Ps22Pdf
|
|
|
- 鸭舜 宾
- 9 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2 ( )158 :,,,,,, : / 32 : 12 : : ISBN / TB15 : 13 00
3 ,,, 10 7, 2 80%, : 1 ;, :, :, ;, ;, 30%,,,, 20,,,,
4 ,,,,,,!,,,!
5
6 ( CCR )
7
8 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 ( 1.1) Q, W; Q1, W; Q2, W; Q3, W 1
9 Q1,, : 4 Q1 = Ki Fi ( tn+ tw ) ( ) ( ) ( 1.2) i = 1 tw,, - 9; - 26 tw tn, + 18 i, i = 1, ; i = 2, ; i = 3, ; i = 4, Fi ( m 2 )K i, W/ ( m 2 ), 1, ( ),,, % ; % ; - 5% ; 2,, ;,, 3,, 4m, 3 0; 4m, 1m, 3 2 % Q2, : Q2 w, kg/ m 3 ; 2 = Ll w c( t n- t w) ( 1.3) c, c = 1kJ/ ( kg ) ; L, m;
10 l, m 3 / ( h m ), Q3, : 100 n% 80 n % 65 n % n,, 5 Q1 Q2 Q3,,, 1., : Qn = qn A ( 1.4) Qn, W; A, m 2 ; qn, W/ m 2 ; 3
11 Qn = KF( tn - tw) ( 1.5), : qn = KF( t n- tw) A K, F ( 1.6) ( 1.6) : ( 1) t n, qn ; ( 2),,, K, qn ;, qn ; ( 3 ), F/ A, qn ; ( 4 ), t w, qn :,,, qn,, tw, qn, t w, (24, K24 = 2.08W/ ( m 2 ), 37, K37 = 1.56W/ ( m 2 ),49, K49 = 1.27W/ ( m 2 ), 37, 49, t w= - 25; 1.59, 1.23 qn, 36%, 37, tw= - 19, qn 37%,, qn, qn = 52.3W/ m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h ), qn = 71.7W/ m 2 (61.7kcal/ m 2 h ), qn = 71.2 W/ m 2 (61.2kcal/ m 2 h) 1.1,,, 4
12 1.1 q n W/ m 2 kcal/ ( m 2 h) ( ) : Qn = qv V w ( t n- t w) ( 1.7) Qn, W; V w, m 3 ; qv, W/ ( m 3 ) ;, 1, 1m 3 qv, qv = KF V w ( 1.8) (1.8 ), KF, : ( 1),,, K, qv ; ( 2 ),,,, F/ V w, 5
13 , qv, qv ; ( 3) qv,, qv, (1.4 ) (1.7 ),, 3.,,,,,,,,,, : Q = 24 q n D18 tn- t w ( 1.9) Q1m 2, kj( kcal) ; D18 18 d; ( 18) 1 D18 = Z( tn- tw p ) d (1.10) tw p, ; Z, d;, t w p = - 1.6, Z = 126 ( d ), ( 1.10 ) D18 = 2470 d (1.9 ), qn/ ( t n - tw ), qn/ ( t n- t w ) 6
14 , 24, ( 1.9) 1m kJ (98800 kcal) 4.,,,,,,,,, QT = qt V w ( t n- t w T) (1.11) QT, W; qt, W/ ( m 3 ),, 1, 1m 3 ; V w, m 3 ; tn, ; tw T, qv qt,,,, 5. (1), 7
15 ( ), ( ), ; Kr, ( L/ h) : qd = m qr (1.12) qh = Kr m ; mqr 24 (1.13) qr, L/, ; qd, L/ ; qh, L/ h Kr,, Kr, Kr 1,,, Kr Kr = 512, Qr = cqh ( tr - tl ) 10-3 (1.14) Qr, kj/ h; c, kj/ ( kg ) ; qh, L/ h; tr tl, ; 8
16 , kg/ m 3 (2 ),, (1.13), tr 105, qr 23L/ ;, 100kg, kg (, ) Pa 6., ( ),,,,,,,,, : , Pa ( ) ; , Pa( ) ; ,, 9
17 ,,,,,,,, 7.,, ( 1.1 ),,, 1.1 t w t w,1 t w, Z0 Z1 Z2 ( ) Z0 t w tw( ) (), Z1 t w< t w tw,1 (GJ/ h GW) QN- Qk QN, Q k + 5 : b0 ( b0 Z0 ) QNa0 ; b1 ( b1 Z0 + Z1, tw t w, 1 ), Q1 ( t w, 1 10
18 ) a1, Q N a0 a1 a2,, QNa1 a2 ak, a0 a1 b1 b0 t w< t w tw,1 1.1 ( a) ; ( b) ( ) 1.1 ( 11
19 60% ), (60 % ) 1. (1 ), D, D50 ( 50mm, 27 ) D75( 75mm, 47 ) 1m, (2 ),,, cm, (3 ),,, 4 813mm, 813, (4 ),, 132mm, M 132,, ( Pa),,, ( Pa) 2. (1), 0.5mm,, (2 ), 1.2mm,, 12
20 , 0.5mm mm, 400mm, 200mm 1800mm, (3 ), ( ) mm,, 3540mm 52mm, 416mm(8 ) 520mm( 10 )624mm( 12 ) 600mm, 200mm 2000mm, (4 ),, 640mm mm,,, ; ( ( 512) 10 5 Pa), ( ),,,,,,,,, F( m 2 ) 13
21 F = Q K ( tp - tn ) (1.15) Q, W; K, W/ ( m 2 ) ; tp, ; tn, ; 1 : = 0.95; 1 = 1.00; 1 = 1.05; 1 = , 2 = 1.0; 2 > 1.0, ; 3, 3 = 1.0; 3 1.0, ; Q K t p, t p= ( t g+ t h)/ 2 18 F,, 1 1 = 1.0, F (( 1.15 )), n n = F/ f (1.16) f ( ) n 1, F n 14 () n, n
22 , :, 0.1m 2 ;, 10%, 813, 1m 2 0.5,, 4m,,,,, 50 %,30%, 20 %,,,,,,, : 1., ; ; ; ; 2., ( 100) ; ( 100) 15
23 3., (, ) ; ( ) 4., (, ) ; (,, ) 5., (, ) ; (,, ) ; (,,,,,,, ) 6.,, 7.,, 8., ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,, 16
24 ,, ( ), 30% 40% ( ), 70 % 80 %,,, (30% ),,,, 2%, :, 20 % 40 % 2.,,,,,, 3., 1000 (1kg/ m 3 ),, 10,,,,,,,,,, :,, 4.,,,,,,, 17
25 , :, ( ), ; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1.2 ) : p = gh( h - g ) (1.17) p, Pa; g, m/ s 2, 9.81; h, m; h ( ), kg/ m 3 ; g ( ), kg/ m 3 t g = 95, th = 70, 1m p = 9.811( ) = 156Pa h = 64m, p10kpa,, ;, 18
26 1.2 1, 2,,,,,,,,, 2., (1 ),,, 1.3,,,,,,,,, ;,, 19
27 , 4,,, i 0.003, 1.3 1, 2, 3, 4 (2 ),,,,, 1.4,,,,,,, ( 20
28 ), ( a, ) 300mm,, ( a ),, (3 ), 1.5 (4 ) ;, 1.6, ( ) ( ) (5 ) 21
29 ; 1.7, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22
30 3., ( 1.8 ) (1.9 ),, ,,,, : (1 ),,,,, ; (2 ),, ; (3 ), ; (4 ) ( ),,, 23
31 ; Pa, Pa,, :,,, 70 %,,,,,, 1.10 ( A ),, ( B),,,,,,,,,,, () 80120kPa ( C),, 80kPa, ;,, 24
32 1.10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,, 180/ 70, 95/ 70,,,,, ( D), ;, ( E),,, ( ),, 25
33 ( F) ( G) ( H), ( F),, ( G), ( )( 65), ( ) ( H ),,,, 65, ( I),,, 1.11 ( a) 2, 3( ) 4, 5 10 ( b), ( a),, ( c) ( d) ( e) ( f ) ( d) 7 26
34 1.11 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,, ( e) ( f),, 1.10,,,,, 27
35 ,, ; ( ),,, : p = py + pj = Rl + pj (1.18) p, Pa; py, Pa; R,, Pa/ m; l, m; pj, Pa, ( ) : ; d, m; R = v 2 d 2 v, m/ s;, kg/ m 3 (1.19), : 28 = f ( Re,) (1.20)
36 Re = vd, = K d Re, (Re < 2320, Re > 2320, ) ; v, m/ s; d, m;, m 2 / s; K, m; K, K = 0.2mm, K = 0.5mm,,, K = 0.2mm,, ( ) ( ) : G kg/ h, v( m/ s) v = G = 3600 d2 4 G, kg/ h;, kg/ m 3 ; (1.19) G 900d 2 (1.21) (1.21) v (1.19), R = d 5 (1.22), G 2 29
37 = 1.42 lg Re d K 2 (1.23) (1.23 ) ( 1.22 ), RdG, = 0.11 K d 0.25 (1.24) (1.24) (1.22), t/ h, R = K 0.25 G2 d 5.25 (1.25), R mh2 O/ m, R = K 0.25 ( V ) 2 2 gd 5.25 = K 0.25 V 2 d 5.25 (1.26) V, m 3 / h (1.25), GRd,, G, R, d 30 (1.25) d = K G (R) 0.19 m (1.27) G = (R) 0.5 d K t/ h (1.28)
38 dg d, (1.25) R, ( 1.18 ) py = R l Pa pj : pj = v2 2 x ; Pa (1.29),, ; d : l d : d = l (1.30) d l d = d (1.31), : p = py + pj = R ( l + ld ) = d d G 2 (1.32) 1., : 31
39 G = Q c( tg - th ) G, kg/ h; Q, W; 3600 = 0.86 Q ( tg - th ) c, c = 4187J/ ( kg ) ; tg, t h,, : G = 3.6 Q r G, kg/ h; Q, W; r, kj/ kg 2. (1.33) (1.34),, (), ;,, R = 3080Pa/ m, : R = ( p g - po) (1 - ) l pg, Pa; (1.35) po, Pa,,, 2000Pa ; \ x l, m GR,
40 d, p, 15 % 25 % 4.,,,,, ;,,,, : Rs, Pa/ m; Rb, Pa/ m; Rs = b Rb (1.36) s s (), kg/ m 3 ; b, = 1 kg/ m 3 33
41 34
42 ,,,,,,,, (2.1),, 1 2 : p1 + Z1g + v2 1 = p2 + Z2g + v p 1-2 Pa ( 2.1), : p1 g + Z 1 + v2 1 2 g = p 2 g + Z 2 p1, p2 1 2, Pa; 34 + v2 2 2 g + H 1-2 mh2 O ( 2.2)
43 , m; Z1, Z2 1 2 OO v1 v2 1 2, m/ s;, kg/ m 3 ; g, 9.81m/ s 2 ; p1-2 12, Pa; H1-2 12, mh2 O 2.1 AB, ( ) 1 HA, ( 2.2) : HA = p 1 g + Z 1 + v2 1 2 g mh 2 O Z1, ( OO ) ; p1/ g, 1 Z1 ( mh2 O
44 )1, ; v 2 1/ 2 g, v1 (mh2 O )2 HB : 1 HB = Z2 + p 2 g + v2 2 2 g mh 2 O (2.2 ), 1 2 H1-2 : H1-2 = HA - HB mh2 O ( 2.3) 1 2, 1 HA 2 HB, H1-2,, 1, 2, Z2 > Z1,,?, 1, Z1, H A > HB, 1 2,,, ( ),, 1m/ s;, 1m/ s, 3m/ s v = 1m/ s, v 2 / 2 g = 0.051mH2 O; v = 3m/ s, v 2 / 2 g = 0.46mH2 O,,,,, H = Z + p/ g, 2.1, CD AB 36
45 CD Z p/ g, Z + p/ g CD, : 1. (CD ) ( ) H; 2. ( Z ), p/ g ( mh2 O), p/ g = H - Z ( mh2 O), MPa, ( mh2 O), 0.1MPa = 10mH2 O = 1.0kg/ cm 2 3., H = HC - H D = Z1 + p1 g - Z2 + p2 g mh2 O ( 2.4) 2.2, 2.3 : (m ), (m ),,,, 2.3 ( ) ( ) 37
46 ; mh2 O,,,,,, p/ g,, ( mh2 O) 1. : pi/ g = Hi - Zi ( mh2 O),, i Zi Hi, pi/ g Z0, Z0 2.2, p0/ g, H0 0 - = 0, p0/ g = H0 0 ( mh2 O) B, pb/ g = HA B- ZB ( mh2 O), H A B B ( ), ZB B, pd/ g = H0 0 - ZD, ZD > Z0, pd/ g < p0/ g,,,, ;,,, 2. :,?,,, 38
47 , 0.5mH2 O, 2.2, P1/ g = HA A - Z1 ( mh2 O) 2.3, 1 p1 ( )/ g = H1 () - Z1 = 37-1 = 36 ( mh2 O ) p1 ( )/ g = H1 ( ) - Z1 = = 21 ( mh2 O),,, :, 2.2 1, 2, 3 3. :,, 2.3, 1 39
48 H1 = = 12 ( mh2 O) 2.2, AB H A B = H A B- HA A : R 1m ( Pa/ m ), ( ) R,, : R = ( 1 - )H 10 4 Pa/ m ( 2.5) L 40
49 H, mh2 O; L, m;, , CB : RCB = (1 - )H C B 10 4 Pa/ m LCB 2.3,2 : R2 = ( 1 - )H L 2 = ( ) (38-36) = 10 Pa/ m 5. :, 2.2, HO E= HE- H O ( mh2 O)H E H O,, , mh2 O () : (1 ) 2 (48-7 = 41 ) (2 ) 2 (38-7 = 31 ) (3 ) 2 (38-7 = 31 ) (4 ) 2 (38-40 = - 2 ) (5 ) 3 (38 - ( - 5) = 43 ) (6 ) (34-0 = 34 ) (7 ) (52-0 = 52 ) (8 ) (52-34 = 18) (9 ) 1 (51-2 = 49 ) 41
50 (10) 1 (35-2 = 33 ) (11) 4 (38-1 = 37 ) (12) 4 (48-38 = 10) (13),3 (34 - ( - 5) = 39 ) (14),3 (34-8 = 26 ), (2 ), ( - 2mH2 O) :, ;, :,,,,,, 1.,,,,, H( ) = 2-5mH2 O;,,, H() = 812mH2 O;, H() = 35mH2 O 2. 42
51 1.6MPa, (M 132 ), 0. 4MPa(40mH2 O),, 0.6MPa, M Pa, MPa,,,,,,,, 40mH2 O( 0.4MPa) : p g 40 mh 2 O ( 2.6) 2.1,3 43mH2 O,, 3., p/ g0 ( ), ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, : 43
52 p g 25 mh 2 O ( 2.7) 25mH2 O, 2.1,2-2mH2 O,, 4.,,,,, 2.1 : ( ) ( kpa) ,, : p g p b g + 25 mh 2 O ( 2.8) pb, Pa 95/ 70,, ( 100),,,,,, 44
53 , mH2 O,, ; 25mH2 O, ( ) 2., 40m,,, 42mH2 O, ;, 40mH2 O,, ( ), :,,, ( 2.4 ), 40m, 40m, 40m,,,, (40m ) (40m ),,,,, 45
54 2.4 1,2,3 4,5,, :, ( ),, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,, 3.,,, : 34mH2 O, 46
55 2.5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 39mH2 O, ;, 43mH2 O,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. 47
56 ,,,,, :,,,,, 2., R,,, ( ),,,, (, R ) ( ),, 3.,,,,,,,, ;, 48
57 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,
58 ,, ;, ; Hpb = Hj + Hb - Zb m ( 2.9) Hpb, m; Hj, mh2 O; Hb, mh2 O; Zb, m Gb 4,,, Hj, ( ),,,,, 1., ( ) 50
59 : p = SG 2 Pa (2.10) H = SG 2 mh2 O (2.11) phpa mh2 O ; G, m 3 / h; S, Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, (2.12) ;mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2, (2.13) :.25-9 K0 S = d 5.25 ( l + l d )Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.12) S = K 0.25 d, m; l, m ; d 5.25 ( l + l d ) mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.13) ld, m; K,, K = m = 0.5mm; S () ( kg/ m 3 ), S S ( ), ( ), (2.12 ) ( ), ;, 2. S (1 ) : 2.6, S n S = S1 + S2 + S3 + = S i (2.14) i = 1 51
60 2.6 i; n,, S, (2 ) : 2.7,, S 1 S = 1 S1 + 1 S2 + 1 S3 n 1 + = i = 1 Si (2.15) 2.7 (2.15),, S ;, pi p = pi (3 ) :,,,, 52
61 , Sp : ( ),,,,,,,,, Sp < 0, pp ( Pa ) Hp ( mh2 O), G ( m 3 / h), S p : S p S p = - p p G 2 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.16) = - Hp G 2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.17) AB( ) S A B ( 2.8 ) AB S : S = S A B + S p = S A B - p p G 2 Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (2.18) AB( ) p A B = S A B G 2 > pp, S > 0; pa B < pp, S < 0, p B > p A, AB,, 53
62 ,,,, ( 4) :, 2.9, APB, A RB, S A P B =, APB ARB S A B = S A R B, APB, ARB,,, APB ARB, S A B : GA B + GA PB = GA R B GA B + HB A - S A P B = H A B S A R B GA B = H A B S A R B - - HB A - S A PB GA B = 1 S A R B - 1 S A P B HA B S A B = 1 S A B = 1 S A R B 1 S A R B S A P B 1 S A P B 2 (2.19) (2.20) 54
63 S A P B( AB ), APB ARB, S A P B < 0, S A B (2.19) ( 2.20) (2.20), S A B > S A R B :, (), S, ;, 2.9, HA BS A P B, GA P B = H A B S A PB,,, :, ;,, 3. G ( m 3 / h ), p( Pa) H( mh2 O), ( ), S, p = SG 2, S1 > S2 > S3, S1, S3 ( 2.10), (),, ( )2.11 S1 S2, 55
64 , S1 S2, S1 S2,, S1 S2 S 2.12,,, ( S1, S2 ),, S 56
65 S1 S P S1, S P 57
66 P ( P )S1 S P, S S1 S P, ( ),, 1. (1 ) G( m 3 / h) H( m 10kPa) N ( kw ) n ( r/ min) : G G = n n ; H H = n2 N ; n 2 N = : n3 (2.21) n 3 N = GH kw (2.22) 367,, 2.14,, (, H G ) :, ( ) ( G = 0) 12% ;, 40% ;,,,,, 0, 58
67 2.14, (2 ),,, : : H G, : H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 mh2 O (2.23) (2.11) H = SG 2 H = H, H = A + BG + CG 2 + DG 3 H = SG 2 H = H (2.24) 59
