第一章 实数的分类、性质和运算

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1 华杰陆续在全国设有 36 多家分校, 招生规模与升学率均名列全国首位, 是考生公认的最有影响力的管理类硕士考前辅导班与中国 MBA MPA MPAcc 考前培训第一品牌! 秉承 以学员为中心, 全面提高分数与升学率为目标 的理念, 华杰全国独家推出 全程国内最强师资 + 全方位个性化跟踪服务 + 专业化教务管理 + 精准信息专业咨询 的备考 报考 面试 调剂等一条龙整体解决方略 多年来, 全国联考状元及综合能力 英语单科最高分均出自华杰 ; 数十所院校多年来联考最高分 面试最高分均出自华杰 只有最好的老师才能在最短的时间内提高您的分数, 所以华杰的权威老师绝大部分都是独家授课 ( 包括命题组长与阅卷组长 ), 师资实力与成本是同类机构的 倍 教育部考试大纲统编教材独家编写者为华杰, 市面上 90% 的联考参考书也是华杰名师编写 中央电视台 新浪网 搜狐网 南方都市报 特区报 商报 深圳电视台等知名媒体都对华杰做过相关报道 华杰本部的学员人数从最初的每年 30 人增长到现在的每年 2150 余人,11 年间增长了 70 余倍 华杰学员人数比本地其它班人数总和的 2 倍还多 ; 目前, 华杰培训占有本地前端市场 80% 以上的份额, 占在本地招生各 MBA 院校生源的 75% 以上, 历年的华杰学员人数总计约有 多人, 遍布各行各业 全国其它运营中心也取得辉煌的成绩, 比如上年度北大联考状元及 76% 的高分考生出自华杰 ; 广州 8 所重点院校华杰学员的升学率高达 96.3%; 深圳 广州 北京华杰是当地唯一全程名师授课, 唯一有答疑 研发 服务体系的辅导班, 也是本地唯一学员人数还在增长的辅导班 上海交大 复旦 同济等名校华杰学员的通过率在 95% 以上, 上财近 50% 的考生来自华杰, 全国共计 70 多所院校联考状元出自华杰 因为华杰培训超强的师资 极高的升学率与良好的服务, 无论在高校还是学员中都具有超强的影响力 : 华杰 85% 以上的学生为老学员介绍而来, 华杰也是众多院校指定考前辅导机构 ; 更重要的是我们拥有绝大多数培训机构根本不可能拥有的人脉网络与相应关系, 与招生及调剂的几十所院校有着良好的合作关系在更大的平台中为广大考生服务 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 1

2 目 录 第一节考试要求 3 第二节基础词法复习 4 第三节英语句法 18 第四节比较结构 37 附录 : 相关练习 41 增值服务 : 1 华杰官网: 查找 MBA 考试学习及报考相关资料 2 本人联系方式 QQ: ; What you need is my motivation! 2 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

3 复习小贴士 (Tips): 联考英语二语法 考研英语二考试中, 语法没有直接考点, 但语法贯穿整个英语二考试卷, 熟悉了解并掌握考试常考语法知识点是提高完形 阅读, 写作和翻译能力四大题型的基础, 基础在先, 技巧在后 因此, 考生应熟悉掌握相关知识 第一节考试要求 一 英语考试大纲要求考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识, 具体内容包括 (1) 名词 代词的数和格的构成及其用法 ; (2) 动词时态 语态的构成及其用法 ; (3) 形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法 ; (4) 常用连接词的词义及其用法 ; (5) 非谓语动词 ( 不定式 动名词 分词 ) 的构成及其用法 ; (6) 虚拟语气的构成及其用法 ; (7) 各类从句 ( 定语从句 主语从句 表语从句等 ) 及强调句型的结构及其用法 ; (8) 倒装句 插入语的结构及其用法 二 英语考试语法考查重点 通过对历年真题的分析, 我们得知英语联考语法考查的重点是以下几个方面 : 1. 时态语态 2. 复合句 3. 非谓语动词 4. 倒装结构 5. 比较结构 6. 虚拟语气 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 3

4 第二节 基础词法知识复习 教学目的 1. 为考研英语二完形 阅读 翻译 长难句打下扎实基础 ; 2. 形成 MBA 英语二考试相关语法体系 3. 积累考试英语作文常见句型 第一讲词的复习 1 名词 : 专有名词 : 人名, 机构, 场所 普通名词 : 个体名词 : book, table; ( 可数 ) 集体名词 :family, army, crowd ( 可数 ) 物质名词 :water, cotton ( 不可数 ) 抽象名词 :time, death ( 不可数 ) 2 冠词 : 不定冠词 1) 表示 " 一个 ", 意为 one; 指某人或某物, A Mr. Lin is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3) 词组或成语 a little / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden 4 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

5 定冠词 the 与指示代词 this,that 同源, 有 " 那 ( 这 ) 个 " 的意思, 但较弱, 可以和一个名词连用, 来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西 1) 特指双方都明白的人或物 : Take the medicine. 2) 上文提到过的人或事 : He bought a house. I've been to the house. 3) 指世上独一无二的事物 : 零冠词的用法 1) 国名, 人名前通常不用定冠词 :England,Mary; 2) 抽象名词表示一般概念时, 通常不加冠词 ; Failure is the mother of success. 3) 在季节 月份 节日 假日 日期 星期等表示时间的名词之前, 不加冠词 ; 4) 当 by 与火车等交通工具连用, 表示一种方式时, 中间无冠词 ;by bus,by train; 5) 有些个体名词不用冠词 ; 如 : school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed, table,class; 3 代词 人称代词 :John waited a while but eventually he went home. 物主代词 :John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 反身代词 : 可以做主语, 但是, 反身代词本身不能单独作主语 ( 对 )My mother and myself walked home that day. ( 错 ) Myself drove the car. ( 对 ) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车 指示代词 : 包括 this, that, these, those 等, 它们在句中既可用作代词, 也可用作形 容词 一般说来,this, these 表 近指,, 而 that, those 则 远指 He was nearly drowned once. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 5

