Peter A. Gourevitch, The second image reversed: the international sources of domestic politics, International Organization, Vol. 32, No. 4, Autumn 197

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2 Peter A. Gourevitch, The second image reversed: the international sources of domestic politics, International Organization, Vol. 32, No. 4, Autumn 1978, pp Robert D. Putnam, Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, Summer 1978, pp Ethan B. Kapstein, Is realism dead? The domestic sources of international politics, International Organization, Vol. 49, No. 4, Autumn 1995, pp Peter A. Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons eds., Handbook of International Relations (London: Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE, 2002), pp Peter Gourevitch The second image reversed level image 1 structural realism 1 108

3 2 Robert D. Putnam Ethan B. Kapstein comparativist apolitical regime Richard Ned Lebow, The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism, International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp Peter A. Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons ed., Handbook of International Relations (London: Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE, 2002), p

4 3 Gerschenkronian camp theories of dependencia liberal development school interdependence school neomercantilism state-centered Marxism economic backwardness 4 3 specific events specific decisions a policy regime type coalition pattern Peter Gourevitch, The second image reversed: the international sources of domestic politics, International Organization, Vol. 32, No. 4, Autumn 1978, p Alexander Gerschenkron Barrington Moore Albert Hirschman 110

5 theories of dependencia matrix core periphery 5 Immanuel Wallerstein semi-periphery 6 Guillermo O Donnell James Kurth Raymond Vernon Joseph Schumpeter Max Weber Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966); Frank Hoselitz, Berthold, Manning Nash, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 25, Supplement, 1977, pp ; Guillermo O Donnell, Modernization and bureaucratic Authoritarianism (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973). 5 John Hobson Vladimir Lenin 6 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: The Academic Press, 1974). 111

6 liberal development school interdependence school Robert O. Keohane Joseph S. Nye Edward Morse international regime 7 8 neomercantilism state-centered Marxism 9 7 Robert O. Keohane and Joseph Nye S. eds., Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little Brown, 1977). 8 Edward Morse, Modernization and the Transformation of International Relations (New York: Free Press, 1976). 9 Robert Gilpin Robert Gilpin, US Power and the Multinational Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1975). 112

7 Otto Hintze 10 Perry Anderson Otto Hintze, Military Organization and the Organization of the State, in Felix Gilbert, ed., The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York: Oxford, 1975), pp strong state vs. weak state state-centered policy networks 113

8 - discontinuity 114

9 neoliberalism constructivism Bonn two-level games 12 Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, pp

10 win-sets voluntary/involuntary defection Robert D. Putnam, Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, Summer 1978, p

11 synergistic linkage side payment 117

12 reverberation 118

13 nonzero-sum game Bruce Bueno de Mesquita David Lalman Jack Snyder Richard Rosecrance Arthur A. Stein Oran Young Oran Young, The Perils of Odysseus: On Constructing Theories of International Relations, in Raymond Tanter and Richard Ullmann eds., Theory and Policy in International Relations (Princeton University Press, 1994), pp

14 War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives 15 model theory international interaction game Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992) Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity, International Organization, Vol. 44, No. 2, Spring 1990, pp

15 Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition 18 snowball theory overexpansion The Domestic 18 Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991). 121

16 Bases of Grand Strategy Zara Steiner Matthew Evangelista 22 postrealist 19 Richard Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein ed., The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993). 20 Arthur Stein, Domestic Constraints, Extended Deterrence, and the Incoherence of Grand Strategy, , in Rosecrance and Stein, The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy, pp Richard Rosecrance and Zara Steiner, British Grand Strategy and the Origin s of World War II, in Rosecrance and Stein, The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy, pp Matthew Evangelista, Internal and External Constraints on Grand Strategy: The Soviet Case, in Rosecrance and Stein, The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy, pp

17 NSC-68 Kenneth N. Waltz 123

18 Domestic Politics and International Relations 23 preference approach 23 Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, pp

19 24 Stephan Haggard Ronald Rogowski Stoper-Samuelson model Stephen P. Magee William A. Brock Lesile Young endogenous macro theory Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Stephen P. Magee, William A. Brock, Lesile Young, Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory: Political Economy in General Equilibrium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). 25 Stephan Haggard, The Institutional Foundations of Hegemony: Explaining the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934, International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 1, Winter 1988, pp Peter A. Gourevitch, Politics in hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986). 27 Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, p

20 constituted identity 28 convergence divergence Torben Iversen Anne Wren Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD 29 Geoffrey Garrett Peter Lange 28 Ibid., pp Christian Democratic model Social Democratic model neoliberal modeltobern Iversen and Anne Wren, Equality, Employment, and Budgetary Restraint-the Trilemma of the Service Economy, World Politics, Vol. 50, No. 4, July 1998, pp