68 (2 24 ), ( G, H ) : H = SG 2 mh2 O (2.25),, ( ) : H G H G, 2.15 :,,, A,, ; ( ), B,, , (),,, 2.16 Zp 60
69 , A Zp, p0,
70 ,,,,,,,, ;,, 25%,, 2., ( ), (),, 2.18, 91%, 72.9% ; 50 %, 12.5%,
71 ,, S1 S2, A1 A2, :, A2 A2,,,,, ( ),, ( A2 ),,,,, ( ),, 2.19 () : 2.19 GA, GA 1,, 3 2, A B GA GB 63
72 , A1 B1 ( 1), GA 1 GB1 2.14,,,, s( ),,,,,,, 1. Gg ( m 3 / h ), Gs ( m 3 / h), x : x = G s Gg (2.26),, x x = 1, Gg 64
73 Gs, x1 x1, 2. (1 ) : x1, x2, x3, xn, 1, 1,, (2 ) : 1, 1, (3 ) x1 = x2 = = xn =,,, 1. n ( 2.20 ), Gi G ( 2.27 ) : Gi G = 1 Si, n Si - 1, n S2, n S1, n Si Si, n Si - 1, n S2, n1 = i (2.27), Gm, Gj, ( 2.28 ) : G m Gj = Sj S m, n S m - 1, n Sk, n S m S m, n S m- 1, n Sk, n Si i ; ; = j, m (2.28) S i, n i n Si, ni ( ) n 65
74 ; 2.20 n i i ; j, m jm (2.27) ( 2.28 ),, x, ( 2.28 ) :, ( ),, i < j < k, i, jk GjgGkg, GjsGks, (2.28) : Gks Gjs = G k g Gjg = j, k (2.29) Gjs Gjg = G ks Gk g = const (2.30), : (1 ),, ; ( 2) ( 2.20 i), ( ) ( ) 2. 66
75 , : ; ;,, (1 ) :,,, (2.21, ),,, 2.21 (2 ) :, S,,,, G 2.22 :,,,,, (3 ) : 2.23 O ( ), 67
76 , S,,, G, O, O 68
77 HR, HR,,,, (4 ) : , S,, ( ), G, 1 H1, H1 = S1 G 2 1, S1, G1, G= G - G1, G,, 2, H2 = S2 G 2 2, S2, G2, G= G - G1 - G2, G,,, H3, G4 G5, 3, G3 = G - G1 - G2 - G4 - G5, G3, 3, 3 G3,, 3 ;3, 3, 3,, 3,,,, (5 ) :,,,,,,, 2.25, 69
78 A, A,,, (6 ) :,,,, ;, 2.26 : ( a ), B,,, Hg h< Hgh,, 70
79 2.26 ( a ), ( b), ( c),,, ( b), A,, ( c),,,,, 1.,, 71
80 ,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ( ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ( 2.27 ) ; , 2 (5 ) ( 2.28) , 2, 3,,, ( ),,,, 72
81 ,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 2.29 abcdef( ) a b c d e f ( ), H, (BCDE ) S,, G AB EF, BE be b e, Hb e< HbeBE SB E,, GB E< GB E b b Hb b, GCD= G - GB E, GCD, GCD > GCD, 2.30 a b c d e f ( ), 73
82 ,, ,, : ( 1 ),,, (2 ),, ( 2.29 ),,,,,, 4 5,, ( ),,
83 ,
84 , CD, Hc d : OB O E, , ( OB O E ),,,,,, OO,,,,, , P1 P2, : HA = 20mH2 O, HB = 15mH2 O, HC = 40mH2 O, HD = 25mH2 O, GA C = GBD = 100t/ h, Gk = 90t/ h, GH = 70t/ h, GCD = 60t/ hp1 P2, HP 1 = 25mH2 O, HP 2 = 15mH2 O, HA HB, : (1 ) P2, GA CGK, GH HC, HD? (2 ) P1 P2, P1, GAC, GK, GH HC, H D? (3 ), P1 P2? P1 P2, S 76
85 : P AP1 C S A P 1 C S A P 1 C = H A - HC G 2 A C = = mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 P1 Sp 1 S P 1 = - HP 1 G 2 A C = = mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S A P 1 C = S P 1 + S AC, S A C P1 AC, : S AC = S A P 1 C - S P 1 = [ ( - 2.5) ] 10-3 = mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 (1 ) P2 G ( S AC + SC H D + S BD ) G 2 = HA - HB + HP 1 SB D = ( HD - HB )/ G 2 BD = (25-15)/ = mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 77
86 SC H D = ( HC - H D )/ ( GK + GH ) 2 = ( )/ = mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 : ( ) G 2 = G = GAC = 30/ = 119.9t/ h K H, GK = = 67.4 t/ h 160 GH = = 52.5 t/ h 160 CDBD HC D HBD HC D = SCH D G 2 = = 8.43 mh2 O HB D = S BD G 2 = = mh2 O HD = HB + HBD = = mh2 O HC = H D +HC D = = mh2 O (2 ) P1 P2 G GAC, GB D ( S AC + SC H D + S BD ) G 2 = HA - HB ( ) G 2 = G = GA C = GBD = G K = = 27.6 t/ h 160 G H = = 21.4t/ h 160 = 49.0 t/ h HB D = SB D G 2 = = 2.4 mh2 O HC D = SCH D G 2 = = 1.4 mh2 O HD = HB + HB D = = 17.4 mh2 O HC = HD + HC D = = 18.8 mh2 O, : P2 78,
87 100 t/ h 119.9t/ h, CD,, P1,, 119.9t/ h 49t/ h,, P 1, P 2, 2 P 1, P 2, 3 P 1, P 2,,,, 79
88 ,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, 2.37,,,,,,,, ( 12% ) ( ),,,, 1, 2, 3 4 1,, 2, ( ), 1 2 1,,,,,,, 3 80
89 2.37 1, 2, 3, 4,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4, m,, : D N 32mm, DN 50mm, D N 20mm, DN 25mm,, 2.37,, : V p = t V s = V s = V s L (2.31) 81
90 Vp (, L; t = 75; t ( 20 95),, = L/ ( m 3 ) ; Vs, L V s 1000W 2.2, ( 2.31 ) T905, 112, 116, m 3,,, Hp : Zj + p b g + (2-5) < Hp < 40 m (2.32) Zj, m tg < 100, pb/ g ( ) 0,, Zj,,,,,,,,,,, 82
91 ,
92 2.2 1kW ( L ) (L/ kw) M 132 ( 60 ) ( 60 ) (51) (71) ( ) RSL250 7/ 95 A SH,DZ, SZ RSD,RSG, RSZ (LH )
93 2.38 O, y O, y Z p, j,,, p0/ g = Hp ; y, p0 / g < Hp, p0 / g, y, p0 / g,,,, 85
94 p0 / g,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.39, hy, h, 2.39 y O P O Zp, h Zhy O, yo H y > HO, yhpo h, Zh (Zp ) Oy Zp H O < Z p,,, 86
95 ( ),,, ,, ( ),,,,,,, 87
96 , ;,,,,,,, , 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,, 88
97 3 4,,,, 6,,,,,,,, 2.42,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,?,? 89
98 2.42 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7,,,,,,,,,,,, 90
99 ,, 2. 43, 3 2, j, 2.43 j j,, 2 (),,, :, 2.43, A, O O, 2 HA HB,,,,, 91
100 ,,,,,,,, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ( ),,,,,,,,, 92
101 ,,,,,,, 2.45 ( ) 1, 2 3, 4 5, ;, p1,,,, p2, 6 7,,, 8,,, 9,, 2.46 ( ) ( ) j j, 93
102 2.45 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,, p1 p2 ( ) 10,,, 2.45,, ,, 94
103 ,, V1 V2 V ) (,,, ( :, 12/ h ), : V, m 3 ; PV = C (2.33) 95
104 2.47 P ; C P1, ( V1 + V2 ) ; P2, V2 ( 2.33 ), : P1 ( V 1 + V2 ) = P2 V2 V2 = P 1 V1 P2 - P1 = P2 P1 1-1 V1 m 3 (2.34) P1 ( P2 - P1 ),, P2/ P1, V1 () :, V1 4%, 96
105 , : ( 0.5 % 1% ), V1 2% 3 % ( 2 % ),,,,, V3 V3 : V3 = (0.10.3) ( V1 + V2 ) m 3 (2.35), V = V1 + V2 + V 3,, ;,,, 1 m 2 1m 3,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( ) ,
106 2.48 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,, 5,,, 6,,,, , 98,
107 2.49 8, 9 16, ; p ,, p 99
108 , ( 1) hg ; (2 ) Z; (3 ) hb : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, ;,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,
109 2.51 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9,10 1, 2 3,,, 5 6 7, 4, 8,, 9,, 10 V V1 V2 : V3 ( ) 101
110 V2 V3, 0.4 V2, 0.7m, : 0.2( V2 + V3 ) m 3 ; ( ) m,,,,, 2.49,,,,,,,,,,, 50Hz,, : n, r/ min; 102 f, Hz; n = 60 f ( 1 - S N )/ P (2.36)
111 S N,, 5% ; P, PS N,,, ;,, (2.21) G G = n n ; H H = n2 n 2 ; N N = n3 n 3,, Hz, r/ min 2.52,,, (),, (420mA), (0.550Hz ),,, 2.52,, 2.53,, B1 ; 103
112 , GB, n1 n2, B2, AB1 B2 C,,,,, 67, 30%,,,,, 1000 / kw 10kW, 12,,, 2.53,,, 2.54, 6 ( ) ( ),, 104
113 2.54 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,, 7,, ; 6 8,,,,, j1 j ( 105
114 2.55 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ),,, 6 8,, 8 9,, j2 j
115 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, : Q = K F t = K F t d - t x ln t d t x Q ( kj/ h) ; K ( k J/ ( m 2 h ) ) ; F ( m 2 ) ; 106 ( 3. 1)
116 t ( ) ; td, tx ( ) ( 3 1),, ( ) ( ), t d, t x, t, ( ), t, Q = xw x tz d = dw d tz d ( 3. 2) x, d, ; Wx, Wd ( kj/ ( h ) ) ; ( ) : t z d 3 1, t z d = t 1g - t 2h ( 3. 3) W x = CxGx ( 3. 4) W d = CdGd ( 3. 5) x = ( t 2g - t 2h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 6) d = ( t 1g - t 1h) / ( t1 g - t 2h) ( 3. 7) t 1g t 1h ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; t 2g t 2h ( ) Gx,
117 ( a ), Gx = G 2; ( b), Gx= G1( t/ h) ; Gd, 3 1( a ), Gd = G 1; ( b), Gd= G2( t/ h) ; Cx, Cd ( kj/ ( k gk ) ) ( 3 2),, 1 ; ( 3 6) ( 3 7),,,, 1 0 F, F =, = , td t x 108
118 ( 3 13) ( 3 14) ( 3 1) : ln t d = t z d - t x ( 3. 8) t x = t z d - t d ( 3. 9) Q = Wd tx = W x t d ( 3. 10) t x = Q/ Wd ( 3. 11) t d = Q/ Wx ( 3. 12) t d = t z d - Q/ Wd ( 3. 13) t x = t z d - Q/ Wx ( 3. 14) z d - Q/ W d) t z d - Q/ Wx - 1 = K F Wx WX Wd, : exp W x W d t z d = tz d exp W x : W d - 1 = K F / W x ( 3. 15) - 1 = t z d - Q/ Wx t z d - Q/ Wd 1 Wx - 1 Wd ex p Wx Wd - 1 Q Q = ex p Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd Wx t z d ( 3 2), 109
119 x = exp Wx Wx Wd Wd exp Wx Wd ( 3. 16) ( 3. 16),, t : t = tz d - a t x - b t d ( 3. 17) a b,, b, b= 0. 65; a : a = a = a = ( 3 17) t ( ), a = 0. 5, b= 0. 5 ( 3 17) ( 3 1), t (, x ) : = a Wx Wd 1 + b + 1 ( 3. 18) ( 3 16), F =, = 1, >,,,,, = = 1, ( 3 17), ( ), 6% 110
120 ( 34) %,, ( ),, Wd =, : 1 = b + 1/ ( 3. 19), t, b = 0. 5, : = ; u 1 + u + 1 ( 3. 20) u G1g, Gh, u= Gh/ G 1g, u= 0, = ( 3. 21), ( ), ( ) : = W m 1 1 W m 2 2 / W x ( 3. 22), ; W 1, W 2, W x, W 1= W1/ W 1 ; W 2= W 2/ W 2 ; W x = W x/ Wx 111
121 m 1 m 2,, m 1 = ; m 2 = , m 1 = m 2= 0. 5, ( 3 22) = Wd / W x ( 3. 23), = K F W 1 W 2 ( 3. 24), : = yl ( 3. 25) y ; L ( m) y,, W 1 W2, ( 3 24) ( 3 18),, : = Wx Wd Wx Wd 1 ( 3. 26) 3 2 W x, W d ( 3 26) 3 2, Wx, Wd,, ( 3 2) Q 3 2, = 112
122 2. 03, W x/ W d = 0. 75, = ,, ( 3 22) m 1 = 0, m 2 = ,, m 1 = ; m 2 = = f ( Wx, Wd, ) : = Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) Q = Q / Q ; W s = Ws/ Ws ;, B, B= , = K F / W s = = Q Q tg + t h t g - t h - t 2 tg - t h t g + t h = tg - t h tp - t - t 2 t g, t h ( ) ; t p ( ) ; t ( ) ; ( 3. 28) 113
123 ,, g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ), q ( 1 ), q= K F / A( A, m 2 ), : = K F Ws A A = = q cg = cg q q cg ( 3. 29) ( 3. 30), ( 3 2) : Q = W s( tg - t ),,,, t z d = const, Q = A SH RA E 3 3 G G > : G, Q ( ) t g = 90, 1, 2, 3, W s = G ( 3. 31) 3 3 0< G < 100% Q G
124 10, 20, 30, , 1, t = 10, 70%, 5% ; 50%, 10% ; 20%, 30% ; 10%, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 :,, 50%, 1, 2, 3, 4 10%, 18%, 25%, 33% ; 20%, 69%, 50%, 40% 32%, 31%, 50%, 60% 68%,, ; 3 4 0< G < 160% Q G 3 4,,,,, :, ;, 160%, 1( 10) 105% ; 2( 20) 110% ; 4( 40) 125% 1( 10) 300%, 115
125 110%, :, t p tp, tg, t p t g G, th = t g, t p = t g, tg ( 3 30), q g,,,,, , 30, 20% ( 80% 120% ), 10%,, : t = 18,, 16,,,,, : 116
126 Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3 32) Q ( W) ; t w ( ) ; q v 1( W / ) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) : t = ( Wst g/ q v) + t w ( 3. 33) ( Ws/ qv) + 1 ( 3 33) t g t w, t G( Ws) , : tw = - 9, 813, 1m 2 0 5, 52 3W / m 2 ( 45kcal/ m 2 h), 1 qv 1 94W / ( m 2 ) ( 1 67kcal/ m 2 h ) t g= 75,, , 5,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ( tw = t w = - 9) :, g = g = 2. 25kg/ ( m 2 h ), 117
127 3 1 X= g / g tg ( ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) q( W/ ( m 2 ) ) th( ) t ( )
128 , t = t = 18 t g = 75, t h= 55, t= ( tw= tw = - 9), : 4, 5 3 2kg/ ( m 2 h ), 5. 4kg/ ( m 2 h ), , 2, k g/ ( m 2 h ), 0. 7kg/ ( m 2 h ) 1 6kg/ ( m 2 h ), 4 4, ,, ;,,,, ;,,,, x 1, ; x 1, t w > tw, ( 3 30), t w = t = 18, Q = 0, q= 0, = 0, ( 3 33) t = 18 t w = 18,, 3 7, 3 7, ( 3 1 ),, 119
129 ,, t w = t w, ;,, tw = t,, tw = + 5, 3 7, 3 7,,, : 23, x = 2-3; , x = , : 20,, 120
130 23 ; 10, 0 5, t ( 3 33) ( ),,, t w = - 18, 4 2kg/ ( m 2 h ) 3 2 : - 18, 60/ 45,,, 18t w = ( ), 3. 7kg/ ( m 2 h), x = 0. 89, 47. 0/ 36. 6, 18, ( t w = ),,, :,,, ;,,, x = 2. 3, 17 6, 18 1, 18 8, , 2 5 x = 0. 26, 15 9, 14 0, 12 3, , 6 8:, ;, 121
131 3 2 tw( ) g x ( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) tg( ) th( ) t ( ) x y
132 , t w = - 4 1, x = 1. 0, x = 0. 89, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5,, x r, : x r = t / t p ( 3 34) x r = 1,,, x r > 1, x r < 1,,, ( 123
133 G ( kg/ h) g( kg/ ( m 2 h) ) g ( kg/ ( m 2 h ) ) 3 3 x t g t h
134 g i ( kg/ (m 2 h) ) x i t n ( ) t np () Q( W) Q ( % ) q ( % ) ( 6.3)
