% 5% % ~ ~ % 2002 GDP 35. 6% 28% 4% 3. 6% 14% 2

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1 童伟俄伊戈里戈尔基近 20 年来, 俄罗斯对养老保障制度进行了一系列改革, 通过逐步扩大养老保险覆盖范围建立养老保险基金提高养老保险统筹层次健全基本养老金增长机制鼓励非国有养老保险机构发展, 实现了养老保障制度由国家统包向以保险为原则以市场调节与国家调控相结合的新型养老保障制度的过渡俄罗斯养老保障保险费率童伟,1967 年生, 中央财经大学财经研究院研究员博士生导师, 经济学博士 ( 北京士 ) ; 伊戈里戈尔基, 全俄函授财经学院教授, 经济学博 % 53% 47. 2% ~ ~ 54 2 Предположительная численность населения РФ до года Росстат 2010.

2 % 5% % ~ ~ % 2002 GDP 35. 6% 28% 4% 3. 6% 14% % % % %

3 % % % 26% % 10% % % 1 1 % % % % % 54. 6% GDP % / % % Гурвич Е. Т. Как обеспечить стабильность пенсионной системы http / /www. opec. ru 2007 ~

4 GDP 1. 5% 5. 2% 3 GDP % расчеты ЭЭГ на основе данных Министерства финансов РФ и ПФР % 26% GDP % % GDP GDP Гурвич Принципы новой пенсионной реформы / /Вопросы экономики GDP 9% 5 5 GDP % % /3 OECD Гурвич Принципы новой пенсионной 60% реформы OECD GDP GDP % 1 45

5 % OECD 8. 4% 21% 6. 0% 20. 2% 22. 1% 6 6 % OECD Ageing Report / European Commission 2009 Social Security Programs throughout the World / Social Security Administration and International Social Security Association ~ % % 2010 ~ GDP GDP 8 13% % 55% 12. 4% % 28. 8% 30. 9% % Предположительная численность населения РФ до 2030 года Росстат Гурвич Принципы новой пенсионной реформы / / Вопросы экономики

6 % GDP 0. 5% 21 OECD /

7 GDP 1. 4% ~ 2. 3% GDP1. 2% ~ 1. 9% GDP0. 2% ~ 0. 4% % 26% 28% 20% GDP 2. 9% % 26% GDP 1. 8% 2050 GDP 1. 25% % 32 ~ 34%

8 % / 20% 2000 ~ % ~ 40% 20% 6 ~ 本文受教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划国家社科基金项目 ( 编号 : 11BZZ047) 及教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目 ( 编号 : 10YJA790173) 资助 ( 责任编辑张红侠 )

9 Tong Wei and Igor Gorki In the past twenty years Russia carried out a series of pension reform. With these reforms the coverage of endowment insurance was extended a pension insurance fund was established the package level of endowment insurance was enhanced growth mechanism of basic old-age pension was improved and development of non-state endowment insurance institutions was encouraged. The old-age security system is transforming from the state total support to the combination of market regulation and state s financial support. Zhu Xinglong and Liu Wenge This paper carried out an empirical analysis of Russian enterprises in transformation period and found that marketization of an enterprise is not necessary condition for economic growth. Adversely excessive marketization probably result in economic stagnation and decline. The final outcome marketization depends on the rationality of institution arrangement. The key is marketization of enterprise should match with realistic demand of economic development. Institution arrangement must be flexible and tallying with country s situation. Shen Lihua Both Russia and Ukraine belong to the East Slavs. Kievan Rus is their common cradle the Mongol invasion had Russia and Ukraine took a different path of development. Treaty of Pereiaslav led to the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate in left-bank Ukraine under the Russian Empire. Since then Russian Empire used various means to assimilate Ukraine. After the October Revolution as Republics of the Soviet U- nion Russia and Ukraine experienced vicissitudes in the Soviet Union. Living together hundreds of years Russian and Ukrainians did not become brotherhood but have implicated memory about the past. With different national feelings Russia and Ukraine estranged from each other gradually after the collapse of the Soviet Union. De Quanying and Jiang Shujuan The USA is making security strategy for Central Asia. Geographically the strategy took Afghanistan as the center covering Central Asia and South Asia. Economically this strategy tries to promote and implement trade and investment framework agreement between the USA and Central Asia focuses on the development of trade in Great Central Asia help Central Asian countries to reduce trade barriers promote integration between Central Asian countries and adjacent Afghanistan region. In energy field American strategy makes effort to build northern transportation network which links with the Central Asian Latvia and Russia. America also want to strength the cooperation with the Central Asian countries in security area to ensure the transit of American forces in Afghanistan. 96

Chinese oil import policies and reforms 随着经济的发展, 目前中国石油消费总量已经跃居世界第二作为一个负责任的大国, 中国正在积极推进能源进口多元化, 鼓励替代

Chinese oil import policies and reforms SINOPEC EDRI 2014.8 Chinese oil import policies and reforms 随着经济的发展, 目前中国石油消费总量已经跃居世界第二作为一个负责任的大国, 中国正在积极推进能源进口多元化,