001: 331 [19],. [J]., 2007(2): [20]. [S]., DB42/T [21],. [J]., 2000, 14(2): [22] Baloch M S, Awan I U, Hassan G, et al. Effect of establishment methods and weed management practices on some growth attributes of rice[j]. Rice Science, 2006, 13(2): , () ( ),, ,,,, ; ;, 16, /, 120 : CN /S, ISSN , 3 : 12, : , : ( ) : zwyczyxb2003@163.com zwyczyxb2003@sina.com

5月15期

5月15期中国农学通报 2012,28(15):106-111 Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响贺立恒, 高志强, 孙敏, 李青 ( 山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801) 摘要 : 为了提