[3 ], - CO 2 CO 2 C 3 C 4 C 3 C 4 [4 ] 12 CO 2 O 2,CO [4 ] CO , 14 (25 ) 17 (0 ) [5 ] Y. Bottinga [6 ], CO 2 20-

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1 QUATERNARY SCIENCES Vol. 23, No. 5 September, (, ),, - CO 2 ;, ; C 4, C 4 I. C. Prentice D. Raynaud :,:, [1 ],, C 3 C 4 C 3 C 4,C 3 C [2 ],,,C 3 C 4, C 3 C 4 C 3 C 4, : 38 E2mail com (: ) ,

2 [3 ], - CO 2 CO 2 C 3 C 4 C 3 C 4 [4 ] 12 CO 2 O 2,CO [4 ] CO , 14 (25 ) 17 (0 ) [5 ] Y. Bottinga [6 ], CO ,C 3 C , C 3 C (20 ),Y. Wang S. H. Zheng [7 ] C 3 C 4 : carb carb = 2. 1M 4 + ( ) M 3 (1) M 3 M 4 C 3 C 4, M 3 + M 4 = 100 % ,R. S. Dzurec [8 ] Curlew E. F. Kelly [9 ] -,1987 S. H. Zheng [10 ] 18 O,,,,,- [7, 1115 ], [1618 ] [17 ] H. Wang [18 ], -, -,:1), (1 2) ;2), ( 2),, CO [1922 ] H. Wang [18 ] ( ),11 16 ( ), - 9-6,

3 5 : (a) [11 ] (b) [12 ] (c) [15 ] Fig. 1 Carbon isotope ratios of carbonate in loess2paleosol in China :, - C 4 (1) C 4,?,Y. Bottinga ( ) [6 ],(1), 15. 1, [1822 ], H. Wang [18,23 ],, C 4, C 3 / C 4,- C 3, C 4?,C 4,, C 4, C 4, C 4, > 2 500m C 4, 3, mm

4 , 615mm, 2 750m, 0, C 4 C 4,,,, mm, 70 %, R. F. Sage [24 ], C 4 C 4, 23 C 4, C 4, 810 [25, 26 ],, C 4, 9, 810, 0, 2 500m,,, C 4 CO [27 ], [28 ],CO 2 C (a) [17 ] (b) [17 ] (c) [18 ] Fig. 2 Carbon isotope ratios of organic matter and carbonate in loess2paleosol in China C 4 C 4,,, C 4, :, C 4,C 4?,C 4 C 3,C 3

5 5 : 475,,C 4, C 4,C 4,, -,( Pinus yunnanensis) ( Quercus glauca),,,,,c 4, ( Themeda triandra var. japonica) ( Eccoilopus cotulifer),c 4 30 %,, -,C 4,C 4 C 4 10 % [18 ] C 4,, 2. 1,S 1, Y. Wang S. H. Zheng [7 ] 6. 1 ;L. A. Frakes J. Z. Sun [12 ] ; J. M. Han [13 ] ; [14 ] 8. 6, S 1 C 4 J. M. Han [13 ] C 4 48 %,L. A. Frakes J. Z. Sun [12 ] 20 %,, ;,L. A. Frakes J. Z. Sun [12 ], Y. Wang S. H. Zheng [7 ] J. M. Han [13 ] -,, C 3 C 4,, C MaB. P. [29 ],C MaB. P. [2931 ] C 4, Z. T. Guo [32], 22 MaB. P.,C 4 [33 ] -, 7. 0 MaB. P MaB. P., ;4. 0 MaB. P MaB. P., , ,C 4 ; 3. 2 MaB. P MaB. P., ; 2. 0 MaB. P., , [28 ]

6 MaB. P., MaB. P.,C MaB. P. C 4,H. Wang [18,23 ], C 3 / C 4, C MaB. P., C , [34 ], [35, 36 ] 20 80, [37 ], C 4 ( ) 20 80,J. E. Ericson [38 ] 90,, C 4 [3944 ],, [43 ],C 4,,2 4 [43 ], [44 ] [45 ] 11 70, C 3,C 4, J. E. Kutzbach [46 ],,, C 4 C 3, C ,, (PAGES), , 18 O [47 ] RM O, 90 23,,90,90 RM kab. P., kab. P., kab. P., kab. P., kab. P.,-

7 5 : 477, [48 ],, , C 3,,, [49 ] :, F. J. Pearson T. B. Coplen [50 ] [51 ],,, M. Stuiver [52 ] 12,, : -,,, [53 ],,,,,,,,, ;,,, (TOC) ( TN) C/ N 3050, [54 ], C 3 C 4,,,, n2c 31, n2c 27 n2c 29 [55 ],1020 [56 ] Y. Huang [57 ] Lake Alta Bab cora Lake Quexil C 27,C 29 C 31,C 4 CO 2