6 When was? was in 1998 when he was in middle school. A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This 疑问代词 :(who, whom, whose, which, what 等 ) 在句中可用作主语 表语 宾语 定 语 不定代词 :all, both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any, one, no 以及 some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone. 等 4 数词 1) 基数词写法和读法 : 345 three hundred and forty-five; 2) 序数词的缩写形式 :first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 5 1 形容词 : 1) 作定语, 一般放在所修饰词的前面 It s a cold and windy day. 2) 作表语, 放在系动词的后面 He looks happy today. 6 副词 : ) 大多数副词由形容词后加后缀 -ly 构成 6 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

7 ) 还有少数副词不带后缀, 如 fast, hard, well, long, slow, straight, quick 等, 7 动词 :. 系动词 1) 状态系动词用来表示主语性质或状态, 只有 be 一词, 例如 : He is a lawyer. ( 表示主语的身份 -- 性质 ) He is ill. ( 表示主语的状态 ) 2) 持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度, 主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, This matter rests a mystery. 3) 表像系动词用来表示 " 看起来像 " 这一概念, 主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如 : He looks tired. 4) 感官系动词感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如 : This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5) 变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样, 变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如 :She grew rich within a short time. 6) 终止系动词表示主语已终止动作, 主要有 prove, turn out, 表达 " 证实 "," 变成 " 之意, 例如 : 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 7

8 The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult. 最常用的助动词有 :be, have, do, shall, will, should, would He doesn't like English. 第二讲 动词时态语态 一 动词的语态语态主要有主动与被动语态 被动语态由 " 助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词 " 构成 被动语态主要用于 : 1 动作的执行者无需指出或者不明确时, Another hospital will be built here next year. The book has been translated into many languages. 2 为了强调动作的承受者时 Those children are well looked after in the nursey. That meeting will be put off until Friday. 3 一些常用经典被动句型 ( 详见主语从句部分 ), 如 It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed, It is expected, It is estimated, it was believed,it was thought It is said it will clear up tonight. It's reported that the rate is rising. huajie It was believed that the enemy troops had already crossed the border. 8 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

9 4 主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive 2)blame, let( 出租 ), remain, keep, rent, build 3) 在 need, require, want, worth ( 形容词 ), deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式 4) 特殊结构 :make sb. heard / understood,have sth. done 被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries 典型例题 The library needs, but it'll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 二 动词的时态英语中共有 16 种时态 硕士类考试测试的时态主要有 : 1 一般现在时 : 通常表示人 事物的现在状况和特点 ; 表示习惯状态 经常性的动作 客观规律和永恒真理 We are all teachers from the country. They go to work by bike every day. He doesn t love sports. Does the moon move around the earth? Yes, it does. 表示永恒的真理, 即使出现在过去的语境中, 仍用一般现在时 I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中, 通常用 ( 华杰 MBA 版权所有 ) 一般现在时 代替一般将来时 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 9

10 If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 在 make sure, certain, see to, mind, care, matter+ 宾语从句中, 从句用一般现在时代 替一般将来时 So long as he works hard, I don t mind when he finishes the experiment. 在 the more the more 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2 现在进行时 : 表示说话时在进行的动作, 也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动, 跟某些频率副词连用 ; 常用的频率副词有 always, constantly, continually, forever, repeatedly 等 They are showing us around the farm. Are the students reading now? It isn t raining hard. 表示将来的动作, 指按人们的计划 安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作 We are leaving on Friday.( 表将来 ) 在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作 Look out when you are crossing the street. Don t wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 3 现在完成时 : 表示动作发生在过去, 完成在过去, 但强调与现在情况仍有联系, 其结果或影响仍存在 现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语 How many words have you learnt today? He hasn t got up yet. I have been to England. for + 时间段 ;since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing since I have learned English for ten years. 常见的不确定的时间状语 :lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so 10 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

11 far, these days e.g. Has it stopped raining yet? 在表示 最近几世纪 / 年 / 月以来 时间状语如 :in the past few years/ months/ weeks/ days; over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等中, 谓语动词用现在完成 时 考点四 : 表示 第几次做某事, 或在 It is the best/ worst/ most interesting/ + 名 词 + that 后面跟现在完成时 This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written 4 一般过去时 : 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作, 也可表示过去习惯性的动作, 不强调对现在的影响, 只说明过去 ; 常与表示过去的时间状语从句连用 My mother wasn t in last night. We didn t watch TV last night. The girl cried just now. We were middle school students last year. 区别 used to do 与 be/ become/ get used to +doing, 前者表示过去经常但现在已不 再维持的习惯动作后者表示 习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 11

12 5 过去进行时 : 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作, 一般与过去某个确切时间连用 I was reading at night yesterday morning. We weren t planting trees this time yesterday. Were they singing when the teacher came? Yes, they were. 6 过去完成时 : 表示过去某一段时间之前已开始的动作或状况, 属于 过去的过去, 句中常有明显的时间状语 He said he hadn t collected 300 stamps. Had you learnt 280 new words by the end of last month? When I rushed to the cinema, the film had begun. hardly/ scarcely when; no sooner than 句型中, 主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般 过去时 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.( 注意主谓倒装 ) 表示 第几次做某事 主句用过去时, 从句用过去完成时 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. It was 3 years since we had parted. 动词 hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时, 表示未 实现的愿望 打算和意图 I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 12 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

13 7 一般将来时 : 表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况, 也可以表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作 ; 可以用一般现在时 现在进行时 be going to+ 不定式 be+ 不定式 来表示将来时 When will you be able to visit us again? I won t be free tonight. It s going to rain. 一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中 We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes. ( 主句用一般将来时, 从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时 ) 某些表示短暂性动作的动词如 arrive, come, go, leave, start 等, 用现在进行时形式表 示将来 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 祈使句 + and/ or + 句子, 这种结构中 and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时 Use your head and you will find a way. am/ is/ are going to + 动词原形 表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事 am/ is/ are about to + 动词原形 表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动 作 am/ is/ are to + 动词原形 表示必须 必然或计划将要做的事 They are to be married in this May. 8 将来完成时 : 表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情, 也可以用来表示推测, 时间状语非常明显 We will have finished our middle school next July. Will he have finished writing the novel by the end of next month? Yes, he will. We won t have finished the job when you turn back. 常用的时间状语一般用 by + 将来的时间, 如 by the end of this year, by March next year 以及由 by the time, before 或 when 等引导的副词从句 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 13