135 ) ( ),,,,,, ;,,, , , kg/ h, k g/ ( m 2 h ),, tg = 75, : G= kg/ h, x = 1. 4, 3 15kg/ ( m 2 h), , , , , , x r, 1, x r , 5, x r ( 70 3kg/ h ), 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h ), , 126
136 ,,,, :,, ;,,, g = 3. 15kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75), 2 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 75), 3 g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 66. 6), 4 g = 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h) ( t g = 92),,,, : 1,, 3 3,,, 18, 262W ( 225k cal/ h ) 127
137 ,,, ;,, 70 3k g/ h ( 14 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ), , 17 2, 18 5, , 17 9 tg = 66. 6, th = 63. 4, Q= 261W ( 224k cal/ h),, 18262W,,,, ( ),, 3 0, 1530kW, 1 4, 2 74, 4182kW,,,,,,,, : ( 1kW h ) 1986 ( ) : WT F ( 95/ 70) ( WT F ) th0 6, 128 W TF 0. 6( W TF ) t h ( 3. 35)
138 W TF : W T F = Q/ N q ( 3. 36) Q ( kw h/ d ), : q ( kw / m 2 ) ; A ( m 2 ) Q = 24q A ( 3. 37) N q ( kw h / d), N q : N ( kw ) N q = 24N ( 3 38) ( WT F ) t h: ( W TF ) t h = al L ( m ) ; ( 3. 39) a R( mmh 2O/ m ), : L 500m 500m < L < L 1000m 0 6( W T F) th3 4 : a = m a = ( WTF) th a = L ( m) ( WT F ) th L ( m) ( WT F ) th
139 , 9 0, 32 1k W, 40kW, 36m, 270t / h,,,, 2,,,,,, (,, ),,,,, :,,,, 3 9, ( a ), ( b) 3 3, ( a ) ( b) g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h), ( b),, t w = - 9, , 3 3, t p = 17. 9,,, ( a ) ( b) , 1 18, 5 24, t p = 21. 5, 130
140 3 9 ( g = 14. 1kg/ ( m 2 h) ) ( a ) ( b) Q= W ( 253 1kcal/ h ), Q = 262W 12 5%, 3 3,,,, ;,,, 30kg/ h ( 6. 0kg/ ( m 2 h ), x = 2. 67), ( 1 ) 18, 92 Q= W ( 291kcal/ h ), 29 3%,,,, 131
141 3,, : ( 1) ,, ( x 1), t w = t w = - 9, t g = t g = 75,, t h= t h = 55,, t h = 57. 5, W ( 225kcal/ h ) 230W ( 197 8kcal/ h ), 12 5%,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 510%, ( 2), W / m 2 132,
142 0 60 9W/ m W / m W/ m 2,,, ( 1133) %, 100%,, ( 3),, ;, ( ),,, : q = j ( Q - Q1 8) = 1 j Q1 8 ( 3. 40) q, ( 100% ) ; Q ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; Q ( kw h/ m 2 ) ; j Q, Q ( 11 25kg/ h),, 31 9% ; ( ), 6 3% 30 0kg / h( 6kg/ ( m 2 h ) ), 92 ( 18), 133
143 61%,, ( ) ;, ( 4) : 10%, 23 2%,,,, :,, 816, 1018??,,,,, ( ),,,, 35%, (, m 2 ),, ;,,,, 5, : 134
144 ,,,, :,, ( 18) ( 3 33) : ( W s), t w qv t g ;,, ;,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3 41) ( 3 31) ( 3 32) Q = Ws( t g - th ) ( 3. 41) 135
145 Q = ( 3. 20) ( 3. 27) ( 3. 28) W s( tg - t ) ( 3. 31) Q = qv( t - t w ) ( 3. 32) = : u 1 + u + 1 w ( 3. 20) w = w Q B / ( 1+ B ) / W s ( 3. 27) w = t g - t h t p - t ( 3. 28) Q = t g - t w 0. 5( t g t - t w + + t h - 2t ) Q B / ( 1+ B) u 1+ u ( 3. 42) t g - t h W s Q = ( 3 42),, : t - tw t - tw t g = t ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w t - t w + ( 3 43) : 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( u) ( tg - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w t h = t g - Q / W s = tg - Q / W s t h = t ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w - ( u) ( t g - t h ) ( 1 + u) G t - t w t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 43) ( 3. 44) ( 3 43) ( 3 44) :, t, 136
146 t g th, G u tw,, ( 3 43) ( 3 44) t t ( 3 43) ( 3 44), : t p = tg + t h 2 ( 3 45) tw tp = t ( t g + t h t - t w - 2t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 45), t, G,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ), t 1g u 3 10, G 1g , 2, Gh, u = G h/ G1g,, G1g, Gh, 137
147 : cg1g ( t 1g - t 2g) = cgh( t 2g - t 2 h) u = Gh/ G1g = t 1g ( ) ; t 1g - t 2g t2 g - t2h t 1g = t 2g + u ( t 2g - t 2h) ( 3. 46) t 2g, t 2h ( ) ; c ( 3 46) t 2g, t 2h ( 3 43), ( 3 44) t g, t h, u, u = t 1g - t 2g t 2g - t 2h ( 3. 47) t 2g, t 2hu, ( 3 46) t 1g, u = 0, : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w t - tw 2G ( 3. 48) t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t - t w t g - t ht - tw t g + t h - 2t ) - t - t w 2G ( 3. 49) t - tw,,,, K = K, ( 3 48) ( 3 49) B= 0, : t g = t + t h= t ( t g + th - 2t ) t - tw t - tw + t g - th t - tw 2G t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w - t g - t ht - t w 2G t - t w ( 3. 50) ( 3. 51)
148 ,, 1,, G= G, G = 1, t g, t h, ( 3 52), ( 3 53) : t g = t + 1 1/ ( 1+ B ) 2 ( t - tw t g + th - 2t ) + t g t - t w ( 3. 52) t - tw 2 t - t w t h= t + 1 1/ ( 1 + B ) 2 ( t g t - t w t g - t ht - tw - 2t ) - ( 3. 53) t - t w 2 t - tw 3 1 t w = - 26 t = 18,, B= ( 1) t g = 95, t h = 70; ( 2), t 1g = 130, t 1h = t 2 h = 70, t 2g = 95 ( 1) ( 3 52), ( 3 53), t g = t w 44 th = t w tw t w 44 t w, t g t h ( 2), ( 3 46) u = ( ) / ( 95-70) = 1. 4 t 1g = tg ( tg - t h) 139
149 t g th ( 1) ( + 5 t w - 26),, 3 5, tw ( ) / 70 th / 95/ 70 tg t1g tg th / 70 tg th G = 1 ( 3 50) ( 3 51), t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) ( 3. 54) t - t w t - t w th = t + ( t h - t ) ( 3. 55) t - t w 3 2, 130/ 70,, 130/ 70,, t g = 18 + ( ) 18 - t w = ( 18 - tw ) 140
150 / 95/ 70, ; 295/ 70, ; 130/ 95/ 70, ; 3130/ 95/ 70 95/ 70, th = 18 + ( 70-18) 18 - t w = ( 18 - t w ),, 130/ 70, t g = t w 44 t h = t w t w tw 44 ( + 5 t w - 26),,
151 / 70 ; 130/ 70 ; 130/ 70, : ( 1) t w,, ;, : Q = Q Q = t - tw t - tw = t 1g - t h t 1g - t h = t g - t h t g - t h ( 3. 56) ( 2) 3 12,, ; 142
152 , tw,,, K, ; K,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, 60, 70,,,,, 2 tg = tg,, G t h : 143
153 G = t - t w 0. 5( tg - t h ) t - t w t g - t ( t g + t h - 2t ) t h = 2t - tg + ( t g + t h - 2t ) t - t - tw t - tw tw t - tw 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 57) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 58),,, 3 1, 95/ 70,,, t w = + 5, 7 27%, G = , t h= 24. 7,, G = , t h = 16. 1t w = + 18, ( 3 58) t h < 0, tg = t g = 95 t w = + 18, t w = t,, t p = 18, 95,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 3 :, 144
154 ,,,,,,, : G = 100%, G = 80% G = 60%, H p = 100%, 64% 36% ; N = 100%, 51. 2% 21 6%, : G = 100% G = 75% ; H p N 56% 42% ;, ; 3 3, t g = 130, t h = 70, 100%, 75%,, 3 6, 3 12, : , G = 100% ; + 5 -, 75%, G = 75% , G = 100%, , G = 75%, : t g = t w tw 44 ( ) 145
155 t h = t w t w 44 ( ) 3 6 t w ( ) G = 1 t g ( ) t h ( ) t g ( ) t h ( ) G t w 3 12, 3 6, 3 12, + 5 t w - 15, ;,,,,, 4,,,,, : ( h/ d) ; = 24 t - t w ( h/ d) ( 3. 59) t - t w t w ( 146
156 ( ) :,,,, 24, 5, 95/ 70, :, ;, 7080, 18, : ( ) 4770W / m 2 ( 40-60k cal/ ( m 2 h ) ) ( ), / m 2 ( 813), 7093 W/ m 2 ( 60-80kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), / m 2,, m, L : m = qg / qs ( 3. 60) L = f g/ f s ( 3. 61) ) 147
157 m ; q g ( W / m 2 ) ; q s ( W/ m 2 ) ; L ; f g ( m 2 ) ; f s ( m 2 ), Q 3J Q 2J Q 1J : Q 1J Q 1J = Q 2J = Q 3J = qv( t - t w ) Q 2J = 1 2 K F ( t g + t h - 2 ) Q 3J = cg ( tg - t h ) Q 1, Q 1J = mq 1, Q 2, Q 2J = Q 2 / L, Q 3 Q 3J, Q 3 = Q 3J = Q 1J = mq 1 mq 1 = Q 2 / L = Q 3 mlq 1 = Q 2 = LQ 3 ( 3. 62),, Q 1 Q 2 Q3,, LQ 3 mlq 1 148
158 Q 2, Q 1J Q Q 1 = mlq 1 = Q 2 Q 2 = Q 3 LQ3 ( 3. 63),, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q3, Q 1/ Q 1 = Q2/ Q2 = Q 3/ Q 3,, ( 3 63), t g = t + t h= t ( t g + th - 2t ) t - t w t - t w 1 2 ( t - tw t g + t h - 2t ) t - tw = 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B) 1 Lm + - L ( t g - t h ) t - t w 2 t - t w ( 3. 64) L ( tg - t h ) t - tw 2 t - tw ( 3. 65) ( 3. 66), 95/ 70, ( 813 ) qs = 55W / m 2, f s= 0. 4 / m 2, qg = 70W/ m 2, f g = 0. 5 / m 2 m= qg / qs= 70/ 55= 1. 3, L= f g/ f s= 0. 5/ 0. 4= , t w = - 9, 95/ 70, 75/ 55,, 149
159 3 7 tw( ) tg( ) th( ) tg( ) t h ( ) ,,,, ( ) 3 13, t 1g t 1h, W 1 t 2g t 2h, W2, : , 2, Q = W t 1g - t 1h 1 t 1g - t 1h
160 Q = W t 1g - t 2h 1 t 1g - t 2h Q = W t 2g - t 2h 2 t 2g - t 2h, ( 3 18) 1 = a W x + b + 1 W d, t 1g t 2g, t 1= t 1g- t 1h t 2= t 2g - t2 h W 1< W 2, ( 3 18), W x= W1, W d= W2, : t 1g = t 2g + t2 g - t 2 h W W 2 2 W 1-1 t - t w t - t w t 1h = t 2h + t 1g - t 1h W W1 1 W1-1 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 67) ( 3. 68) ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t 2g, t 2h t1 g, t 1h, t 2g, t 2h W 1 W 2( G 1, G 2), t w, W 1= W 2= 1, ( 3 67) ( 3 68) W 2 t 1g = t 2g + ( t 2g - t 2h ) W 1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 69) W1 t 1h = t 2h + ( t 1g - t 1h ) W1-1 t - t w t - t w ( 3. 70) 151
161 ,,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68),,, :, ( 3 45),,,, ( 3 67) ( 3 68), t1g = t1h + Q/ W1, t1h = t1g - Q/ W 1 : t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 h 2W t - t w 2 t - t w t 1h = t 2p + 1 W t 2g - t qh - 1 2W t - tw 2 t - tw, ( 3 71) ( 3 72) t 1g = t 2p + t 1g - t 1h W 1 - t 2g - t 2 ht - t w 2 t - t w 1 t 1h = t 2p t 1g - t 1h W t 2g - t 2ht - t w t - t w t 2p, ( 3. 71) ( 3. 72) ( 3. 73) ( 3. 74) ( 3 45) t 2p = t 2g + t 2h 2 ( 3 71), ( 3 72), ( 3 73) ( 3 74),,, t w 152
162 t 1g, t 1h,, 18,,,, Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 3 q 1 = q 2 = q 3 Q 1 = q 1 q 1, q 2, q 3 ; Q 1, Q 2, Q ( 3 14), t g = t g 1 = t g 2, t h = t h 1 = t h2 ( 3. 75) tg = t g 1 = t g 2 ( 3. 76) 153
163 t g 1, th 1 ( ) ; t g 2, th 2 ( ) ; t g 1, t g 2 ( ) q 2 = q 3 = t g 1 + t h1-2t t g 1 + t h1-2t 1 + B = t g 2 + t h2-2t t g 2 + t h2-2t 1 + B th = th1 = th 2 ( 3. 77) G1( tg 1 - t h 1) G1 ( t g 1 - t h1 ) = G2( t g 2 - t h2) G( t g - t h) = G2 ( tg 2 - t 2 ) G ( tg - t h ) G = G 1 = G 2 = Q t g - th ) t g - t h G 1, G2 ( kg/ h ), G = ( 3. 78) G1 G 1 = G2 G2 = p 1 p 1 = p 2 p 2 = p ( 3. 79) p p 1, p 2 ( Pa) ; p 1, p 2 ( P a) ; p, p ( Pa), : p q, p z, p 1 = p q1 + p z 1, p 2 = p q2 + p z 2, p 1 = q1 + p z 1 p 2 = p q2 + p z 2 154
164 p z 1 = g ( h - g ) h 1, p z 2 = g ( h - g ) h 2, p z 1 p z 2 p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = = g ( h - g ) h 1 = g ( h - g ) h 2 h - g h - g h 1, h 2 ( m) ; ( 3. 80) g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) ; g, h ( kg/ m 3 ) h - g h - g = t g - th t g - th p z 1 p z 1 = p z 2 p z 2 = tg - t h tg - t h p q1 = p q1 = p q2 = p q2 = 0 G = G1 G1 = G 2 G2 = tg - t h tg - t h ( 3 82) ( 3 78), G 3 = Q G = Q 1/ 3 = t - tw 1/ 3 t - tw ( 3. 81) ( 3. 82) ( 3. 83),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83), t( 3 82) ( 3 83) 155
165 ,,,,,, G = p p = p q + p z p q + p z p z p z = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 74) ( 3 75),, G ( G 1, G 2) ( 3 82) ( 3 83),, p q p q = p z p z = p q+ p z p q + p z = t g- t h t g - t h = G ( 3. 84) ( 3 84) ( 3 48) ( 3 49), ( 3 85), ( 3 86) ( 3 83) t g = t + t h= t + G = 1 / 2 t g- t h = t g - t h 1 2 ( t t - tw g + th - 2t ) t - tw 1 2 ( t - t w t g + t h - 2t ) t - t w 1/ ( 1+ B ) 1/ ( 1 + B ) 1/ 3 t - tw t - tw ( 3. 83) / 3 2 ( t t - t w g - t h ) t - t w - ( 3. 85) 2/ ( t - tw t g - t h ) t - tw ( 3. 86),, : 1,, ( 3 83) ( 3 85) ( 3 86), 156
166 ,, :, ;,,, 3 3, 130/ 70, tw = + 5, 64. 8/ 38. 0, G = 0. 67(, 60 1/ 42. 4, G = 1),, 2 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 157