21 30 Gosta Esping-Anderson path dependence 31 Peter A. Hall David Soskice 32 Peter B. Evans compradors Geoffrey Garrett and Peter Lange, Political Responses to Interdependence: What s Left for the Left? International Organization, Vol. 45, No. 4, Autumn 1991, pp ; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics in the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press). 31 Gosta Esping-Anderson, Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies (Oxford and New York: Oxford University, 1999). 32 Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 33 Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, p

22 34 35 complex construct Jurgen Habermas 34 Eckart Kehr, Economic Interest, Militarism, and Foreign Policy: Essay on Germany History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); James Kurth, The Widening Gyre: The Logic of American Weapons Procurement, Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1971, pp ; Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991). 35 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and The Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996). 128

23 audience costs Graham Allison 38 Douglass C. North Barry R. Weingast 39 limited state 36 James D. Fearon, Domestic Political Audiences and Escalation of International Disputes, American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, No. 3 (Sep. 1994, pp Kenneth A. Schultz, Do Democratic Institutions Constrain or Inform? Contrasting Two Institutional Perspectives on Democracy and War, International Organization, Vol. 53, No. 2, Spring 1999, pp ; Lisa L. Martin, Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). 38 Graham Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining he Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971). 39 Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast, Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Century England, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 49, No. 4, Dec. 1989, pp

24 1997 good governance Andrew J. MacIntyre U 40 Philip G. Roeder Susan L. Shirk selectorate Andrew J. MacIntyre, Institutions and Investors: The Politics of the Economic Crisis in Southeast Asia, International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 1, Winter 2001, pp Philip G. Roeder, Red Sunset: The Political Roots of American Corporate Finance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Susan L. Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press). 42 Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, James D. Morrow, Randoiph M. Siverson, and Alastair Smith, An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace, American Political Science Review, Vol. 93, No. 4, Dec. 1999, p. 791; Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, James D. Morrow, Randoiph M. Siverson, and Alastair Smith, Policy Failure and Political Survival: The Contribution of Political Institutions, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 43, No. 2, Apr. 1999, p

25 Alexander Wendt English School Europe Union, UN Andrew Moravcsik 43 Maria Green Cowles 43 Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice of Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from 131

26 James Caporaso Thomas Risse 44 democratic deficit nation-building Miles Kahler 45 Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998). 44 Maria Green Cowles, James Caporaso and Thomas Risse eds., Transforming Europe (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 2001). 45 Miles Kahler, Evolution, Choice and International Change, in David A. Lake and Robert Powell eds., Strategic Choice and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp

27 metaphor endogenous macro theory Gourevitch, Domestic Politics and International Relations, p Ibid. 133

28 William of Occam Occam s razor Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House, 1979), Ch

29 Analysis on the Interaction between International Politics and Domestic Politics Shiau-shyang Liou Abstract The interactions and linkages between international politics and domestic politics have existed since states build, such as diplomacy is internal affairs prolongation : from domestic level to international level, or reversed direction: the international politics influence on domestic politics; all of them are used for explaining this fundamental phenomenon. Both attributes of international politics and domestic politics belong to politics, so we can realize them with the same concepts and categories. Furthermore, contemporary related researches already don t focus on whether distinction between international and domestic politics exists or not, but on how to research the ambiguous interactions between them. Within the globalization, many fields in international politics already present high institutionalization, besides anarchy may emerge internally within a state, so distinction between international level and domestic level are not entirely different. Since Peter Gourevitch interpreted international politics is also the source of domestic politics and explained a two-way relationship between them in his classic thesis: The second image reversed, the scholars of international relations have competed to contend their arguments with the dynamics of international situation. Many theories found new ways to reconstruct themselves, meanwhile, there were also many discussions about level or image. However, the researches and explanations about the fundamental phenomenon of interaction between international and domestic levels still have no breakthrough, even though structural realism. As times goes on, many Ph. D Student, Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University 135

30 classical theses appear, but these reconstructed or new concepts are still exerted as a metaphor, still distant from practical operation. This thesis wants to review these classical theses of Peter Gourevitch, Robert Putnam and Ethan Kapstein, and tries to respond to their arguments, wishes to make some contributions in this field. Keywords: international politics, domestic politics, level analysis 136

西方三大霸权的战略比较——兼论美国制度霸权的启示意义•

西方三大霸权的战略比较——兼论美国制度霸权的启示意义• - 1 Pax Americana Pax Romana Pax Britannica 2 3 20 60 4 1 1998 4 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books, 1990, p.50. 3 Immanuel Wallerstein, Three