14 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1,000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 在时间和条件状语从句中, 将来完成时则由现在完成时表示 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 第三讲 虚拟语气与情态动词 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实, 而是说话人的主观愿望 假设或推测等, 它是专门表达 " 假设意义 及其他 非事实意义 的动词形式 一 虚拟式用于非真实条件句 If 从句 主句 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式 (be 为 were) Would (should)+ 动词原形 与过去事实相反 动词的过去完成式 Would(should, could, might)+have+ 动词的过去分词 与将来事实相反 1. 动词的过去式 (be 为 were) Would(should, could, might)+ 动词 2. were+ 不定式 原形 3. should+ 动词原形 例 : 1 If I knew the meaning of the word, I wouldn t have to look it up. 2 If we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him 3 Jean doesn t want to work right away because she thinks that if she could have got a job she probably wouldn t be able to see her friends very often. 14 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

15 可运用于写作中的虚拟语气句型 1 主语从句 : 1) It is/was+ 形容词 +that 从句 中, 当形容词为 important, necessary,strange, natural 等时, 从句中要用 should+ 动词原形 (should 可省略 ) It is important that we should master a foreign language. 2) It is/was+ 名词 +that 从句 中, 当名词为 a pity,a shame,no wonder 等时, 从 句中要用 should+ 动词原形 (should 可省略 ) It is a great pity that he should be so selfish. 2 定语从句 It is(high)time+(that) 从句 中, 谓语过去式 It is time(that)we went home. 3 状语从句 1) 由 lest, in case in case, so that,unless, for fear that 等引导的目的状语从句中, 用 should+ 动词原形 (should 可省略 ) 例如: She explained again and again in case he (should)misunderstand her. 2) 由 as if 和 as though 等引导的方式状语从句中 She loves the child as if he were her own. He speaks English as well as if he had studied in England. 二 情态动词 情态动词本身有一定的词义, 但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用, 给谓语动词增添 情态色彩, 表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法, 认为其可能 应该或必要等 情态 动词后面加动词原形 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 15

16 can, could may, might must, have to dare, need shall, should will, would should, ought to Can you lift this heavy box? You must come in time. I had to work when I was your age. You shall fail if you don t work hard. 第四讲非谓语动词 在句子中, 不能做谓语, 而是担任其他语法功能的动词, 叫做非谓语动词 包括动词不定式, 分词和动名词 1 动词不定式 1) 作主语 To speak English well isn t an easy job. To talk with her is a great pleasure. 2) 作表语 His wish is to improve the working condition. Our plan is to set up a new school. 3) 作宾语 He decides to change their mind. 4 ) 作宾语补足语 I saw her enter the cinema. We must have someone repair the computer. 5) 作定语 His desire to win is obvious. She is looking for a room to live in. 6) 作状语目的状语 He went to USA to learn English. To tell you the truth, I don t agree with you. 7) 结果状语 He returned home to learn his son was dead. 2 分词 : 16 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

17 1) 现在分词 -ing 表示现在和主动 ;2) 过去分词 -ed 表示过去和被动 A moving film 感人的电影 a moved audience 受感动的观众 An exciting film It was a tiring job. Developing countries The rising sun excited boy I was tired when I finished the job. developed countries the risen sun 3) 作定语 All the young teachers working here are PH.D. Do you know the girl employed by the company? 4) 作表语 The news looks quite exciting. They were very exhausted. 5) 作宾语补足语 He kept the machine running for ten hours. I had my car repaired. 6) 作状语 Walking along the street, she saw a girl running up to her. When heated, ice will be changed to water. 独立主格, 分词所表示的动作在逻辑上有主语 Weather permitting, we ll have an outing tomorrow. The night being dark, she was afraid to go there. With everything taken into consideration, we all think it is a good plan. He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 3 动名词 : 1) 作主语 Seeing is believing. Swimming is the best exercise in summer. 2) 作表语 Her job is looking after the children. 3) 作宾语 She couldn t help thinking about the matter. 4) 作定语 The teacher has many reading materials. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 17

18 第三节英语句法 阅读理解两大难关 : 文章长难句 ; 题型及解题技巧 破解长难句三大要点 : 句子结构 ; 句子成份 ; 句子层次 长难句在考试中四大应用 : 完型填空 ; 阅读理解 ; 翻译 ; 写作 句子的理解在考试各个题型中的应用 在完型填空中的应用 The Producer Price Index, 1 measures what producers receive for goods and services, 2 1 percent in July, the Labor Department reported yesterday, double 3 economists had been expecting and a sharp turnaround from flat prices in June. 1. A. that B. which C. it D. this 2. A. rise B. rises C. rose D. raised 3. A. that B. what C. which D. this 利用句子结构知识在不用完全读懂内容的情况下也可以做对题目 在阅读理解中的应用 1. Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever. How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies? A.They are too old to do anything. B.They feel ill at ease. C.They feel completely at home. D.Technologies can go hand in hand with sports. 2. But not everyone who loses a job will end up in the unemployment line. Many will shift to growing positions within their own companies. When new technologies shook up the telecom business, telephone operator Judy Dougherty pursued retraining. She is now a communications technician, earning about $ 64,000 per year. Of course, if you've been a tollbooth collector for the past 30 years, and you find yourself replaced by an E-Z Pass machine, it may be of little consolation( 安慰 ) to know that the telecomm field is booming. In this paragraph the author mentions the tollbooth collector to 18 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