167 , Q = 3 15 Q 2 = q 2 = Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) = = t g + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t 1 + B = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + t h - 2t tg + t 1-2t t g + t 1-2t = t 1 + t h - 2t t 1 + th - 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t t g + t 1-2t - t 1 - t h + 2t Q 1/ ( 1+ B ) t 1 ( ) Q = Q 3 = G t g - t h t g - t h Q G = tg - t h t g - t h ( 3 87) G = = t g - th t g - th Q B / ( 1+ B ) G t - t w = t - t w 1 + B ( 3. 87) 3 15 B / ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 88) 158
168 1 2G ( t g - th ) Q = tg - t h 2Q Q B / ( 1 + B ) 1 2G ( t g - t h ) Q = 1 2 ( t g - t h ) Q 1 / ( 1 + B ) ( 3. 89) ( 3 89) ( 3 48) ( 3 49) G t - t w = t - t w B / ( 1+ B) t - t w t g = t + ( t g - t ) t - t w t h t - t w = t + ( th - t ) t - t w 1 / ( 1 + B ) 1/ ( 1+ B ) ( 3. 90) ( 3. 91), ( 3 88), ( 3 90) ( 3 91) : 1,, 3 2, t w = , G = / 70, tw = 5, 63. 4/ 39. 1, G = 0. 73,, 2,,, K,,, 159
169 ,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ( ) ( ), ;, ;, ;,,,,,,, ( ), 160
170 ,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, 20%,, r r = 1- Q c Q j = 1- h q- h s j 1+ a ( h g r- h gs) + 1+ a ( h r h- h rq) 1 1 Q j ; Q c ; h g r ; h q ; h s ; h g s ; h r q ; h r h ; ( 3. 92) j a ( ) ; 1 161
171 a ( ) 1, r,, h g r, ( 5kPa ),,, ( h q- h s),,, j, hg s a, 1,, 1 + j a 1 ( h gr - h gs) 3 8,,,, 6 12MW, : 3 5MPa ( ), 435, 192 5; 50100MW, : 9 0MPa, 535, 231 7; 200MW, : 13 0MPa, 535; 300MW, : 16 5MPa, 550, 200 2,,,,,,,,,, 162
172 3 8 N 6 35 N12 35 N50 90 N N N ( MPa ) / ( ) / / 550 ( MW ) ( )
173 2,, ; ( ),,,,,, : 150, MPa ( ) ; , MPa ( ), ; 250, MPa ( ), kJ/ ( kg K ),, ( ) 4 187kJ/ ( kg K ), 2. 1kJ/ ( k gk ),, ;,,,,, ( ) 1%, 30% 40%,, 30% 40%,,,,,,,,,,, 164
174 , 0 4MPa( ) ( 143 6) kJ/ kg, 1 5MPa ( 198 3) kJ/ kg, 1 1MPa, 1 9% 0 4MPa, k J/ kg, % ; 1 5MPa, k J/ k g, %, ( ),, 10%, ( ),,,, 1 ( 1), G = 3. 6Q kg/ h ( 3. 93) r G ( kg/ h) ; Q ( W) ; r ( k J/ kg ) Q,,,, ;,, 165
175 : ( dp / d ) z d = 3-4k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 10-30k Pa/ s; : ( dp / d ) z d = 40-50k Pa/ s ( d p / d ) z d = ( ) p ( kpa/ s) ( 3. 94) ( dp / d ) z d ( k Pa/ s) ; p ( kpa ), D s( kg/ h ) B( kg/ h ), p, D q( ), 3 16, p 0. 5MPa,,,,,,,, 3 16, 0 8MPa, ( 2) 166
176 ,, ( 3 17) , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, p h, p 0, p k,, 1 2,,, a bc b ( a ), 6 9,,,,,, 167
177 ,,,,,,,, a bc b ( ), a, c,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 ( 3 18) 1,,, 3, 2, 8, 9,, 10,,,,,,,, ; 168
178 3 18 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ; 9, 10, 11, 0 5MPa( ) kJ/ k g, 0 2MP a( ), 0 2MPa kJ/ kg, 41. 1kJ/ kg, 2 1kJ/ ( k gk ), t = 41. 1/ 2. 1 = MPa 0. 2 MP a, ( 0 2MP a ), 1. 1MPa ( ) 0 98, 0 42MPa ( ), MP a, ; 0. 42MPa, ( 0 98),,,,, 169
179 ,, ( ),,,,,,, ( 2 11) H = SG 2 Pa S = K ( l + l d ) d Pa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 H ( Pa) ; G ( m 3 / h ) ; S ( Pa / ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) ; K ( m ), m; l ( m) ; l d ( m), ; d ( m) ; ( kg/ m 3 ), , kg/ m MP a, S, S, ( 2 11), ( ), v,,,,,, 170
180 ,,,,,,,,,,, , 1 4 7, ( 8),, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, MPa ( ) 400, 0 3MP a( ), 10, 171
181 ? h q= kJ/ kg, h h = = kJ/ kg, h s= kJ/ kg k g m s kg,, : h q + h sm s = h h( 1 + m s) ( 3. 95) ms = ( 1 + ms) m s = kg/ kg kg kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172
182 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : j t = d = 0 Q = Q = G= j = 0 t g + th 2 - tg j + = 0 j ( t w s) - ( 3. 96) + t h ( t w s) - ( 3. 97) = cG ( t g - t h )10 3 ( 3. 98) t - B/ ( 1+ B ) t w s t - tw t g, t h, ; Q, W/ d; G, t / h; t, ; t w s, ; c, kj/ ( k g ) ; ( 3. 99),,, ;
183 t w s,,,, Q s k J/ ( m 2 d) ; tws = tw + Qs/ Sk ( ) S k, kj/ ( m 2 d ),,,, t, t g, t h, t w s, Q ( 3 96) ( 3 97) j,,, j 4-5,, 30 j = 5, 5, 5 = 0, ( - ), t, t g, th, t w s, Q ; 4 = 1, ( - ) = ( - 1), 4 5 ;, 1, = 4, ( - ) = ( - 4), 5 4, = 0, 1,, 4,, ( - 1), ( - 2),, ( - 4) 5 ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 1 t 5 t g + th = t g + t h t w s5 + 1tw s tw s1 t g t h 2 1 Q5 t g = 0 + t h tw s5 + tg t h 2 4 1t w s t w s1 t g + th , j 5, 6 = 0, 5 = 1, 2 = 4, 1, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 2 174
184 t 6 t g + th = t g + t h t w s6 + 1tw s tw s2 t g t h 2 2 Q6 t g = 0 + t h tw s6 + tg t h 2 5 1t w s t w s2 t g + th , 30 = 0, 29 = 1, 26 = 4, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) 26 t 30 t g = 0 + t h 2 30 t g + t h tw s30 + 1tw s t w s26 t g + th Q 30 tg = 0 + t h tg t h t g + t h t w s t w s t w s26 26, 0-4, 0-4, ,, ( 5 ),,,, : Q J/ d, t,, 10 10,, 175
185 t w s, S k( ) kJ/ ( dm 2 ), 0 3 t, Q (,, ),,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 97) ( 3 98) ( 3 99),,,,, ( 3 96) ( 3 99),,,, tw s t ( t = 18) 4 t g, t h, G Q 4, t g, th, G Q,,,,, t w s= j = 1 j ( t w s) - + e - ( ) e,, ;, 176 = 1
186 , t w j,,, 177
187 :,, ( ;, ),,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 177
188 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, S ( a, ) () (2.11) : S = H G 2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 G, m 3 / h; H, mh2 O G H,,, S,, : S, G H, S,,,, 178
189 ,, (, ), :,,,,,,, ( ), 4.1, 4.1 4, 50m, 1, 2, 3, 4 100m 3 / h, 40, 30, 20, 179
190 10mH2 O 4.1,,, 4.1 G (m 3 / h) H (mh 2 O) S = H/ G ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) , 3, 2, 1, 180
191 S 0 = S + S + S + S + S 4 = (mh2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) = (m 3 / h) G 4 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ = = G 4 / G 4 = 144/ 100 =
192 ( ) (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4 = H 3 / G 2 = 20/ = 0.5 S 0 = S + S + S + S 3, 4 = = (m 3 / h) G0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ = = G 0 / ( G 3 + G 4 ) = 232/ ( ) = G 3 = G 4 = 3 G 3 = = 116 (m 3 / h) (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 2,3, (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S 2, 4 = H 2 / G 2 = 30/ = S 0 = S + S + S 2, 4 = = (m 3 / h) G 0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ = = G 0 / ( G 2 + G 3 + G 4 ) = 314/ ( ) = (m 3 / h) G2 = 2 G2 = G3 = G4 = =
193 ( ) (mh2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) 1, 2, 3, (mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) S1, 4 = H1/ G 2 = 40/ = 0.25 S 0 = S + S 1, 4 = = (m 3 / h) G 0 = H 0 / S 0 = 50/ = = G 0 / ( G 1 + G 2 + G 3 + G 4 ) = 400/ 400 = (m 3 / h) G 1 = 1 G 1 = G 2 = G 3 = G 4 = 1100 = 100 :,,,,,,,,,, TA ( ),, 183
194 ,,,,,,, 4.2, 4 A, B, C, D;4 : (1 ) ( ), ; (2 ) ( ), 184
195 ,, (, ) (3 ) xi, i ; n ; xi = G i i = 1, 2, 3, 4,, n Gi Gi, m 3 / h; Gi, m 3 / h (4 ) x z d,,,, 2. (1 ), x z x A, x z d = GA/ GA A, 3, x z x = GA3/ GA 3, 3 (2 ) A 1, F A1, 1 x A %, x A 1 = 0.95 xz x = ( GA 3/ GA 3 ) (3 ) F A2, 2 x A 2 1 x A2, 1 = x A 1, 2 (4 ) 1, 3, 3, 4, 1 185
196 , (5 ),, 3. (1 ) xa, x B, x C, x D, (2 ), F D, D 95%, C, x D = 0.95 x C = 0.95 x z x (3 ), F C, F B, F A, D, D (4 ),,, 4. F(, ), D 1.0,, ( ),, :,, ;,,, TA 186
197 , : 1., ( 1) ( 4.2 ), (, ), ( ) 3kPa, ( TA DTM C, 0. 5kPa) 4.2 A, 2 () (2) (1 ) F A1 ( ) HF A ( ), HA 2,HA 1 ( ), HF A1 : HF A1 = H A Ha - a Ha - a 1 - HA 1 mh2 2 O Ha2 - a1,ha 1 - a 2 2 1, mh2 O; 0.3mH2 O 2 F A2 HF A 1 G, 1 F A1 Kv : Kv = 3.2 G ( m3 / h) HF A 1 ( mh2 O) = 10 G ( m3 / h) HF A1 ( kpa) ( 4.1), Kv S, 187
198 Kv S : S = 3.2 Kv S = 10 Kv 2 2, Kv S mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.2) kpa/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.3) ( ), K v (S), Ks K S - A 1, 1 F A1,, ( 3) 1 F A1, A F A, F A1 HF A 1 F A1 ( ) F A, F A1,, 1, 1 F A1 (4 ) 2, F A2,,, F A, 1 (5 ), (1 ),, (2 ) D( )F D, D 188
199 (3 ) C, B, A F C, F B, F A, D, F, (4 ),,,,,,, : 1.,,, 0.3mH2 O, Kv Ks 2., ( 2 ), 3., : H i z d (1 ) ; (2 ), ( ) ;,, H z x i ; H i z x (3 ) Hi = H z d i -, Hi, 189
200 : 1., ; 2.,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),, 4.3, 2,
201 G22 bb Hbb, bb Sbb ( F2 ) F2 S F2 : S F2 = Sbb - S2 mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ( 4.4) S2 bb (F2 ), mh2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 S2, S2 F2 S F2 1 SF 2 2, G2 1, G2 2, HF 2 1 HF2 2, bb Hbb 1 Hbb 2, : Hbb 1 = S F2 1 G S2 G = HF S2 G ( 4.5) Hbb 2 = S F2 2 G S2 G = HF S2 G ( 4.6) Hbb 1 Hbb 2, HF2 1 + S2 G = HF2 2 + S2 G ( 4.7) HF2 1,HF2 2, G2 1 G2 2, ( 4.7 ) S2, ( 4.4 ) F2 SF2, F2 Ks,,,,,,, 191
202 ,,,,, (1 ), 4.4, 7 5 ( ), :1,2,3,, 5 ; b1, b2,, b7, Gb1, Gb2, Gb3,, Gb7, ; Hb1,Hb2,Hb3,, Hb7 ; H1, H2, H3,, H5 ; DHp,,,, 1,, Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 ( 4.8),,, 192
203 4.4, l2 ( b2, b4, b5, b6, b7 ), Hb2 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 ( 4.9),, b4 (2 ),
204 Gb1 + Gb5 - Gb4 = 0 Gb2 + Gb3 - Gb5 = 0 Gb6 - Gb2 - Gb3 = 0 Gb7 - Gb1 - Gb6 = 0 Hb1 + Hb7 + Hb4 - DHp = 0 Hb2 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 Hb3 + Hb6 + Hb7 + Hb4 + Hb5 - DHp = 0 Hb1 = Sb1 G 2 b1 + ( Z4 - Z1 ) (4.10) Hb2 = Sb2 G 2 b2 + ( Z3 - Z2 ) Hb3 = Sb3 G 2 b3 + ( Z3 - Z2 ) Hb4 = Sb4 G 2 b4 + ( Z1 - Z5 ) - DHp Hb5 = Sb5 G 2 b5 + ( Z2 - Z1 ) Hb6 = Sb6 G 2 b6 + ( Z4 - Z3 ) Hb7 = Sb7 G 2 b7 + ( Z5 - Z4 ) (4.10) 14, 5 4 (5, ), 3 3, 7 7, 14, Gb1 Gb7 7, Hb1 Hb7 7, ( 4.10 )14, 14, :,,,,,,, 194
205 2,,,,,,, (4.10 ) 7 3 Gb1, Gb2, Gb3, 4, Gb4 = Gb7 = Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 Gb5 = Gb6 = Gb2 + Gb3 (4.10), Sb1 G 2 b1 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 Sb2 G 2 b2 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 + ( Sb5 + Sb6 ) ( Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 Sb3 G 2 b3 + ( Sb4 + Sb7 ) ( Gb1 + Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 + ( Sb5 + Sb6 ) ( Gb2 + Gb3 ) 2 - DHp = 0 (4.11) (4.11) ( Gb1, Gb2, Gb3 ),, ( 4.11 ), 2.,, ( ),, : (1 ) 195
206 , Gsj, Hsj ( j ), S = H/ G 2 Ssj,,, FLB, ( ), 1.0%, ( ),,, (2 ) ( ), ( Ssj )Slj 4.3,,, q n Gl W/ m 2 k cal/ ( m 2 h) kg/ (m 2 h)
207 ,,,,,, S lj, 4.4, ( 4.11 ), b4, b5, b6, b7, Sb4, Sb5, SB6 Sb7, 4.3,, b4, b5, b6 b7 Glb4, Glb5, Glb6 Glb7, ( 4.11 ) S lb1, Slb2, Slb3 S lb1 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb1 S lb2 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb2 S lb3 = DH p - ( S sb4 + S sb7 ) ( G lb1 + G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 - ( S sb5 + S sb6 ) ( G lb2 + G lb3 ) 2 G 2 lb3 (4.12),,, (3 ), :, (, ) 197
208 ,, Slj Ssj ( ), ( 4.11 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, 198
209 4.5, 4, DHp = 50mH2 O, 1, 2,, 12;,,, ; 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h, Gs1 = 140m 3 / h, Gs2 = 120m 3 / h, Gs3 = 80m 3 / h, Gs4 = 60m 3 / h 4.5, 4 (1 ), Gs H s S s (m 3 / h) ( mh2 O) ( mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 )