8 Y. T. Hong,,6 000, [58 ] 1. 4,,, :1) CO 2,CO 2 [59,60 ], [6062 ] ;2) [6366 ], [63, 64, 6769 ], [65,66,7072 ] 2 C , ( ),,,, C 3,C 3 [6769 ] C 4 [73, 74 ], C 4 C 3 C 4 [1118 ], C 4,,C 3 C [75 ], C [76 ] C 4 C 3 C 4,,C 3 C 4, [71 ] C 3

9 5 : 479,400600mm C 3 13 C , 400mm,C [71 ], C 3,, C 3 C 3 C 4, C 3 C 4,, ), 2. 2 C 4? C 3 / C 4 C 4 C 4 C 4, C 4 C 4 C 4 / C 3, C 4, C 4 C 4 C 4 C 4 C 4, C 4,C 4,C 3 / C 4, C 4, M. I. Bird P. Pousai [77 ], C 4, 15, C 4, 1423,, C 4, > 23 C 3 [78 ] 28, C 4 27 % 200 ( 130 ),, C 4 7 %, 10 %,< 0 1)

10 > 3 000m C 4 1) [78 ] 1, ) 2) C 4, ( Setaria viridis ) ( Chenopodium glaucum ) ( Amaranthus retroflexus), C 4 3, - -,, [57, 79, 80 ] [81 ], [82 ], 18 O D, 18 O,D,! 1 Prentice I C, Raynaud D. Paleogeochemistry. In : Schulze E2D, Heinmann M, Holland E et al. eds. Global Biogeochemiscal Cycles in the Climate System. San Diego : Academic Press, Deines P. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In : Fritz P, Fontes J C eds. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry I, The Terrestrial Environment. Amsterdam: Elsevier, :, Cerling T E. The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1984, 71 : Cerling T E, Quade J, Wang Y et al. Carbon isotopes in soils and palaeosols as ecology and palaeoecology indicators. Nature, 1989, 341 : Bottinga Y. Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite2carbon dioxide2gra2 phite2methane2hydrogen2water vapor. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1969,33 : Wang Y, Zheng S H. Paleosol nodules as Pleistocene paleoclimatic indicators, Luochuan, P. R. China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1989,76 : Dzurec R S, Boutton T W, Caldwell M M et al. Carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter and their use in assessing community composition changes in Curlew Valley, Utah. Oecologia, 1985, 66 : Kelly E F, Blecker S W, Yonker C M et al. Stable isotope composition of soil organic matter and phytoliths as paleoenvironmental indicators. Geoderma, 1998, 82 : ) )

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14 APPL ICATION OF STABL E CARBON ISOTOPE FOR PAL EOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH Wang Guo an ( College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing ) Abstract Paleobiogeo2chemistry has been breaking a new path for paleoenvironmental research. Carbon is one of basic elements in organism, and stable carbon isotope has been widely applied in paleoenvironmental research. This paper summarizes accomplishment of application for paleoenvironmental reconstruction from stable carbon isotope in terrestrial sediments, lacustrine sediments, tree rings and vertebrate tooth enamel, and puts forward some new ideas : 1) Because of the difference between environmental condition under which loess deposits and that under which paleosol forms, the fractionation factor of CO 2 2calcite in loess is different from that in paleosol ; We thinks that it is the different fractionation factor that makes carbon isotopic composition of organic matter to show an opposite varying trend to that of coexisting carbonate in sequence of loess2 paleosol; 2 ) Organic matter in terrestrial sediments is a direct product of decomposition of vegetation, so, carbon isotopic composition of organic matter more directly effects change of vegetation than that of carbonate does. In order to availably apply carbon isotope of carbonate for paleoenvironmental research, the mechanism of carbon isotope in carbonate should be further studied ; 3) C 4 plants in the Loess Plateau in China would have been at a greater disadvantage over C 3 plants under the climate of the last glacial, and this disadvantage is mainly attributed to enough large decreasing of temperature in the last glacial. This paper emphasizes that the relationship between carbon isotope of standing plants and climate, and between distribution of standing C 4 plants and climate should be further studied in order to apply carbon isotope for paleoenvironmental research. Stable carbon isotope of molecular a new means will even push paleoenvironmental research. Key words stable carbon isotope, paleoenvironmental research

1 1, 2, 3 : 852~473 cm, ; 473~178 cm, - ; 178~0 cm,.,. SG C, 1~2 mm, 1~2 cm, ,. SG E 1 cm, 110,, 210 Pb 137 Cs., (Ruppia Maritima)

1 1, 2, 3 : 852~473 cm, ; 473~178 cm, - ; 178~0 cm,.,. SG C, 1~2 mm, 1~2 cm, ,. SG E 1 cm, 110,, 210 Pb 137 Cs., (Ruppia Maritima) 2 ka * (, 100875;, 730000. *, E-mail: fhchen@lzu.edu.cn; mrqiang@ires.cn). 210 Pb, AMS 14 C 14 C, 2 ka.. δ 18 O, δ 18 O ; δ 13 C,., 2 ka, 5 : 0~190 AD, ; 190~580 AD, ; 580~1200 AD(MWP), ; 1200~1880 AD(LIA),