19 A. mean he will get benefits from the telecomm field B. show he is too old to shift to a new position C. console him on having been replaced by a machine D. blame the PC for his unemployment 在翻译中的应用 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 在单词词义都认识的情况下, 还是要学习句子结构, 弄清修饰关系, 才能通顺的表达 在写作中的应用众所周知, 我们要建立一个和谐社会, 并且要保持可持续的发展, 这对中国经济的繁荣是至关重要的 学习句子结构, 不仅可以帮助阅读理解句子的含义, 最终能够创造长难句是学习的更高境界 第一讲句子成份 英语的句子成分有九种 : 主语, 谓语, 宾语, 定语, 状语, 补语, 表语, 同位语, 插入语 1 主语主语 (subject) 是句子叙述的主体, 一般置于句首, 可由名词 代词 数词 名词 化的形容词 不定式 动名词和主语从句等来承担 1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. Most of the students come from the countryside. 2 谓语 :(predicate) 说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征或状态, 一般由动词来承担 谓语由动词充当, 但是动词不一定都是谓语动词 1) 及物动词做谓语 All of the students like reading the novel. 2) 不及物动词做谓语 He left here yesterday. 3) 连系动词表状态 Her son is a friend of ours. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 19

20 4). 复合谓语 We have finished our work already. You may keep the book for two weeks. If you had been there before, you would have known it. 3 宾语宾语 (object), 又称受词, 是指一个动作 ( 动词 ) 的对象或接受者, 常位于及物动 词或介词后面 能够做宾语的有名词, 代词, 数词, 不定式, 动名词等 1) I like Chinese food. 2) I enjoyed talking to you. 3) He certainly did not want to join them. 4)We hoped that all would come well. 4 状语 : 英语中, 修饰动词 形容词 副词等的句子成分叫状语 1) I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 2)Go along this street until you reach the end. 5 宾语补足语 : 英语补语 (Complement) 的作用对象是主语和宾语, 具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制 性功能, 在句法上是不可或缺的, 是起补充说明作用的成分 最常见的是宾语补足 语 1)Tom found the climb quite easy. 2) Don t be so formal. Call me Jim. 6 表语 : 用来说明主语的身份 性质 品性 特征和状态的, 表语常由名词 形容词 副词 介词短语 不定式 动词的 -ing 从句来充当, 它常位于系动词 (be, become, appear, seem, look,sound, feel, get, smell 等词 ) 之后 20 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

21 8 同位语 : 同位语对一个名词或代词进行修饰, 限定或说明 可以是词, 词组, 也可以是句子 1. Thomas Jefferson,the third president of the United States,may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. 2. The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 9 插入语 : 插入语一般对一句话作一些附加的说明 通常与句中其他部分没有语法上的联系, 将它删掉之后, 句子结构仍然完整 in fact in one s opinion above all /first of all by the way however fortunately probably to be frank generally speaking strictly speaking What s more What s worse all in all taking all things into consideration Most important of all as a matter of fact 第二讲句子结构 考试语法一般以动词为中心, 从结构入手来掌握语法考试规则 根据语法形式, 即句子的结构, 英语的句子可分为简单句 并列句和复合句 1. 简单句 简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成 其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 21

22 来, 英语属于结构性语言, 无论句子多么复杂多变, 其核心结构总共只有五种 具体如下 : 基本句型一 : S V ( 主 + 谓 ) 基本句型二 : S V P ( 主 + 谓 + 表 ) 基本句型三 : S V O ( 主 + 谓 + 宾 ) 基本句型四 : S V o O ( 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 ) 基本句型五 : S V O C ( 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 ) 1 S + V ( 主语 + 谓语 ) The train has arrived. 2 S+V+P( 主语 + 谓语 + 主语的补足语 ( 即表语 ) This apple is sweet. Tom is a good boy. 3 S+V+O ( 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 ) Walls have ears. 4 S+V+o+O( 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ) Jim bought Mary a cup of coffee. I'll write you a long letter. 5 S+V+O+C( 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语的补足语 ) He expects his son to be a teacher. This little girl makes us happy. They appointed Tom manager of our company. I'll let him go. 2. 并列句 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子, 叫做并列句 其基本结构是 简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句 并列连词有 :and, but, or, so 等 I was going to write, but I lost your address. 22 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

23 I like red and orange. He isn't my brother or my friend. I like playing football and swimming. A wise student studies his lesson; and unwise one wastes his time. 3. 复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成 复合句可分为 : 1). 定语从句 2). 状语从句 3). 名词性从句 ( 宾语从句 主语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 ) 1 主句 + 定语从句 He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday I ll never forget the village where I spent my childhood. 2 主句 + 状语从句 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 3 主句 + 名词性从句 Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. ( 宾语从句 ) What the police want to know is when you entered the room. ( 表语从句 ) I had no idea that you were here. ( 同位语从句 ) 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 23

24 第三讲名词性从句 复合句即从句 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类 : 名词性从句 形容词性从句 和副词性从句 引导从句的词称为关联词 一 名词性从句 即从句在整个句中起名词作用, 分别可以作主语 宾语 表语 同位语等, 所以这类从 句包括主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句. ( 一 ) 主语从句 1 句型一 ( 由连词 that, whether, if 引导 ) That he will come to the discussion is certain. That he had made a mistake is strange. Whether he will come or not hasn t been decided. that 只起连接作用, 不担任任何成分, 也没有词义 ;whether, if 有词义, 是否 2 句型二 ( 由疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 和疑问副词 when, where, how, why 引导的主语从句 ) Who did the work is unknown. Which team will win that match is not clear. What he said is true. Where we shall do the test is still under discussion. Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. When the meeting will be held is not yet fixed. 3 句型三以先行词 it 为形式主语的主语从句由于主语从句放在句首, 显得比较笨重, 因此常把它移至句末,that, whether, if 引导 的从句均可以改为形式主语的主语从句 It is certain that she will come to the discussion. It is strange that he had made a mistake. It hasn t been decided whether he ll come or not. 以 it 为形式主语的主语从句有下列四种用法 : 1)it is+ 形容词 + 主语从句 It is important that he can come to our party. 24 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