210 (2 ),, ( 4.12), 4.5 ( 3), 1,2,3,4 (), Sl1 = , Sl2 = , S l3 = S l4 = Ss1 = , Ss2 = , Ss3 = Ss4 = , (4.11),,
211 4.5 G l (m 3 / h) H l ( mh 2 O) S l ( mh 2 O/ (m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) (4 ), 4.6, 1, 2, 3, 4 1, S1 = Ss1 = ,, 1, G1 = m 3 / h, 1, 2() 3 (), G2 = m 3 / h, G3 = m 3 / h, 2, 3 4 ( ), 100m 3 / h,,, : (1 ) :, 201
212 ( ) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O)
213 ( ) ( ) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O) S ( mh 2 O/ ( m 3 h - 1 ) 2 ) G ( m 3 / h) H( mh 2 O)
214 , (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,,, 23,, (4 ) :, ( ) ; (), ;,, (CCR ),, : ( ), ;, 1989 CCR,,, ( ), : (collection), ( calculation ), ( requlation ), CCR, 204
215 : ;, IBM,, ;,,, ;,,, 1. :, ;, ;,, (1 ), ( ), ( ),, ( ) 4.6, 3, pi1, pi2, pi3, pi pi, pi1, pi2 pi3, pi pi1, pipi3 ;,, pi1, pi2 pi3 205
216 4.6 pi pi, pi1, pi2, pi3, pi1, 1, pi2,1 pi3,1, pi1,2, pi2, 2 pi3,2 (4.11), 5 : S0 1 ( G1, 1 + G2, 1 + G3, 1 ) 2 + ( S10 + S1, 1 ) ( G1, 1 ) 2 - DHp, 1 = 0 ( S 20 + S 2, 1 ) ( G 2, 1 ) 2 + S 12 ( G 2, 1 + G 3, 1 ) 2 - ( S 10 + S 1, 1 ) ( G 1, 1 ) 2 = 0 ( S30 + S3, 1 ) ( G3, 1 ) 2 - ( S20 + S2, 1 ) ( G2, 1 ) 2 = 0 S 0 1 ( G 1, 2 + G 2, 2 + G 3, 2 ) 2 + ( S 10 + S 2, 2 ) ( G 1, 2 ) 2 - DH p, 2 = 0 ( S20 + S2, 2 ) ( G2, 2 ) 2 + S12 ( G2, 2 + G3, 2 ) 2 - ( S10 + S1, 2 ) ( G1, 2 ) 2 = 0 (4.13) S01, S12 1, 1 2 ; Si () ; Si0 ; Gi pi1, 1, pi2,1, pi3,1 pi1,2, pi2,2, pi3,2, Si, 1,Si, 2 ; Gi, 1, Gi,2 DHp,1, DHp, S01, S10, S20, S30 S12 206
217 ,,, M, N, k = 2 ( M - N + 1 ) - 1 ( ), ( ),,, ( ),,,, (2 ),, ( ) :, ( ) ;, ( ) ( ) (3 ),, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 207
218 ( ),,, (),, 2., ( ) MPa 0.5%, ( ),,,,, 120, 1 #, RS232, IBM PC, PC (), 0.5%, 0.5%,, 3% 10%, 3. PROLOG FORT RAN, DOS PC,, 208
219 , : 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. 1,,,,,,,,, 2, PC,,,, 3, :, ( ) (3.45) : tp = t g + th 2 = tn ( t t n - tw g+ th- 2 tn ) t n- t w 1/ ( 1 + B ),, 209
220 tw, t n, tp = tg + th 2 = t n + f ( tn ) : tn tp :,,, tg, t h t n t p t n,,, tp t h t n,,,,,, ;,,,,, (),,,,,, :,,,,, 210
221 ,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, :,,,,,,, ( ),, , 0.5, 211
222 , 1.,, tn,,,,,,,,, : (1 ) 40 /, 4 (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, 212
223 ,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 213
224 , : 10, ( 4.6 ) 20 %, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, : 1.,, 120% 2.,,, 80 % 85 % ;, 85% 90% ;, 90% 95% ;, 95% 100% 3.,,, 4.,,, 214
225 20%,, ( ),, 10% ; 16.0,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,
226 18 ; n 58,, 58 n, 58,,, 4.7,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 216
227 ,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. Gg Gz d y y = G g Gz d = 1 x z d (4.14) (4.14), y x z d, y = 1, Gz d = Gg xz d = 1,, 217
228 ,, Gg = Hy/ Sy (4.15) H y; Sy,, ;, : Gz d = Hr/ Sy (4.16) H r, Hr H w Hy, Hr = H w + Hy, : Gz d =, H w + Hy Sy (4.17) y = G g Gz d = Hy Hw + Hy = H w Hy (4.18) xz d = 1 + H w Hy (4.19) (4.18), y 1 0 H w = 0, (, ), Hy =, y = 1,, :, Hy = 0 H w 218 = (,
229 ), y = 0 x z d =,,, y 0,1,,,, 2., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4.7, Hw/ Hy, xz d ( ) 3, g Hw/ Hy G ( t/ h) x xz d Hw/ Hy ( t/ h) x xz d G g 3 4 Hw/ Hy G g ( t/ h) x xz d Hw/ Hy G g ( t/ h) x xz d 219
230 : (1 ) ( ),,H w/ Hy x, x z d, ;, (2 ) Hw/ Hy,, 3 4, H w/ H y, 5, 4,,, (3 ),,, (4 ), ( ) ;, x 20 %, Hw/ Hy < 4 3.,, : ; ;,, 220
231 (1 ), : 462m 2, 8,,,,,, 41 ( ) 20mm, 4020mm (,, ) 4.8, 4.8 ( ),,
232
233
234 ( ) : : kg/ h; : Pa ; : /, 95/ t/ h,, 10.79kPa, 2.16t/ h, 4.9 : , 35% ; , 50 % 35%,,,,, ;, 7 224
235 ( 4.9, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 120, 130 ) ( ), 4 ( 4.8, 109, 115, 121, 131),, kPa 20kPa,,, kPa G kg/ h 20kPa G 2.0 / G (2 ) 4.8,201241, ; H,H,, ( ), H115= H415- H515= H114+ H314- H215 = = mmH2 O < 0 H115 =H114 + H314 - H215 = = - 1mm H2 O < 0 225
236 H131= H431- H531= H130+ H330- H231 = = 7.79mmH2 O > 0 H131 =H130 + H330 - H231 = = mmH2 O < (mm) ( m) ( kg/ h) ( mmh 2 O) ( kg/ h) ( mmh 2 O ) x ,,,, 226
237 4.8, H401 H541, , ;,,,,, () 131,, : kg/ h, 7.0kg/ h, 0.24, 2.29mmH2 O 0.14mmH2 O; kg/ h 1060kg/ h, 9.25mmH2 O mmh2 O; kg/ h 1098kg/ h, 14.75mmH2 O 12mmH2 O, :, ,, : ( 115, 131) ( 216, 315, 232, 331 ) ; ( 216, 232) ( ) (315,331 )( ) 216 ( 40mm ), 1490kg/ h 1567kg/ h, 12mmH2 O; 315( 25mm), 618.3kg/ h 591kg/ h 13mmH2 O,, 227,
238 116, :,,, (3 ), () ( ),, : 1: x z d 1 + H w Hl y = 1 x z d H w ; = 2 = 1.4 (4.20) Hl = 0.7 (4.21) 1,, 15mm, 2 2: x z d 1 + Hg Hl n; 1 + nhl Hl Hg ; Hl n (4.22)
239 2 ( 0 ), n x z d y , 4.13: L = 14, dg1515mm; L = 5, dg2020, ; 25, 1200W 10% 4.13, 1,, 5 2,,, 20, 10,, (4 ), ( ),,,, 229
240 4.13 n L Hl nhg + Hl xz d Hl nhg + Hl xz d Hl nhg +Hl x z d Hl nhg + Hl xz d Hl nhg + Hl x z d Hl nhg + Hl x z d 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
241 ,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,, 1., 1% 2%,, : 231
242 (1 ), 1% 2%, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,, (6 ),,, ;,, (7 ), ;, (8 ),, ( ) ; (9 ),, (10),,,, ;,, 232
243 ,,,,, 2.,, ;, : (1 ), ( ),, (2 ),,,,, 4.9, M N, (3 ),,, (4 ),, (5 ) ( ), ;, 233
244 4.9, ;,,, (6 ) ( ),,, ;,, ;,, (7 ),, : 0.1MPa,, ;,?,,,, (8), 1 2mH2 O,,, 234
245 (9 ),,, ( 10 ),, ( ) ;, ( 11 ),,,,,,, () 1. T40H 16 T10H 16 T10H 16, DN 15D N 50mm, 1.6MPa T40H 16, DN 25DN 300mm, 1.6MPa, 235
246 , 2. D71X 16,,, 90, O, D N 40D N 600mm D71H,,, 3. P18F 16 P48F 16,,, F 4 P18F 16 DN 15DN 40mm,, 1.6MPa ; P48F 16 DN 50 D N 200mm,, 1.6M Pa,,,, D N 15DN 50mm ; DN 65 D N 150mm ; DN 200DN 600mm, 4., RH V, D N 25DN 200mm 4.10, D N 40mm, D N 50mm 236
247 1.6MPa, 10% 4.11, ; ( ) , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 5. ( ) ( 3 4 ) 5 ( 6) ( ) 7 8 2, 9, 2, 10 7 ( ) : 2 p1, p2, 7 p3 p2 237
248 4.11 2, :5, p3 4, 2 ( p2 p3 ), 5, 2, ( p2 p3 ) ( 7 ), 5, 2,, ( p2 - p3 ), 2 2,,, ( p2, ( p2, 2, ( p2, 2, ( p p3 ), - p3 ), - p3 ) - p3 )
249 4.12 : 2, 7 () ( p2 - p3 ),, 2, ( p2 - p3 ), dp d f dp/ df ,, ;, dp/ df,, p1 239
250 ,, 4.13 DN50mm 4.13 ( p1 - p3 ), ( tn = 18),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 526 DANFOSS RAVL, 240
251 , 1.,,,,,, , 2, 3,4,,, H ; H = SG 2 G; S, H, S ( L ) S,,, 241
252 , : LG, 4.15 L, L L ; G, 4.15 G G,,, G L ( ), ( ), 50% 60%, 50% 60%, ;, dg, : dg50 60 = dg80 90 = dg10 20 = % = 20% 100% = 12.5% 100% = 100% 50% 60%, 20% ; 80 % 90%, G 80% 90%, 12.5% ; 10% 20%, 242
253 10%,,,, (, ) ;,,,,,,,, 10 % 20%, 4.67% 6.58 % ;50% 60 %, 18.3% 25.6 % ;80 % 90%, 50.8% 71.2% : dg1020 = dg5060 = dg8090 = % = 40% 100% = 40% 100% = 40%, 10 %, 40%, ;,, ( L ),,,,,,,, 243
254 , ( T40H 16 ), 4.15,,, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,, G L 4.16 H f,hx,h S f = Hf H = Hf Hf+ H x (4.23)
255 H f; Sf Sf, ( ),H x = 0, S f = 1,,, G/ G S f : G G = 1 S f/ ( A/ A ) 2 - (1 - S f ) A ; A; G; G (4.24) G x,, Gx 0.1 % % G/ G (), 301; , 0. 02, 2% 4% (4.24 ), S f = 1.0, G x ; S f < 1 ( ), G > Gx, 245
256 ,, ;,, () ( ), 3. H = SG 2, G = C H (4.25), C, S : S = 1/ C 2 (4.26) C L = L/ L,, 4.17 RHV 40 ( DN 40mm),,, ( CCR ),,,,, 1.,,, ( ), 246
257 4.17 RHV ( a) RHV40( D N 40 mm ) ; ( b) RHV,, ( 247
258 ),, ( ) ; ;, ; L/ L = L, Q/ Q= Q1, 2, 3 3 1, 2 100, 248
259 ,,,,, : 5 %, Gx = 15%, G x 8.8 % ; S f = 10%, Gx = 10. 5%, Gx = 6.3% ;S f = 25%, Gx 6.7% 4%, S f = 100 % 2% 4%, : (1 ) 10% 30% ; ; ; (2 ),, (3 ),, ; 2. C C = G H (4.27), G m 3 / h, H kpa, 3kPa( ) 300kPa( )4.17 C, 3kPa H ( 4.27 ), 249
260 ( ),, DN 40, 4.17 C = 26.9, H = 3kPa( 0.3mH2 O ) ( 4.27 ), G = 4.7m 3 / h,, R 84.2Pa/ m, 1.8m 3 / h,,, DN 50mm, R Pa/ m, m 3 / h, D N 40mm DN 50mm, :,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 250
261 ,,,,, ( ), ( ) 1. n0 ( r/ min ) nn < n0 5%,, s, : (1 ) s = n 0 - n 100% (4.28) n0,, s r2, r2, I2, s, 4.19 : M, s, Mz d, Mq 15, (2 ) 251
262 4.19 n U1,, (3 ),,,,,, ;( ),,,, ( ),,,,, ;,,, 252
263 80% 90%,, 4.20 GWT 1, 23, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9 (4 ) ( GWT ) ( ), ( 11/ 5 ), 4.20 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 253
264 ,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) n0 (4.28) n, r/ min; f 1, Hz; n0 = 60 f 1/ P r/ min (4.29) n = 60 f 1 ( 1 - s)/ P r/ min (4.30) P ; s s, f 1, P,,,, 254
265 ,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) (4.29) ( 4.30 ), f 1,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, 255
266 ,,,,,,,,,,, 1. nn, sn, P20 ; n2, P2 P n Pn 3, P2 P2 = P 2 P20 = n2 nn 3 = ( 1 - s) n0 ( 1 - sn ) n0, sn 0, (4.31) 3 (4.31) P2 = (1 - s) 3 (4.32) ( ) ( ),, n2, P1 ( ) P1 = P2/ ( 1 - s) = (1 - s) 2 P20 (4.33) Ps ( ), Ps Ps = sp1 = s( 1 - s) 2 P20 (4.34) Ps = P s P20 = s(1 - s) 2 (4.35) 256
267 s s = P2/ P1 = (1 - s) 3 / (1 - s) 2 = 1 - s (4.36), 2., P1, sp1 (), P2 = (1 - s) P1, P10 P20,, P1 P2 P1 = P2/ (1 - s), P = P10 - P1 = 1 - P2/ ( 1 - s) = 1 - (1 - s) 2 = 1 - n n0 2 (4.37) 3.,, sp1 0 P2 P1, P P = 1 -, P P = 1 - n n0 n n0 3 3 (4.38) c (4.39) c, c > 90 % 4., 257
268 4.14,, 7, (),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 4.14 P ( % ) , s 1 - s 1 - s 1 - s cos cos cos cos cos cos cos 258
269 ,, 80% 50%, cos 65 %, 85%,, 1kW ,,, 1. : Y, X, Q, Y = ( tw - t w )/ ( t w q - t w ) (4.40) X = ( h - h0 )/ ( hs - h0 ) (4.41) Q = Q/ Q : t w, t w, tw q, h t w, h0 tw, hs QQ (4.21), X = f( Y ), 259
270 , 6 X = B( i) Y i - 1 (4.42) i = 1 6 Y = A( i) X i - 1 (4.43) i = 1 A ( i), B( i),,, 4.21 t w t wq = 1.0, G G, G = 1.0; tw > t wt w tw q,, G < G, G < 1.0, Q < 1.0 E E = E1 + E2 n = i = 1 Gi Hihi + G H h i 367 = 367 G H G 3 ihi n i = 1 + h0 260
271 = G H h s G 3 d h + h0 kwh (4.44) 367 h 0 E1 tw q tw > tw, kwh; E2 tw t w, kwh ; Gi i, t/ h; Hi i, m; hi i, h; i i ; H, = i, E E= E G tw G H 367 h s (4.45) E = h s G 3 d h + h0 / hs (4.46) h 0 Q, (, ), (3.83) : G = tnt n- t w 1/ 3 t w X = ( h - h0 )/ ( hs - h0 ) (3.83) ( 4.47 )( 4.46 ), d h = ( hs - h0 ) d X (4.47) 1 t n- t w E = 0 tn- t w ( h s - h0 ) d X + h0 hs (4.48) 261
272 (4.40), ( 4.42 ), 6 d X = ( i - 1) B( i) Y i - 2 d Y (4.49) i = 2 d t w d Y = tw q - tw (4.49) ( 4.50 )( 4.48 ) E = E = hs tn- hs tn- - h0 - h0 t w t w q t w t w t w q t w tn- 6 tw tw q - t w i = 2 tn- 6 tw tw q - t w i = 2 (4.51), E t w ( i - 1) B( i) Y i - 2 d t w ( i - 1) B( i) (4.50) i - 2 tw - t w t wq - t w (4.51) d t w, E t w, 100, E E 4.15 E ( ) E ( )
273 E,, J J = 24 ( 1 - E) Np hs Cd (4.52) NP, kw; hs, h; Cd, / kwh ; C, TJ TJ = C/ J (4.53), W (,, W ), / kw, 0.2 / kwh,, 4.15 :,,, ( ) () ( 3.73 ) ( 3.74 ), E = 0.23,
274 4.15,, (),,, 13 ( ),, 264
275 , 1989, 165, , 10.7, 2.0,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 261
276 ,,, ( CJJ34 90, ), ( )( JGJ26 86, ),,,, 1., 97 % ASHRAE 22, CIBS 20, 20 18, 16,, 1% 3 %,, : 262
277 = 100% ( 5.1) 2. 1t ( 0.7MW ), m w/ m 2 ( 4060kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), 70w/ m 2 ( 60kcal/ ( m 2 h ) ), 10, 000m 2 ; 47w/ m 2 ( 40kcal/ ( m 2 h ) ), 15000m m 2,, 8.7, 4000m m 2, 60%, 30 %, 8000m 2, 70 %, 56 %, 3., 4. ( 95 ), 2 3kg/ ( m 2 h), 2520, 5870W/ m 2 (5060kcal/ ( m 2 h) ), ;, :, 263
278 ,,,, 5.,,, (1 ), bd = qd ge gr Qd w = 1 ge jd gr Qd w bd 1kJ, g/ kj; ge, ge = ; g/ kj ( 5.2) jd, jd = ; g r, gr = ; (7000kcal/ kg ) ; Qd w, Qd w = kJ/ g qd 1kJ, qd = d( ic - iz ) = ic - iz = 1 ( ic - iz ) jd jd d 1kJ, kg/ kj ; ic, kj/ kg; iz, kj/ kg ( 5.3) ge = 0.90, jd = 0.98, gr = 0.99, : bd = , 264 = g/ kj( 141g/ kwh )
279 br = 1 gl wr Qd w g/ kj ( 5.4) br 1kJ, g/ kj; w r gl = 0.9, wr = 0.92, br = = g/ kj( 41.3kg/ GJ) (2 ) ( 5.4 ),, gl = 0.71, 10%, br = = g/ kj (53.7kg/ GJ ) g/ kj 135kg/ t( ), (3 ),, : br a = 24 Zq na glw rqd w kj/ m 2 ( 5.5) bra,, kg/ m 2 ; Z, d; qna, W/ m 2, (), : qna = qn D18 Z( t n- t w ) qn, W/ m 2 ; 265 ( 5.6)
280 D18 18, d; tw, 5.1 qna ,, 20 % ( ) ge = 0.55,w r = qna (W/ m 2 ) (W/ m 2 ) ( d) , g e w r (1993 ) ge = 0.55,w r = 0.85 (1995 ) ge = 0.60,w r = 0.90 (2000 ) ge = 0.70,w r = ,, : Rx t = Q g Q 100% ( 5.7) R x t ; 266
281 Q, ; Qg, 267
282 (kg/ m 2 ) ( kg/ ( m 2 d) ) Qg, ( ),, ;,,,, Qg,,, ( ),,,, ( ) :, R y x t = 85 % ;, R y x t = 90 %,, Ry 268
283 Ry = n rar na A, m 2 ; n, h; Ry : ( 5.8) A r, m 2 ; nr, h (5.8 ), :,,,, Ry R y x t ( 1 - R y x t = 10 % 15 % ),,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 269
284 ( ) 5.3, 4t/ h90%, 2.8t/ h, 1 64%,,,, ( 4008m 2 ),,, 55%, 29, (1989 ) 1t/ h 4t/ h 10000m 2 () () ( t/ h) ( t/ h) ( m 2 ) ( % ) ( 10 4 m 2 ( % ) ( % ) ) ( % ) ,,, ;,, : 1., 270
285 55% 70% 2.,, (1t/ h ), 3.,, 4.,,,,,, Q r,,, Qr w r wr = Q y Q 100% = Q - Q r 100 % ( 5.9) Q Q, GJ/ h; Qy, GJ/ h; Qr, GJ/ h,, 50% 70%, 30 % 50 %,,,, 271
286 w r 92% 95%, 5% 8 %, 85 % 90 %, 10 % 15 %,,,, 60 W/ ( m ) ( 20), ( 45W/ ( m ) ),,,,,,,, 0.026W/ ( m ), ( 2.5% 3.0% )( ),, 1/ 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 272
287 ;,, ( ),,, 1.,, ; 2.,,, ; 3.,, ;,,, ( ),, 23,,,,,,,,,,,, ps, Pa; pg, Pa ; dn, m; q, Pa/ m 2 ps = pg + 2 sf q/ dn (5.10) sf, m 273
288 , sf = 0.001m; 23, sf = m,, sf < 0.001m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( CCR ),,,,,,,, 274
289 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 10%, 23.2 %, 5. 3 : %, 28%,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 275
290 ,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 10%,,,,, (),,,,, ( 90%, 10% ), (60 % ),, 276
291 ,,,,, ( 1.10 ) 1. (3.43) (3.44 ) ; ( 3.48 ) (3.49 ) ;, (3.67) (3.68) , Qn t w, t w j > tw > tw,, Gn ( W n ), tw j 70,, 70( 60), tw q t w tw j, 277
292 t j g = 70( t w q, + 5),, t hn Gn ( (3.57) (3.58) ) t w t t w q > t w > t w t, Qt tw t t w tw, Qt,, ( ) (1 ) t w q > tw > t w j, 5.2, tg = 70, tht Gt (2 ) t w j > t w > tw t,,, (3.50) (3.51),,, tht t g (3 ) tw t > t w > t w 278
293 tg, (3.50) ( 3.51 ), tpt = ( tg + t ht )/ 2, tht,, tg,,, ( 3.50 )( 3.51 ) (3.2 ) (3.18) ( 3.22 ) Ws W k = t = tsg - tk h tk g - tk h Qt = t Wstz d 0.5 W x W d t t = t W m s 1 W m k 2/ Ws W k tw x 0.5 W k W x (5.11) t, s k, m1 = 0, m2 = 0.5, ( 3.18 )a = b = 0.5 WsW k t( t= t t ) t t= Qt ttw x tt tt, ; W x,, 279
294 GJ/ ( h ) (5.11), tkh,, tk h = t w t w, tk h Ws ( ) W k ( ) tk g ( ),, ,,,,, r W rx ( tg - tl ) = W 2 r ( tr - tl ) (5.12) tg, ; tl,, ; tr,, ;, 60; W 2 r,, kj/ ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) ; Wr x, kj ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) ; r ( 3.18), (5.12) :W 2 r = Wr x a W 2 r W 1 r tg - tl + b + 1 W 2 r W 1 r = ( tr - tl ) (5.13) W1 r, kj/ ( h ) ( J/ ( s ) ) 280, ( 3.24 ), W2 r
295 a + b W 2 r W 1 r, W 2 r = Wr d tg - tl + 1 W 2 r W 1 r = ( tr - tl ) (5.14) t hr th r = tg - W 2 r W1 r ( tr - tl ) (5.15), 5.3,, tg (1 ) t w q > tw > t w j t g = 70,, ( 5.13 ) (5.14) (5.15), ab,, tl, W1 rth r 5.3, (2 ) tw j > t w > t w,, tg tw (5.13) (5.14),, W 2 r, W1 r(5.15), tg, th r 281
296 ,, Qr, Qr d, Q r, : W 2 r/ W 1 r tg ( ( 5.13) ( 5.14 ) ( ) ) Qr tg ( ), W 2 r/ W1 r; tg ( t w ), W 2 r/ W1 r, t w, W 1 r tg, W 2 r/ W1 r, t hr :, Qr, W1 r W2 r ( ), W 2 r Qr W1 r, th r, th r, W 1 r th r, W1 r ; t hr, W 1 r tg, Q r, t hr, (5.14 ) ( 5.15 ), th r = ( tr - tl ) a W 2 r W1 r 1 + b + 1 W2 r W1 r W2 r W 1 r (5.16) th r = ( tr - tl ) 1 a + b W 2 r + 1 W1 r W2 r W1 r W2 r W 1 r (5.17) 282
297 (5.16 ) W2 r = Wr x, ( 5.17 ) W2 r = W rd, tw, tg, W 2 r/ W1 r, th r 5.4 Qr,,, W 1 r t w ( 5.3 )W 1 r : = t w j W1 r= Qr / ( t j g - t j hr ) (5.18) W 1 r, kj/ ( h ) ; Qr, kj/ h ( kw ),, ; t j g tw = t w j, t j g = 70 t j h r t j g, 5.4,, t j g, ( ) t j hn, t j hr = t j hn ( 5.18 ) Qr, tg j, t j h rw 1 r,,, 283
298 Qr, tg, W1 rw 2 r? (5.13) ( 5.14 ) ( 5.15 ), : W1 r = W2 r, Q o r, Qr = Q o r, W1 r = W 2 r ; Qr < Q o r, W 1 r < W2 r ; Qr > Q o r, W 1 r > W2 rq o r Q o r = W2 r 1 + ( t g - tl ) (5.19) W 1 r > W 2 r, W 1 r W 1 r W 2 r = 4 a a 2 tg - tl W 2 r Qr - b 2 (5.20) W 1 r < W 2 r, W 1 r W 1 r W 2 r = 4 b b 2 tg - tl W 2 r Qr - a 2 (5.21) W 1 r, th r 4.,,, W = Wn + Wt + W r (5.22) W, W n, W t W r 5.5 5, 4 284
299 5.5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 tw = tw j,, tw t w j tw, ( ) tw, tw t,, tw j,, ; ( ),,, 5.6,,,, (60) 285
300 5.6 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6,,, ;,,,,,, 3,,, 4,,,,,,,, :,,, 286
301 ,, 1. :, ( ) Q p r,, Qr Q p r,,, Q p r, Q g r, Q g r = x rq p r (5.23) xr,, x r = , xr = 1.0, Q g r, t w, g h tgn, thn, tg, th : tg = t gn + g t h = thn - h (5.24) t w = t w j h j t j hn, t j z t j z = t j hn - t j z (5.25) t j z,, t j z =
302 h j Q g r, tw j, j h t j = g z - tl r tr - tl ( t gn - t hn ) (5.26) g r, Qn (3.2 ), j h n : h W2 r j h W 2 r r j r : r = j r = g r = Q g r/ Qn (5.27) = r W2 r ( thn - tl ) r j W2 r ( t j hn - tl ) a W 2 r W 1 r 1 + b + 1 ( t h = j hn - tl ) h ( t j hn - tl ) W2 r W1 r (5.28) Q g r, t w,, = g + h, = g r ( tgn- t hn ) (5.29),, g = - h (5.30) (5.24 ) tg, th t w 5.7, t w, h, ; g, tw 288,
303 5.7, g, tg t g = 70,,,, ( 5.7 ), G Gn Gr 2, G n Gr1, tw j 289
304 5.1 xr = 1.2, g r = 0.3, t j gn = 70, t j hn = 41, tl = 5, tr = 60, tgn= 150, t hn= 70 tw j t w t g, th : t j z = 6, ( 5.25 ) t j z = 41-6 = 35 (5.26) j h ( 5.28 ) h j h = ( ) = h = = 23.4 t j h = = 28, t h = = 46.6(5.29 ) = 24 j g = = 11, g = = 0.6 t j g = = 81, tg= = t g th = f( Qn, r g ) tgn = 150, tgh= 70, t j z = 8, x r = 1.2, tr = 60, tl = Q g r = 0 r g = 0.15 g r = 0.3 r g = 0.45 tg = tgn th = thn tg th tg th tg th
305 Q g g r = 0 r = 0.15 t g = t g1 t h = t h1 g r = 0.3 t g t h t g t h t g g r = t h 2., Q n = t n - t w u 1 + u tg - tw - Qr Wn Wr x - r Wn ( te - tw ) tn + tn W r x W n Q B 1 - r + n o W n W n Qn, Qn = Qn/ Qn ; r W r x t n W n (5.31) W n, W n = W n/ W n ; Qr ; r ; tg ; tw ; tl ; W rx 291
306 tn ; tw; u ; t n, t n= tgn- thn ; t n,t n= 1 2 ( t gn+ th n- 2 tn ) ; Bo, Bo = B/ (1 + B), Qn = tg - t w - Qr W 1 n tn - t w+ t n 0.5 Q B - n o 1 + u t n1 - r W rx W1 n Wr x - r ( tl - t w ) W 1 n + W 2 n tn Wr x 1 - r 1 - n n W n x W 1 n W n x W 1 n W 1 n (); ; (5.32) W2 n ( ) W n x ; n ; t n, t n (), (5.31) (5.32),, W 2 n Qr = 0, W r x = 0 ( 5.31 ) ( 5.32 ), ( 5.31 ) ( ) (5.31)( 5.32) Qn, 292
307 Qn,,,,, Q n i ; Q n 2 4 = i = 1 Qni i ; hi Qni (5.33) hi i 5.2 tw= - 20, Qn= 1MJ/ s Q p r = 0.25MJ/ s, x r = 1.2 t1 g= 150, t1 h= 70, t2 g= 95, tn= 18,tn = 64.5, u = 2.2, tn= 80, W2 n = 10 6 / ( ) = J/ ( sk), : tr = 60, tl = 5, t j g = 42, t j z = 36, W 2 r = / ( 60-5) = 5454J/ ( sk), Q j r = 5454 (36-5 ) = 169 kj/ s Q r = 0.5MJ/ s, tg = 85, t w = - 5, : ;; KF ln t z d - ( Q/ W d ) 37 - (169000/ 12500) tz d - ( Q/ W x ) ln KF = ( 1/ W x ) - (1/ W d ) = 37 - ( / 5454) ( 1/ 5454 ) - (1/ ) = 13400J/ ( sk) 293
308 = = 1.7 Qr = 0.5MJ/ s r W2 r = W rx = = 9100J/ ( sk) W1 r = W rd = 12500J/ ( sk) Wr x/ Wr d = 9100/ = 0.73 r = = 0.72 (5.31) Qn ( Qn = 0.3, Q B n o = 0.78) Q n = ( ) = 0.34, Qn = 340kJ/ s : ( ) t2 g = 59, Qr1 = 325kJ/ s, ( ) t2 h = 31.8, Qr 2 = 175kJ/ s, t h = 17.8, tz = 24 3.,, W W= cg= Q j n + Q g r tr - tl (5.34) tr - t j z t j g - t j h (5.34) tw = tw j, 294
309 ( ) t j gn = 70, Q j n/ ( t j g - t j h ) = Qn / ( tgn - thn ) = GnG> Gn,, ( 5.34 ) Gn W Q x r = Q g r t j z - t x tr - tx (5.35) t j h t j h = t j hn - ( Q x r/ W ) (5.36) W 2 r W2 r = Q g r/ ( tr - t x ) (5.37) tr, t x, t j hn t j h t x r,,, Q d r, Q s r Q s r = Q d r - Q x r (5.38) (5.38), ( xr = 2.0 ), Q x r,, G> Gn (, ), G, t j gn, tr, t j z, t j g t j gn = t j g - ( Q s r/ W ) (5.39) t j g n 4 295
310 tr,,,,,,, :,??,,??,??,, : Qj, Qf, ( ) Q Q j,,, Qf Qj 15% 18% Q,,,, (),,, 296
311 5.8,,,, Qj, Qf = Qj / Q (5.40) (5.40),,, , 110/ 70, 150/ 70, < 1,, (),,,, 297
312 2.,,,,, ( ),,,, 3.,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,??, 5.9 ( Q ) ( tg, th, tc ) 298
313 hd, hr abcdef ghija 5.9, < 1,, Q, ( MPa)0.12MPa ;,,, ( MPa), Qrc ( ),,, 5.9Qr j efghijke,, Qr j, t w c,1 299
314 Qrc, dekjld, t wc,1, t wc, 2 Qrc Q rg, cdl mc, t wc,2, Qqg, 1, bcmnb 2 Qqg, 2, abna, (),,, t wc, 3, Q rj t wc,3 t w, k j,, 0.12MPa, 104,, 94; 0.25MPa, 127,, 117 tw q > tw > tw c, 1, 0.12 MPa tw c, 1, 5.9, 94,, ( ), t wc,1 > t w > t wc,3, 0.12MPa 0. 25M Pa,, tc th, ( t w c, 1 ) : 0. 12M Pa0.25MPa, kj/ kg, 3%,,, 300
315 , 5.9, ek, pr t w c,3 > tw > t w, 0.25 M Pa,,, (3.19) = 1 b + (1/ ) m1 = 0, ( 3.22 ) = W m 2 s Ws Ws (5.41) m2,, Ws ( ),, Qr d Qr d = Ws ( tq - th ) (5.42) tq, tq = 127 t w, th,, Q rd 5.9 Qr d jk 0.25MPa,, 117,, 5.9 rs MPa, , , 5.9, t wc,1,,, t w = t wc,2, 301
316 , p u u q t g ( ), th tg,, ( ),,,, : ;, N Q = Qi (5.43) i = 1 Qz Q; Qi i ; Qz ; Qz i i N = Qz i (5.44) i = 1,,, 5.5 :, tw = tw j ( t g = 70 ),, 302
317 tw j (, ),,,, (,, ) t w t w,,,, t w t w j, : 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 3., t w t w,,,,, 303
318 , ( ),,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),, 3.,,, 304
319 ,,,,,,, , , (10 11 ) ,4 5 (10 11 ) , ,4 5 (10 11 ) 6, ; 23 24, 4 5 6, ,,,,,, : 1.,,,,, 305
320 5.10 1, 2, 3, 4 6 7, 8, 9 12, 1324, 25,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, ( ), ( ), N= min (1 - tl n/ tcq ) (5.45) 306
321 N ; tln ; tcq (5.45), tl n/ tcq, ( ),,, tln, ( ), tln, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,, WTF; Q: n WT F = Q/ N i (5.46) i = 1 Ni i 307
322 ,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 308
323 ,,, :,, : (1 ) :,, (2 ) :, (3 ) :,,, (4 ) :,,,,,,, 307
324 ,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, ;,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 308
325 , 3.,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,, 309
326 , 10% 20%,, : (1 ),,, (2 ), ;, (3 ) ( 6.1, 6.2 ),,,,,, 6.1 ( ) ( ) 1 DBY , DBL , , (BA 2 ) XQD , , (010mA) XWD , , DXS , BA KGD , , , % 6, ,