25 It is urgent that the patient get to hospital. (necessary, essential, strange, clear) 2)It +be+ 名词 +that 从句 It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. It is a miracle that he survived the accident. It is a pity that he did not come earlier. 3)It +be+ 过去分词 + 从句 It is said that our school will be rebuilt. It must be pointed out that you are completely wrong. It is reported that there was a fire in the village. It is thought that he is the best player. It has been proved that the practice can only do good. 注意 : 翻译有固定的译法 It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is recorded that 据记载 It will be seen that 可以看出 4)It + 不及物动词 + 从句 It seems that Mary is not coming at all. It happened that I knew her boyfriend. It turns out that his methods didn t work at all. It occurred to me there was no time to lose. ( 二 ) 表语从句 在句中作表语, 位于主句中的系动词之后 可接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, seem, sound, appear 等 1 句型一 My idea is that you should make good use of your time. The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow. 2 句型二 as, as if / though, that, whether, because 引导的表语从句 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 25

26 Her problem is whether she should accept his offer. 3 句型三由连接代词 what, who, which 和连接副词 how, where,, why 引导的表语从句 This is what I want. The problem is who could do the work. That is just where you are wrong. That is how we parted. 4 句型四使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议 劝告 命令含义的名词后的表语从句, 谓语动词需用 "should+ 动词原形 " 表示,should 可省略 常见的词有 :advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea 等 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. His proposal was that they (should) challenge the other classes to a friendly competition. ( 三 ) 宾语从句 可以做谓语动词的宾语, 也可以做介词和非限定动词, 以及某些形容词的宾语 that 在 宾语从句中经常可以省略 1 谓语动词的宾语 I know that he is friendly and hospitable. I asked him if he is sure he knows what he is doing 2 介词宾语 He was interested in whatever he saw there. I was surprised at what he said. 3 做形容词的宾语 I am sure that she will come and join us. He is pleased that he passed a tough test. 4 在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词所跟的宾语中, 如果从句是否定的, 一般要将否定移至主句谓语上, 而将从句宾语变为肯定形式 I don t think I know you. 26 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

27 宾语从句句型 1 句型一 : 由 that, whether, if 引导的宾语从句 I think that it is necessary to go by bus. I wonder whether it is true. She asked if that was enough. 2 句型二 I wonder what happened yesterday. Take which book you like best. 注意 :1. 宾语从句也可以是动词 + 间接宾语 + 宾语从句 I told him that all the students had passed the exams. He asked me whether she was coming. Notes: 3 句型三当宾语从句后面有补语时, 动词后面要跟形式宾语 it, 从句跟在其后 We consider it important that you should mind your manners. He didn t want it to be known that he was too ill to go on working. ( 四 ) 同位语从句 从句用于表示名词的内容, 对其加以解释 1 同位语从句通常由 that 引导, 但由于与其同位的名词不同, 也可由 whether, when, which, who, how what 引导 I have no idea when she will be back. The question, whether we need it, has not yet been considered. We have come to the conclusion that there is no life on Mars. 2 同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面, 而是被其他的词隔开了 The question came up at the meeting whether we has enough money for our research. We ve just heard a warning on the radio that a storm will on its way. The idea suddenly occurred to me that my watch might be wrong. 3 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 He heard the news that his team had won. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 27

28 The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 第四讲定语从句 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语, 起形容词的作用 先行词 : 定语从句所修饰的名词或代词 关系词 : 引导定语从句的词, 分为关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose) 和关系副词 (where, when, why) 作用 例 句 1. 作主语 1. The student who is talking with the monitor is Lucy.( 指人作主语 ) 2. A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.( 指物作主语 ) 2. 作表语 3. She is no longer the girl that she used to be.( 指人作表语 ) 3. 作宾语 4. The student whom (who)you want to see has come already.( 指人作宾语 ) 5.The letter which I received yesterday was from a friend of mine.( 指物作宾语 ) 4. 作定语 6.The girl whose mother is a teacher studies very hard.( 指人作定语 ) 各引导词用法 : 1 关系代词 which 的用法 This is the pen which was given by my friend. This is the pen which my friend gave to me. 2 关系代词 who 的用法 The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother. The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai. She is the girl with whom I went there. 3 关系代词 whom 的用法. This is the teacher whom/who we like best. 4 She is the girl whom/ who I went with there. I don t like the boy to whom you are talking. 关系代词 that 的用法. 28 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

29 The animal that \which is lost is a panda. The moon cakes that mother cooked taste nice. 1 注意在从句中作介词宾语时, 介词一般可放在 whom,which 之前 ( 不可放在 that 之前 ), 也可放在原来的位置上 在含有介词的固定动词词组中的介词则只能放在 原来的位置上 如 : The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine. = The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine. The girl whom (who) I am looking for is my sister. look for 是固定词组,for 不可放在 whom 之前 2 注意 2 that /which 在代物时常常可以通用, 但有时只宜于用 which, 不用 that (1) 关系代词前有介词时 This is the hotel in which you will stay. (2) 如有两个定语从句, 其中一句的关系代词是 that, 另一句宜于用 which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 3 注意 3 that/which 在代物时常常可以通用, 但有时只宜于用 that, 不用 which (1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时 This is the best that has been used against air pollution in cities. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. (2) 先行词是序数词了, 或它的前面有一个序数词时 He is the last person that I want to see. (3) 主句中已有疑问词时 Which is the bike that you lost? (4) 先行词既有人又有物时 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. (5) 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one 等 代词时 You should hand in all that you have. We haven t got much that we can offer you. I mean the one that you talked about just now. (6) 先行词前面有 only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等词修饰时 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class. Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class. (7) 有两个定语从句, 其中一个关系代词已用 which, 另外一个宜用 that 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 29