327 6.2 ( ) ( ) 1 D971X 1 4,000 4, RH DCU UP ,500 9, DBY , RH CWS ,300 1, , , % 7, ,135 : 6.1, (DDC) 6.1,,, ( PID ),, ( ), (),,,, DDC 311
328 , 6.1 DDC (), ( )( ),, DDC ( ) / ( A/ D),,, ( P ID, ),,, / (D/ A), ( 312
329 ),,, / DDC DDC 2. ( SCC) DDC 6.2 SCC,,,, DDC, 6.2 SCC SCC,,, DDC SCC,,,, 286, , 6.3, 313
330 , MIS, SCC 6.3,,,,,,, MIS,,,, 386, ,,, DDC, 314
331 ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ( ) CRT 315
332 1., :0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, ( ) 1001, (), ( D ) D3 D2 D1 D0, D3 D2 D1 D0 = D D D D0 10 0,, D3 10 3, D0 10 0, 2.,,, ( B ) B3 B2 B1 B0 = B B B B0 2 0,1001,, = 9 3. (H ) : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A ( 10 ), B ( 11 ), C ( 12 ), D ( 13 ), E ( 14 ), F (15) 316
333 H3 H2 H1 H0 = H H H H0 16 0, : (1 ) B ( B ) = ( ) ( ) 16 0 = 9 CH ( H ) 8 8 (8, 16, 24, 32 ), 2, 4, 6, 8 (2 ),,,, 4. (1 ),,, :1101 B = = 13 D B( Binary) D ( Deci mal) H ( Hex cadecimal) : (2 ) : 13 D 132 = 6 1 () 62 = = = 0 1 () : 1101 B 317
334 5., 0-15, , , 1111, , () , , 1 :5-3 = 5 + ( - 3 ) =?, 3-3? 1, , 1, , : ( - 3 ) , 318
335 1, 6. (1 ),, 0 : 1 :, ;,, n, n n - 1, 8, : ( ) : ( ) ( ), , 16 32, (2 ),, ( ) (),,, 24 : ,, : 8 319
336 ,,, 1, 8, 3 4 3, - 1.5, : ( ) () 1, 7, 1, (, ), : x = - ( ) = - 1.5,
337 ,, 0.5( ), ( ) () 0,, - 1, 1, x = = ,,,,,, ( ) N ( 6.5 ), N, N,,
338 8 16, 8 16, 1971 INTEL , , 5000 / /, , , 20MHz 50MHz, (, ), 4M,,, 2. :, (1 ), CPU, 322
339 ,,,,,, CPU,,, (2 ),,, ( ),, 1 0, CPU ;, CP U I/ O ( ),,,,,,,, ROM,, EPROM ( RAM),,, (3 ), I/ O ( CPU ), :, CR T, 323
340 , ( ) A/ D(/ ) D/ A(/ ),, (4 ),,, CP U,,, 16, 2 16 = 64K( B) ; 20, 2 20 = 1M, 1M CP U 3.,,,, 20% 30%, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,, 324
341 ,, ( ),,,,,,,, BASIC FOR TRAN PROLOG (2 ),,, :, ; ; CPU CPU ;,, DOS,,,,, 325
342 ( ) DBASE,,, (),, 1976,, ( ), CPURAMROM ( EPROM), / I/ O ( A/ D ), ,, 50, INTEL MCS 51MCS 96, NEC 78AD 6.4,,,
343 6.7 MCS51 MCS96 78AD CP U PD78C11A PD78C12A ROM 4K 8 EPROM 4K8 8K8 RAM I/ O ( ), 85( ) ( ) A/ D / / 10 / / MCS51 CP U 8751, I/ O, A/ D D/ A,,,,, RH DCU RH DCU MCS 51, /,,,, 327
344 ,,,, DCU6242, DCU4221, DCU CW5000, DCU CW ;, 4, DI AI DO AO DI, ( ) DO, ( ) AI, AO, 4, RH DCU UP6242,, 24 ( 24 ) RH DCU DI AI DO AO RAM ROM 1 UP K( ) 32 K 2 UP K( ) 32 K 3 UP K( ) 32 K 4 UP K( ) 32 K 5 UW K( ) 32 K 6 UW K( ) 32 K 7 CF K( ) 16 K 8 CF ( ) 32 K 9 CW 2210Q K( ) 32 K 10 CW K( ) 32 K 328
345 11 CW K( ) 32 K : U P, U W, CW, CF ( ) RAM, ( ) STD STD 1978,,, STD S TD PC, STD XT STD 56,,,, mm 2, A/ D ( CPU ROM RAM) D/ A A/ D I/ O,, 6.8,, 6.9, 3, V12V 329
346 STD,,, A/ D D/ A , 2, 3,,, ;,,,, ;,,, A/ D,,, D/ A 1. D/ A, n 330
347 ,,, D/ A D/ A, D/ A, D/ A D/ A,,, T R 2 R, 1, 0, , 6.11 ( b), D 2 R V r,, ( c), O V O VO = VD = 2 R 2 R + 2 R V r = 1 2 V r ( 6.1) 0100, c 2 R 331
348 6.11 Vr, (), O V O V O = 1 4 V r, 0010, VO = 1 8 V r ; 0001, V O = 1 16 V r, V = B B B B 0 V r ( 6.2) B3 B2 B1 B0 n, 2 n, 1, : V = n V r ( 6.3) D/ A DAC DAC DAC, 332
349 8, 10V, V = 39mV 2. A/ D A/ D, ADC, : ADC,, ADC A/ D,,,,, A/ D (1) K1, V in,, Vou t Vout = - 1 RC T 1 Vin dt = V A ( 6.4) 0 V1 T 1 Vin, 333
350 V1 = 1 T 1 V A = - 0 T 1 Vin dt ( 6.5) 1 T 1 V1 ( 6.6) RC, RC (2) T1, K1, K2 K3, Vin V r K2 K3 Vin,, (),, T 2, Vout = V A - (6.7 ) ( 6.6), 1 RC T 2 V r dt = 0 0 VA = 1 RC V r T 2 ( 6.7) T 2 = - (6.8 ), T2 T 1 V1 = K V1 ( 6.8) V r V1 T 2, T 2, ( A/ D),, T1,, 334
351 ,,,,,,,,, () 40% 70% 60%, :,,,,,,,,,, 335
352 1.,, 60 %,,, ( ), 2.,,, 1 %,, 0100, 1% 1, 010, 1 0.1,,, 3.,, 4., ( ) ( ),,,, : 336
353 1., 010mA 420mA;, 02V 05V 010V AI ( ), A/ D,, 02V, ,, 010mA, 6.13, mA, 6.14, 100, , 1mA mA DDZ mA DDZ 337
354 V V V 2. ( ) :
355 , A/ D, DI ( ) ,,,, 6.19, 4mA( 750),,,, PN,,,
356 ,,,,, t ( ) 6.6 R () ,, mA, 4mV,,, 0 5V 420mA,,,, 2. PN PN PN 100mV/,,, AD590,, ,, 05V,
357 ,, B ( ) (25 ), TX TZ, 6.20, 6.21 TX, TZ, TX 6.21 TZ 6.22 a 341
358 6.22 ( a) ( b ) (c) (: ),, ( 6.22 ( b) ) (6.22 ( c) ),,,,,, 1020k,, 100k,,,,,,,, 100A, 0.01mW,,,, 342
359 , ( a), ( b) 5V, 555 R C, D1, D2, C, 555, 7 0, D1, C D2 Rt 555 7, C,555,, R Rt,, 555 T 2 T1, Rt R, Rt/ R = T 2/ T 1, Rt t 4. 0, f 0 = 9980 khz; 100, f 100 = kHz, 1 900Hz,
360 () ( Hz) ( ) ( s) SQT BZ SQT QZ ,,,, 4,, 6.24,, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, e ( ), 4,, R1 R4,, e, :,,, 510V,,,,,, 10100mV,,, 344
361 ,, 15V, 500; 010mA 420mA, 250; 15kHz, 0 5V, 1015mA , D 4, M Pa, 1 0.2, 59V ;, V , 0.2 % 0.01 % 0.04% ( 1) 345
362 ,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),, 1. (1 ),,, 6.26 ( 6.27 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,, G E : G = D E 4 BM sint 108 cm 3 / s ( 6.9) 346
363 6.26 1, 2, 3 G, cm 3 / s; E, V ; , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 BM, Gs; ; t; D( ), cm DBM G, E ( 010mA 420mA),, 30m, (2 ) :, 347
364 , 00.3m/ s 0 10m/ s 2.5mm 2.4m 010mA 420mA,, 0.5 % - 2.5%,,,, 1m/ s, 1%,,, ( ),, ( ) (1 ) ( ),,,,, 6.28 (,, h l h/ l 348
365 ), f ( ) : f = St v 1 d v1, m/ s; d, m; Hz (6.10) St ( Strouhal), d Re = , St, ; f, Hz D( mm), v ( m/ s), F F1 ( m 2 ), m = F1/ F, f = St v Hz (6.11) d m G f G = 4 D2 d m St f = Kf m3 / s (6.12) K,, m 3 ( SHz), K ;, K 349
366 K,, St = 0.21,,, ;, St = 0.18,,, ;,, St = 0. 16,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,, 24V DC10%, 12V DC5% (2 ), :,, ( ),,,,,, 1 %, 0.5%, 350
367 3., ( ), 40,, (,, 1 ),,,,,,,,,,, : , 2 ( ),, h,,,, 2 L1 + 2 L2 + L3, ;,,, c, t +, t -,, f = f + - f - = (1/ t + ) - 351
368 6.29 1, 2, 3, 4 (1/ t - )v D f : v D = v K = D Ksin v, v D Re, m/ s; Kv/ vd K = v v D c, m/ s; 352 D, mm; 2 ct0 cos 3 f (6.13) D,,, = Re (6.14) 3 ;
369 t0,,, f, vd, G, ( ) f, 420mA 0100Hz 420mA, V, 0100Hz, 0100Hz,,,,, f x, K, G = K f x,,, 25mm3m,, 100, 1.0%,,,, 1. ( ) ( ),,,,, 353
370 ,,,,, DO,,,, ( ), ( ) 2., ;,, ( ) ( ),,,,, :,,,,,, A/ D,, 354
371 ,,, RS 232C, RS 422,,,, bit/ s ( / ),,,,, RS 422,,,,, bit/ s, 1 km, ( Mbit/ s ) 6.30 ( ), 355
372 6.30 ( ),,,, (, ),,, 300Hz3400Hz,,, 1070Hz 0, 1270Hz
373 6.31-5V, + 5V RS 232C, RS 232C - 12V, 1270Hz RS 232C + 12V,,, 1070Hz
374 1070Hz, 1070Hz, 1070Hz,, 1270Hz, 0, 1,, RS 232C, 1N 1.,,,,,,, N RS 232C,, D2,, 358
375 D4, D3, J, 20mA 0,,,,, J,, J, D5,,,, 10 km, 300bit/ s1200bit/ s 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 359
376 ,, PC, PC,,, ;, PC : ; ; ; ; PC, 3Com 3 +, Datapoint ARCNET, IBM Token Ring Novell Netware,,, 3 + Novell DOS3.1, 6.34 PC,,,, 2.5km Novell Netware Netware, 360
377 : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ),, 361
378 6.35, ( ),,,,,, 16, ( ),, ( ),, 2.,,, 3. : 362
379 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 4.,,,,, : ; ; ; ;,,, 1.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, 363
380 ,,, 2. (1 ) ;,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (2 ), ( ),,,, (6.36),,,,,, 364
381 6.36,,,,,,,, 1 2,,,,, L L t : L = al b t % (6.15) ab 0 1, ab L, L,, th z, ; t = t hz - thi (6.16) thi,, : t = t p - t pi (6.17) tp,, ( 3.45) 365
382 ; tpi,, FOR TRAN PROLOG 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 366
383 ,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, ( ) 2.,, 1t/ h ( ),,,,, 367
384 ,,, 3.,, ( ),,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 23 2, 100 % 75%, 100% 56 % 3, 100 % 85% 75%, 100% 72% 56%, G, 1.,,,,, 368
385 ,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ) ,,,,,,, ( ),, () ( ),,, 369
386 6.37 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, DANFOSS, AMV AVD ECT601,,,,, :, (24 ) (), ( ), DANFOSS RAV,,,,,, 370
387 ,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ( ),,,,,, 6.38, () ( ),,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 371
388 6.38,,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,,,, (),,,,,,,, 372
389 , ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1m 2 1,,,,,, (20 ),,, 1. 80,,, 60/ ,
390 , , 21,2,,, , t/ h t/ h, 83.8% 92.7%, 101.6, 111.0, , , GJ/ h, , 115/ 65, 80/ 60 RH LX 386 8, LX , DCU UP 6260, DCU U P , 8, 24 16, 8 8 1, 8, 374
391 ,
392 [1],, [2] E,, [3] AA,, [4], [5] C,, [6],, [7] ( ),, [8] ( ), [9],, [10 ],, 1986 [11 ],, [12 ],, [13 ],, [14],, [15 ] IBM PC(0520 ),, [16 ],, [17 ] The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engi 376
393 neers, Inc.ASHRAE systems Handbook, chapt,14,1980 [18 ] Erwin GHanSen, Hydronic System Design and operation, New York: Mc GrawHill, 1985 [19 ] Robert Petitjean, Total Balancing,Sweden, TA,
Ps22Pdf
( ) 158 :,,,,,, : 850 1168 1/ 32 : 12 : 311 1994 1 1 1998 11 2 : 5001 10000 ISBN 7 302 01340 3/ T B 15 : 13 00 ,,, 10 7, 2 80%, : 1 ;, :, :, ;, ;, 30%,,,, 20,,,, ,,,,,,!,,,! 1992 10 1 1 11 15 27 34 34
2. (1 ) 10 ( 10 ), 20 ; 20 ; 50 ; 100 (2 ) 3, 10 ; 10 ; 30 ; 30 (3 ) 3. 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2
1. A B C D (1 ) A, A, :, ;, ;, ;, (2 ) B ;, : 28, ; 28, 60, ; 60, (3 ) C, ; ( ), : 10%, ; 10%,, (4 ) D,, 5 20,, 3000,,,,, A, D,,, 500, 50%,, 1 2. (1 ) 10 ( 10 ), 20 ; 20 ; 50 ; 100 (2 ) 3, 10 ; 10 ; 30
(94) 000043 11 38 11 8 2 2 2 3 56 17 19 25 鍀 16 MAUNG AIK YONG
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 2 4 5 8 12 8 3 24 94 B 0068511 (94) 000043 11 38 11 8 2 2 2 3 56 17 19 25 鍀 16 MAUNG AIK YONG
<C1F7CCE5C1A6D1A7D3EBC8C8B9A4BBF9B4A12DB3C2C0F12DC7E5BBAAB4F33F504446>
5,,,,,,,,,, 5.1,, N2, O2, CO2, H2 O,,, 5.1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., ta, tv t = ta = tv ( 5 1) v, a, 52 p = pa, pb, pb = pa + pv ( 5 2) pa, pv 2. (1 ) 1m 3,, v, pv t ps,, 5 1 a,,,, 5 1 a b t p s, b,,,, ps
Ps22Pdf
,, (CIP) /.:, 2006 ISBN 7-5629-2480-5... -. U415.6 CIP (2006) 160794 : ( 122 :430070 ) http: ww w.t ech book.com.cn E-mail: w u [email protected] : : :7871092 1/ 16 :12.25 :302 :2006 12 1 :2006 12 1 :12000
!!!!"#$ " " %& ( " # " " " " " "$%%& " $%% " "!!
! "##$ % % % % % % % % &#!" % % #$%& (%&!! !!!!"#$ " " %& ( " # " " " " " "$%%& " $%% " "!! ! "#!"#$ $ $ $ $ %# %& $ &# ()*$ " & %!! ! " "!! !!!!" "! #$%& "# $()*$(+, $%& ())* $% (+,-.. /-.. 0&* 0%* "!!
Ps22Pdf
1 1 1 5 10 12 13 13 16 19 26 31 33 37 38 38 49 53 60 63 79 81 81 92 112 129 132 135 144 149 150 150 155 158 1 165 178 187 191 193 194 194 207 212 217 218 223 231 233 234 234 239 245 247 251 256 259 261
(CIP) : /. :, 2003 ISBN TU767 CIP (2003) (1 : ) : * : : :
() (CIP) : /. :, 2003 ISBN 7-5045 - 3998-8... - - -. TU767 CIP (2003)097691 (1 : 100029 ) : * 787 1092 16 31. 25 678 2004 4 1 2004 4 1 : : 48.00 : 010-64929211 : 010-64911190 : http: / / www. class. com.
: (),,, (CIP) /. :, 2002.11 21 ISBN 7-5045 - 3715-2... - - - : - - - : -. TU767 CIP (2002)090133 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 23.5 583 2003 2 1 2003
: (),,, (CIP) /. :, 2002.11 21 ISBN 7-5045 - 3715-2... - - - : - - - : -. TU767 CIP (2002)090133 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 23.5 583 2003 2 1 2003 2 1 : : 38.00 : 64929211 : 64911190 : http : / / www.