30 Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 4 关系副词 where 的用法. This is the house where I was born. 关系副词 w hen 的用法. He came at a time when we needed help. 关系副词 why 的用法 The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to the party. 非限制性定语从句的用法 非限制性定语从句的作用是用来提供附加的而非必要的信息, 只是对先行词作进一步的解 释 补充或说明 若去掉此定语从句, 句子的主旨大意仍然明确, 不会引起误解和太大的歧 义 1 如 : Mr. Wang is the headmaster of our school, who you saw at the meeting yesterday. 2 非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加补充说明, 与先行词之间的关系较为松散, 之间有逗号分隔 3 当先行词为以下情况时, 其后只能接非限定性定语从句 A. 先行词为专有名词 the sun, the universe, the Great Wall, China, Tom, Tsinghua University 等时 如 : Have you ever visited the Great Wall, which attracts thousands of tourists each year? B. 先行词为唯一性的名词或代词 my father, my mother, I, you 等 如 : The man in the car is Jim's father, who now teaches English in our school. C. 当先行词为整个句子时, 只能带非限制性定语从句 As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. She must pay for what she has done, which / as is natural. 30 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

31 4 在非限制性定语从句中不能用 that 来代指人或物, 而应当用 who / whom 指人, 用 which 指物 He takes exercise regularly, which helps to keep him fit. Please give the note to Mr. Li, who is standing under the tree. Miss Yang is our favorite teacher, whom we honor most. 5 非限制性定语从句不能用 why 引导, 要用 for which 代替 why No one knows the exact reason why / for which he didn't come yesterday. We couldn't accept the reason he explained, for which he was late. 6 非限制定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明, 因此, 我们常将其译为一个后置的并列句, 而限制性定语从句是先行词不可或缺的修饰语, 常将其译为前置定语 如 : They asked for civil rights, for which they had struggled for hundreds of years. Do you know the boy whose name is Li Lei? 第五讲 状语从句 用来修饰谓语动词 其他动词 定语 状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句 状语从句可以分为下列九类 : 时间状语从句 时间状语从句 方式状语从句 让步状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句, 目的状语从句, 方式状语从句, 程度状语从句, 地点状语从句, 比较状语从句 状语从句可以放在主句之前, 并须用逗号与主句隔开, 也可放在主句之后, 此时无须用逗号隔开主句和从句 1 时间状语从句常用引导词 :when,as,while,as soon as,while,before,after,since,till,until Eg. Until we know the facts, we can t do anything about it. Everybody was assigned as a job as soon as they left university. 特殊引导词 :immediately,directly, instantly,the minute,the moment,the second, every time,the first/last/next time, the day,the instant, directly,no sooner than, 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 31

32 hardly when,scarcely when Eg. The instant she saw him she knew he was her brother. He left Europe the year World War II broke out. no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when, 等置于句首时, 则须要用倒装 结构 1. She had no sooner heard the news than she fainted. No sooner had she heard the news than she fainted. 2. They had hardly started to work when the trouble began. Hardly had they started to work when the trouble began. ( 二 ) 条件状语从句条件状语从句是表示前提或条件的从句结构, 分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句 真实条件状语从句表示的条件是事实或者在说话人看来有可能实现的事情 非真实条件状语从句表示的条件是与事实相反或者在说话人看来不大可能实现的事情, 即条件句的虚拟语气 1 常用连词有 :if,unless, Eg. We ll start our project if the president agrees. Unless you tell him yourself, he ll lose faith in you completely. 注意 :unless=if not 本身具有否定含义 The engine will not run efficiently unless the correct fuel is used. =The engine will not run efficiently if the correct fuel is not used. 2 特殊引导词 :as/ so long as, providing/ provided that,supposing that,suppose that, in case that,on condition that, given that, only if 等 Eg. Providing that the survey indicates a real need, they will need funds for the new bridge. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 32 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

33 Supposing that the plane doesn t arrive on time, we ll have to postpone the meeting. In case it rains, we won t be able to go there on foot. ( 三 ) 让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下, 主句中的情况却依然出现 1 常用引导词 :though,although,even if,even though, Eg. The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. studying. Though he stands alone, he will never yield. He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from I often take a shower even though I prefer a bath. 2 特殊引导词 :as,while,no matter,in spite of the fact that,despite the fact that, while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever,for all that, regardless of the fact that 等等 让步状语从句在句中可前置, 也可后置, 前置时强 调主句的内容, 后置时强调从句的内容 Eg. While I agree with a lot of what you said, I still cannot accept your conclusions. He won t listen whatever you may say.=no matter what you say, he won t listen. as 用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装 ( 详见倒装部分 ) Much as I respect him, I can t agree to his proposal. ( 四 ) 原因状语从句 1 常用的引导词有 :because,since,as, for, Eg. I was annoyed because I missed the bus. Since (as) everyone is here, let s get down to our business. 特别注意 :because 的否定转移 ( 翻译必备 ) 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 33

34 Eg. She did not marry him because she loved him. I didn t attend the meeting because he was present,too. He doesn t exercise because he likes to. (TOEFL) A. he likes to exercise because he likes to. B. He exercises for reasons other than enjoyment. C. He d glad he doesn t have to exercise. D. He doesn t have enough time to exercise. Certainly I don t teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living. No do I teach because I think I know anwers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. 2 特殊引导词有 :in that, now that, seeing that,considering that,given that, inasmuch as,insomuch as, for the reason that, on the ground(s) that 等 Eg. Now that everybody has come, let s begin our conference. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. ( 五 ) 结果状语从句 1 常用的引导词有 :so that,such that,such that 从句中一般不带情态动词, 其 从句都要放在主句后 Eg. It s such a good chance that we must not miss it. His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself. There were so many people in the room that we could hardly get in. 特别注意 : 1). so that 和 such that 的区别 :so 后面接形容词或副词 ;such 后面接名词 Eg. The book was so boring that he gave up reading it half way through. 34 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

35 This is such an expensive house (so expensive a house) that I can t afford to buy it. They are such patient teachers that we all like them. 2). such that 引导的状语从句中,such = so + 形容词 Eg. The weather is such that we can only stay in air conditioned places. The performance was such that the audience as deeply moved. 3) 倒装 Eg. So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. Such a fool was he that he believed him. 2 特殊引导词有 :to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that, to such a extent that Eg. The bereaved mother was grieved to the degree that she couldn t eat anything for 3days. To Such a degree was he excited that he couldn t sleep last night. ( 六 ) 目的状语从句 1 常用的引导词有 so that,in order that 从句中含有情态动词 may/might, shall/should 等 Eg. They climbed higher so that they might/could get a better view. I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet. In order that the coming generation can learn the martial arts, he has recently devoted much tine to writing books on the subjects. 2 特殊引导词有 lest,in case,for fear that,in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that 等连词引导 有时含有否定的意思, 可意为 : 以免, 以防, 生怕等 Eg. I hid the book lest he should see it. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 35

36 We has a meeting and talked the matter face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding. I must have something to fall back upon, in case I should fail. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 其他状语从句 1 方式状语从句引导词有 :as,as if,as though, how,the way 等连词引导 Eg. Automobiles speed along here as if the street were a racetrack. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. Mary was behaving as though she hadn t grown up. 2 地点状语从句 引导词有 :Where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere Eg. Wherever you go, you should work hard. You must come to a full stop whenever he thought he might have put it. 3 4 比较状语从句引导比较状语从句的从属连词为 as...as( 和 一样 ),not as/so...as( 和 不一样 ), than( 比 ),the more...the more( 越 越 ) 这类从句常以省略形式出现 如: The work is not so difficult as you imagine. You look younger than you are. The more you study, the more knowledge you can get. He doesn t work as hard as she (does). 程度状语从句 Microbes are so small that they can't be seen with our eyes. 36 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

37 Microbes are small,so that they can't be seen with our eyes. 第四节 比较结构 一 形容词与副词最基本的比较结构及句型 1. 原级比较句型 : 主语 + 谓语 +as+ 形容词 / 副词 +as+ 比较的对象这种句型主要表示人或物的性质 特征等方面有某些近似或相同 句中的两个 as 作用不同, 前一个是副词, 含有 如此 的意思 ; 后一个是连词, 表示 比 或 如同 的意思 否定的结构是在谓语前加助动词和 not, 此时前一个 as 也可以换成 so. Eg. The work is not as difficult as you think. London is not as/so modern as New York. 2. 原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词, 表示为 为. 若干倍, 当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等, 他们的位置是, 倍数词 +as as, 或倍数词 +more than Eg. This book is twice as thick as that one. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year seven times more than automobile accidents. 3 比较级句型 : 主语 + 谓语 + 形容词比较级 / 副词比较级 +than+ 比较的对象 / 主语 + 谓语 +more/less+ 形容词 / 副词 +than+ 比较的对象 They worked even harder than they promised. His most recent book is more interesting than his previous ones. This book is less bad than that one. He hasn t known me any longer than you have. 4. 比较级 +and + 比较级或 more and more/less and less + 原级以及 ever, steadily, daily 等副词 + 比较级 结构表示 越来越 的意思, 与这类结构搭配的常用动词有 grow, get,become 等 前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中, 注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用 than. 如 : Things are getting worse and worse. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 37

38 As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse. 5. 常见倍数比较的表达法 (1). 倍数 + 表示比较的方面 + of( 如 :weight,size,age 等 ) This room is three times the size of that one. (2). 倍数 + that / those of = as much as His weight is three times that of mine. (3) 倍数 + as + adj. + as This room is three times as large as that one.( 三倍大 ) (4) 倍数 + more than This room is three times larger than that one.( 大三倍 ) 6. 比较级前面可以用 even, still, yet,all the (more) 等修饰语用以加强语气, 表示 更加 的意思 如 Today it is even colder than yesterday. I have yet more exciting news for you. 7. 下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念 : inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market. Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. 以 -ior 结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接 to 而不是 than He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. 9. 有关比较级的特殊句型 (1) not so much as 与其说 不如说 He was not so much angry as disappointed. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. (2) no/not more than 句型 no more than 含有消极否定的意思, 可译为 A 与 B 都不, 不 也不 ;not more 38 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

39 than 含有积极 肯定的意思, 表示程度上的差异 He is no more diligent than you. 他不勤奋, 你也不勤奋 ( 两人都不勤奋 ) He is not more diligent than you. 他没有像你那样勤奋 ( 两人都勤奋, 但你更勤奋 ) (3) no less than = as much as, 意为 竟有 之多, 多达, 强调多 ;not less than 意为 不 少于, 至少, 为客观的描述,no less than 前后均为肯定, 含有惊奇的感情色彩, 可译为 是, 正是, 和 一样, 多达, 应有 之多 She is no less beautiful than her sister. 她和她姐姐一样漂亮 He is no less a writer than a painter. 他即使作家又是画家 The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister. 这位中年人正是新来的部长 (4) just as so 正如, 也 ( 用倒装结构 ) Just as the soil is a part of the earth, and so is the atmosphere. 正如泥土是地球的一部分, 大气也 是地球的一部分 二 最高级形式应注意的问题 (1) 最高级比较范围用介词 in, over, of, among in, (all) over 用于在某一范围内的比较, 如 :in China, all over the world. of, among 用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较, 如 :among the teachers, of the four dresses. 注意 :among 相当于 one of, 不说 among all 这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如 : Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. (2)most 可以用来修饰形容词或副词, 意思相当于 very, 用法区分单复数, 但不能用定冠词 the, 如 :a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants, 要注意与 the + 形容词最高级 +of + 名词 的结构表示的最高级的区别, 如 : He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language (3) 最高级比较对象范围用下列词来避免造成逻辑混乱 1)any other + 单数名词 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 39

40 Richard is older than any other boy in the school=richard is the oldest boy in the school. It is said that New York Metropolitan area has more Jews than city in the world outside Israel. A. another B. other C. any other D. the other 答案 :C city 这里是单数所以是 any other 2) the other+ 复数名词 It is much more expensive and luxurious than the other hotels. (hotels 复数 ) 3)the others They bought fewer books than the others did.=they bought the fewest books. 2. anyone/anything else Bush did more work than anyone else.=bush did the mose. 40 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

41 附录 : 相关练习一 系动词练习 1)He is a teacher. 2)He always kept silent at meeting. 3)He seems (to be) very sad. 4)This flower smells very sweet. 5)She grew rich within a short time. 6)The search proved difficult. 二 时态练习 : 分析下面的例句 : 1. Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. 2. I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. 3. We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. 4. I m going to buy a house when we ve saved enough money. 5. The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 6. Don t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. 7. We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 8. This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 9. Mary has been ill for three days. 10. We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 11. By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. 12. I shall have finished this composition before 9 o clock. 13. I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven t found it. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 41

42 14. It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 15. By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 三 非谓语动词练习分析以下非谓语动词成分并翻译 1.It is easy to be wise after the event. 2.It is easier to spend money than to make money. 3.He cannot afford to buy such an expensive car. 4.I hope to see your again. 5.This company refused to cooperate with us. 6.They don t allow me to smoke in the theater. 7.Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship! 8.I wonder who to invite. 9.Ask my brother where to put the car. 10.I don t think he is the best man to do the job. 11.Tom is the only person 12. I have a letter to write. 13. She had no place to live in. 14.Seeing is believing. 15.Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of rat. 16.Having a successful marriage takes effort and patience, and communication is the key. 17.Many of things we do involves taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result. 18.They live in a room that faces the south. = They live in a room facing the south. 19.I like the girl who is dancing with that guy. = I like the girl dancing with the guy. 20.The question being discussed is very important. 21.Are you going to attend the meeting to be held next month? 22. Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing. 23. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn. 24. I heard him criticized many times. 25.We saw the sun rising from behind the tree. 四 英语句子成分分析 42 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

43 1) 划出以下句子主语 1. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 2. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 3. Smoking does harm to the health. 4. The rich should help the poor. 5. It is necessary to master a foreign language. 6. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 2) 划出以下句子定语 1. The girl under the tree is Kate. 2. The man downstairs couldn t sleep well. 3. I bought a new dictionary. 4. Can you find out the answer to the question? 5. A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 6. The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 7. Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 3) 划出以下句子状语 1. You should put the book where it was. 2. I have quite a lot of work to do. 3. She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 4. We usually go to school on foot. 5. No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 6. If you don t work hard, you ll fall behind the others. 7. Your watch is not the same as mine. 8. We didn t go to the park because of the bad weather. 9. He left early, so that he caught the train. 10. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 4) 划出以下句子宾语补足语 : 1. I have the car waiting. 2. We had the machine repaired. 3. Why don t you have your hair cut? 4. I have a lot of work to do. 5. He made me repeat the story. 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 43

44 5) 划出以下句子表语 : 1. Her father is sixty-five. 2. The poor boy was myself. 3. All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 4. My favorite sport is swimming. 5. He looks very angry. 6. The question is whether they will come. 7. His father is in. 18. The picture is on the wall. 五 分析以下简单句句子结构 1. The sun was shining. 2.The moon rose. 3.It is getting warmer and warmer. 4.Who knows the answer? 5.He enjoys reading. 6.She ordered herself a new dress. 7.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 8.They appointed him manager. 9.They painted the door green. 10.This set them thinking. 六 并列句练习 1. I lay down and went straight to sleep. 2. He is poor in English, and I am, too. 3. My mother bought me a present, and I like it very much. 4. Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. 5.He is kind, he is clever, and he is handsome. 6. Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. 7. She tried to give a good impression on the employer, but she failed. 8.We are always looking forward to a good result of the football games, but we are always disappointed. 9. Either you leave the house, or I call the police. 44 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com

45 10. Either you must improve your work or the manager will dismiss you. 11. Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory. 12. She can t read, neither can she write. 13. It s not cheap, but it s very good. 14. It is not what you are studying, but how you study it that counts Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat. 16. I not only heard it, but I also saw it. 17.We have made some achievements, still we should be modest and prudent. 18.He was the only candidate, therefore, he was elected. 19.She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 20.The book is expensive, however, it s worth it. 21.I continued working, meanwhile, he went out shopping. 22.Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it. 23.It is very late, hence you must go to bed. 24.She studied hard, thus she got high marks. 25.Everyone was ordered to leave the building, accordingly, we went into the street. 26.Shanghai is situated by the sea, consequently, the city enjoys a healthy climate. 七 划出以下句子从句 ( 名词性从句 ) 1. That as much as one-fourth of all evidence is not used proved to be false. 2. Whether the Government should increase the financing of research depends on the president. 3. What happened on September 11, 2001 will be forever ethched ( 铭刻 )in our memory. 4. It is obvious that he doesn t understand English. 5. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties. 6. Your success will depend on how you present yourself. 7. I wonder if / whether you can help me. 8. We must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution. 9. China is not what it used to be. 10. The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice 11.The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 12.There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise. 13.A saying goes that practice makes perfect. 阅读理解 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com 45

46 1. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still ( 停滞不前 ),but division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have. According to the writer, Adam Smith's mistake was in believing that division of labor. A. was an efficient way of organizing work B. was an important development in methods of production C. certainly led to economic development D. increased the production of existing goods 2. The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fal1 descent ( 下降 ) the pilot pulled the aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was 1ess immediate than its loss, but was stil1 sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump. What did the pilot do with the plane after it took off? A. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines. B. He climbed and then made the plane fal1 slowly. C He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds. D. He climbed and then made the plane turn over. 八 划出以下定语从句 1. The girl who is talking with Mr. Smith is my friend. 2. The book which was written by him now is very popular. 3. China is the only country where (= in which) wild pandas can be found. 4. I can t forget the days when (= in which) I lived with you. 5. The reason why (that) he didn t come is that he was ill. 6. She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. 7.All that you have said is right. 8.There is no person that doesn t make mistakes. 9. He did not tell us the reason why he was late again. 46 深圳 : 咨询 北京 : 咨询 bj.huajiemba.com