,,, ( CI P) /. :, ISBN :.T U56 CI P ( 2004 ) : 122 : / E mail: mail.w hu t.ed
,,, ( CI P) /. :, 2004.8 ISBN 7 5629 2094... :.T U56 CI P ( 2004 )003590 : 122 : 430070 http:/ / www.techbook.com.cn E mail: yangxuezh@ mail.w hu t.edu.cn : : : 7871092 1/ 16 : 19 : 474 : 2004 8 1 : 2004
:,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, ISBN CIP ( 2001) : : 127, : : : ht t p: / / www. nwpup. com : :
:,,,, ( CIP ) /,. :, 2001. 8 ISBN 7 5612 1363 8............. 0342 CIP ( 2001) 027392 : : 127, : 710072 : 029-8493844 : ht t p: / / www. nwpup. com : : 787mm1 092mm : 19. 75 : 480 : 2001 8 1 2001 8 1 :
00 sirius 3R SIRIUS 3R 3RV1 0A 1 3RT1 3RH1 3 3RU11/3RB SIRIUS SIRIUS TC= / 3RV1 A 1 IEC6097- IP0 ( IP00) 1/3 IEC6097- (VDE0660) DIN VDE 06 0 AC690V, I cu 00V 1) P A n I n I cu A kw A A ka S00 0.16 0.0
-2 4 - cr 5 - 15 3 5 ph 6.5-8.5 () 450 mg/l 0.3 mg/l 0.1 mg/l 1.0 mg/l 1.0 mg/l () 0.002 mg/l 0.3 mg/l 250 mg/l 250 mg/l 1000 mg/l 1.0 mg/l 0.05 mg/l 0.05 mg/l 0.01 mg/l 0.001 mg/l 0.01 mg/l () 0.05 mg/l
80 A( Switchgear for Circuit-breakers up to 80 A Load Feeders (Motor protection circuit-breakers) 1 Contactors, Contactor combinations 2 Overload relays 3 Solid-state time relays 4 Contactor relays 5 SIKOSTART
! "! #!$$%!$$% &!!$$( # ) (
! " "!! " "!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " #$$% #$$%!!% % & %!$ ( # ) #$$% *!!% ! "! #!$$%!$$% &!!$$( # ) ( " #$ %&!#& ( )*+,* -) " " "./012 )*+ 302 4056 7+1.6 0 3*8(*/.0-96 :*+/26) -+. 80;6
é SI 12g C = 6 12 = 1 H2( g) + O2( g) H2O( l) + 286kJ ( 1) 2 1 1 H 2( g) + O2( g) H2O( l) H = 286kJ mol ( 2) 2 1 N 2 ( g) + O2( g) NO 2 ( g) 34kJ 2 1 1 N 2 ( g) + O2( g) NO 2 ( g) H = + 34kJ mol 2 1 N
SIGNUM 3SB3
SGNUM * 6, 8 6, 8 6, 8 8 : : : : ( ) Ø22mm 6, 8 6, 8 6, 8 8 : : : : ( ) 7, 10 7, 9 7, 8 : (2 /3 ) RNS ( SB) : : CES / BKS : ( / ) 10 7, 8 : (2 /3 ) RNS ( 360012K1) : : MR : 7 Ø22mm 16 16 16 16 : : : :
Ps22Pdf
) ,,, :,,,,,,, ( CIP) /. :, 2001. 9 ISBN 7-5624-2368-7.......... TU311 CIP ( 2001) 061075 ( ) : : : : * : : 174 ( A ) : 400030 : ( 023) 65102378 65105781 : ( 023) 65103686 65105565 : http: / / www. cqup.
一 项 目 基 本 情 况 项 目 名 称 厦 航 总 部 大 厦 建 设 单 位 厦 门 航 空 有 限 公 司 建 设 地 点 厦 门 市 湖 里 区 06-11 两 岸 金 融 中 心 片 区 仙 岳 路 与 环 岛 干 道 交 叉 口 西 南 侧 排 水 去 向 前 浦 污 水 处 理 厂
福 建 省 建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 ( 适 用 于 第 三 产 业 建 设 项 目 ) 项 目 名 称 建 设 单 位 ( 盖 章 ) 法 人 代 表 ( 盖 章 或 签 字 ) 厦 航 总 部 大 厦 项 目 厦 门 航 空 有 限 公 司 车 尚 轮 联 系 人 柯 云 静 联 系 电 话 2176008 邮 政 编 码 361006 环 保 部 门 填 写 收 到 报 告
; <F SA!"#$!%" & ()"*# +,$$* *&-!%" +)*.")) / 0$ $1//"!#0(*))1 ),(*!"- 2%0)" 0&!13" 44 $3"#/0,."&"$0$!%"#" 0$ &, & 5 ()"*# #,!*!0,&!%" -03),$,/" #"/*0
!""# $%&!(! )*+,!"-./ 0+, )"1" 2 3 455/ "!01, 0(0+ 677879:;?>8 BC%> 7D 5%>&E:79>F>?:? :F G@> /:8>.
Ps22Pdf
Qiche Weixiu Jichu zhishi GB/ T16739 1997,, : : : (100013 10 010 64216602) : 787 1092 1 16 : : 2001 7 1 2001 7 1 1 : 8000 : 38 00 ISBN 7 114 03987 5 U 02905 ( 1) ( 8) (11) (13) (19) (22) (30) (35) (42)
ο HOH 104 31 O H 0.9568 A 1 1 109 28 1.01A ο Q C D t z = ρ z 1 1 z t D z z z t Qz = 1 2 z D z 2 2 Cl HCO SO CO 3 4 3 3 4 HCO SO 2 3 65 2 1 F0. 005H SiO0. 032M 0. 38 T4 9 ( K + Na) Ca 6 0 2 7 27 1-9
SM-A7000 Android SM-A7009 Android SM-A700F Android SM-A700FD Android Galaxy A7 (2015) SM-A700FQ Android SM-A70
SM-A3000 Android 5.0 2.3 SM-A3009 Android 5.0 2.3 SM-A300F Android 5.0 2.3 SM-A300FU Android 6.0 2.6 Galaxy A3 (2015) SM-A300G Android 5.0 2.3 SM-A300H Android 5.0 2.3 SM-A300HQ Android 5.0 2.3 SM-A300M
( ) : ( ) (CIP) /.. :,003. () ISBN O4 44 CIP (00) : : 7 : 7007 : (09 ) : : :850 mm 68 mm / 3 :0.5 :60 :00 0
( ) ( ) : ( ) (CIP) /.. :,003. () ISBN 7 56 448 0.... O4 44 CIP (00) 007344 : : 7 : 7007 : (09 )8493844 : www.nwpup.com : :850 mm 68 mm / 3 :0.5 :60 :00 003 3 :0 006 000 :3: 00 00, ( ),,,,,,,, 003 8 (
( ),,,, ( ), (CIP) ( ) /,. :, 2005.2 ISBN 7 5612 1900 8.... TH122 CIP (2005) 005859 : : 127 :710072 : 029 88493844, 88491757 : : : 850 m
( ) ( ),,,, ( ), (CIP) ( ) /,. :, 2005.2 ISBN 7 5612 1900 8.... TH122 CIP (2005) 005859 : : 127 :710072 : 029 88493844, 88491757 : www.nwpup.com : : 850 mm1168 mm 1/ 32 : 13.25 : 460 : 2005 4 1 2005 4
五花八门宝典（一）.doc
BBS...5... 11...23...26...31...46...49...54...55...57...59...62... 110... 114... 126... 132... 149 I "108" 1 2 3 4 BBS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M ( ) Kg S ( ) A ( ) K (
#$%&% () % ()*% +,-. /01 % + (/) " " " 2- %** -340 $%&% 5!$%&% () % ()*% +,-. /01 % + (/) " " " 2- %** -340 /64 7%,(8(, *--9( ()6 /-,%/,65 :$%&
! " "!! " "!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " #$$% & ()*+,-.(*/!0%1 23)4-(4 5).67*(*8. #$$%!9 #$$% #!$1#$!1 #9 19 :9 %; :< #$$% = 0!$ ; = : : : = 1 % #!9 #$%&% () % ()*% +,-. /01 % + (/) " " " 2- %**
Ps22Pdf
(3 ) ,,, ;,, (CIP) /. 3. :, 003. 11 () ISBN 75610994.... TB301 CIP (000) 75084 : : 17, :71007 :09-8493844 : www.nwpup.com : : 787 mm1 09 mm 1/ 16 : 1.5 : 509 : 1997 10 1 003 11 3 5 : 15 000 : 7.00 : (,,,
:13: 年第 1 期!"#$%&' ]= F7 P 4, K, T T F W J NJ K Y2 CW C S = S U 7
![:13: 年第 1 期!#$%&' ]= F7 P 4, K, T T F W J NJ K Y2 CW C S = S U 7](/thumbs/96/127194360.jpg ":13: 年第 1 期!#$%&' ]= F7 P 4, K, T T F W J NJ K Y2 CW C S = S U 7")
2017-12-21 16:13:44 http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1317.f.20171221.1609.020.html 2018 年第 1 期!"#$%&' ]= F7 P 4, K,T T F WJ NJ KY2 CW C S = S U 78 C K G C 78 WK Sb; \ 7*" ()*KK7878 F +,-./ 01 0/ *+./.QR
中华人民共和国海关进出口税则
! " " # $!"#$%&# &(%)$ *+, -.(%)$ /*)011 %1 $23 43%(536# 73("8509 %1!20+* %& ()& *+),-. +/ 01 *234+53 *+-46+7 *+-),4,+-3 8(93 (-) :&.27(4,+-3 ;(? %&4(,7&) *234+53 %24,&3 8&@,&) +- *+55,33,+-
試料分解と目的元素精製法_2010日本分析化学会
H2007T(10:3011:00) ICPAES,ICPMS 22416 http://www.caa.go.jp/safety/pdf/100419kouhyou_1.pdf http://www.caa.go.jp/safety/pdf/100419kouhyou_1.pdf 2010-07-28 Cd0.4 ppm232 * CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev.3-2007 Web
<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20365F32303131B0E6D2FDD6A4B1A8B8E6B2E5D2B3>
2011 年 版 中 国 引 证 报 告 ( 扩 刊 版 ) 中 国 科 技 术 信 息 研 究 所 北 京 万 方 据 股 份 有 限 公 司 2011 年 版 中 国 引 证 报 告 ( 扩 刊 版 ) 主 任 编 委 贺 德 方 副 主 任 编 委 陈 家 昌 蒋 勇 青 郑 彦 宁 张 玉 华 宋 培 元 主 编 曾 建 勋 副 主 编 潘 云 涛 赵 捷 编 写 人 员 王 立 李 旭 林
福 建 省 建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 ( 适 用 于 生 态 型 建 设 项 目 ) 项 目 名 称 宁 宝 公 园 配 套 工 程 建 设 单 位 厦 门 市 集 美 区 建 设 局 ( 盖 章 ) 法 人 代 表 邹 荣 生 ( 盖 章 或 签 字 ) 联 系 人 邓 工 联 系 电 话 0592-6106390 邮 政 编 码 361021 环 保 部 门 填 写 收 到 报
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 , 2 3 1 2 20cm 40cm 2-3m 3 4 5 5cm 1% 8 9 1.05 1.25 16 22 1.0 2.5 8 4 90 95 25 8 10 1.2 1.45 19 28 3 5 8 4 90 95 15 8 10 1.10 1.20 18 24 1 2.5 4 95 30 8 12 1.2 1.4 22 30 3 5 4 95 20 8 12
SS4-AVP203-0100
SS4AVP03000 ( 版 ) SVP3000 Alphaplus 使 用 FOUNDATION 现 场 总 线 的 远 程 型 智 能 阀 门 定 位 器 AVP03/AVP04 型 概 述 SVP3000 Alphaplus AVP03/AVP04 型 是 使 用 FOUNDATION 现 场 总 线 的 智 能 阀 门 定 位 器 开 度 传 感 器 与 定 位 器 本 体 分 离, 开
zt
38 ! "# $%%&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " $# $%%&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (# $%%&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ) &# $%%&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "( # $%%&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6 ),, A B C X 4,,,,,,,, (CIP) /,. :, ( / ) ISBN R96-44 CIP (2004) : / : :
( ) ( ) 6 ),, A B C X 4,,,,,,,, (CIP) /,. :,2004.5 ( / ) ISBN 7-81060 - 374-4............ - -.R96-44 CIP (2004) 020654 818 : 200433 / : 021-65493093 : 787 1092 1/ 16 : 20.25 : 496 2004 5 1 2004 5 1 :13
"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! " " ! " % & ( ) *+, *+- *+. *+/ *+0 *+1 *+2 *+3 *+4 *+5 *6, *6- *6. *6/ *60 *61 *62 *63 *64 *65 % *7,
31! "68 9,+"):, ), 6+:,:4)D),M (*<: 7 *,; %*8 & 3/,:;6. #(*"6* <:7;67 = = 3B33 32/.! ><? 3! / 3H1= & " >< & & A)(4 = B & & 32/. 0
! 3 4!! $ 3!!!! 3%%%&5 $!!! 3%%36%!!!, 36 366%, 782/9 :80/;8,!!! "#$%& $()*#+ *& ) %, +($-( *& &*./( 3! ?/@A 82B 3 4!! CD> E/02B@F-/ $!"#"$ %$& #()*#")*& +)*,&-*)./0$1/$ #1-21301$$*013 4.01356# 7108$*.0"&
<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20BBB7C6C0B1A8B8E6CAE9D7CAD6CA312E646F63>
天 锰 新 材 料 生 产 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 书 编 制 人 员 名 单 表 主 持 编 制 机 构 : 重 庆 市 环 境 保 护 工 程 设 计 研 究 院 有 限 公 司 编 制 主 持 人 职 ( 执 ) 业 资 登 记 ( 注 册 证 ) 姓 名 专 业 类 别 格 证 书 编 号 编 号 肖 骏 0008882 B31060080400 化 工 石 化 医 药 类 本 人
(CIP) /. :,2001 ISBN TU CIP (2001) : : 16 : : ( 0531 ) : w w w.lkj.c om.c n : jn-publi c.sd
(CIP) /. :,2001 ISBN 7-5331-3005-7... - -. TU723. 3-44 CIP (2001) 061636 : : 16 :250002 : ( 0531 ) 2065109 : w w w.lkj.c om.c n : sdkj @ jn-publi c.sd.c ninfo.ne t : : 16 :250002 : ( 0531 ) 2020432 : :
Ps22Pdf
,, 19,, 1834,,,,, :,,,, - 1 1862, 1879 20 20,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),, 2 ,,,,, 9 : (1 ) :,,,,, 9195% (2 ) : ( ) - - -,, 3 : PN,, (4 ) : (5 ): (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) (9 ),,, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 20,
#!$ %" & ( &)*+,((&-,./ )01,+2 ( /., )>2/ 80;2 +&,($ J &( > =.>? =0+ 9, *,0*., 0= )>2/ 2> &02($ J &( > A.;, % 9 > )>* 0= &2 9, )&11.,
#$$%!&$!#$! $!!$!#$!$$!!$ $( )) *#( )!& #+!,+!-+ ##+ " $( )) #) #% #* # % & &% &- )! %$ %,#,& *$! )"./.0." " " " %!$" 0./00 &!( 0" N9 625A>26( ( ( ;4L 25G9L( ( (!!!)" /000.!% #$" 0.0// &#(." 9E94 D: #!(
<4D F736F F D20C4EAB2FACCABD1F4C4DCB5E7B3D8D3A1CBA2C9E8B1B CCD7CFEEC4BF2E646F63>
建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 项 目 名 称 : 年 产 太 阳 能 电 池 印 刷 设 备 100 套 建 设 单 位 ( 盖 章 ): 苏 州 迈 为 科 技 股 份 有 限 公 司 编 制 日 期 : 2016 年 7 月 江 苏 省 环 境 保 护 厅 制 0 建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 编 制 说 明 建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 由 具 有 从
zt
" # $ % & ( ) " * " ) " % & + ( &, -. % & ( & # $ ( + - " " #$ %%&&& " ()( * %&+# %, %- % #&&# + % #&&# + %./01 ( 2 )&--+ 2 ) 2 -, 3#$4 "#$%& (#)"* # +,-- (#&. / " "#$%& (#)"* # 01&+%$"&2 (#&. / 33 33
Persuasive Techniques (motorcycle helmet)
M O D E A T H E E L E M E N T S O F A N A R G U M E N T 1n t h l s t e s t i m o n y g iv e n b e f o r e t h e M a ry l a n d Se n a t e t h e s p e a ke r m a ke s a s t r o n g c l a i m a b o u t t
<3935BCC6A5D2C1CDB6D52E747066>
95 指 定 科 目 考 試 數 學 甲 趨 勢 分 析 95 指 定 科 目 考 試 數 學 甲 解 析 大 公 開 4 95 指 定 科 目 考 試 數 學 乙 趨 勢 分 析 1 95 指 定 科 目 考 試 數 學 乙 解 析 大 公 開 13 發 行 人 : 李 枝 昌 執 行 編 輯 : 蔡 孟 秀 張 龍 慧 美 術 編 輯 : 蔡 雅 真 發 行 所 : 康 熹 文 化 事 業 股
cm kpa mm Hg kpa mm Hg cm m A A M H R H A A B A B A B H F g dl HbO H b O g ml ml g ml ml gml ml g S S S S Hz Hz Hz S S S cm cm cm cm cm PCG S S S S S M T P secs T S A P A P A P sec A P sec A P A
untitled
2007 12 1 2 SIRIUS 3 4 5 6 2 2/2 3SB3 2/4 3SB3 2/5 3SB3 2/5 2/7 2/10 2/11 2/13 3SB3 2/14 3SB3 2/15 3SB3 2/17 3SB37 SIRIUS 3SB3 3SB3 (/) (/) (/) () Ø22mm (/) (/) (/) () 23 RONIS (/) (SB30) () 23 OMR (/)
Ps22Pdf
,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) 1902,, 1906 1 ,,,,,,, :,, ;,,, :,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 2 ,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,, :, 3 ,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, 4 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 :,,, ( 1 ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ),, ( 3 ), : : : : : : : : : :
建设项目环境影响报告表
建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 ( 试 行 ) 项 目 名 称 : 年 产 水 处 理 及 净 水 设 备 饮 水 机 及 相 关 配 件 4500 万 套 建 设 单 位 ( 盖 章 ) 碧 然 德 净 水 设 备 ( 江 苏 ) 有 限 公 司 编 制 日 期 : 2016 年 6 月 江 苏 省 环 境 保 护 局 制 建 设 项 目 环 境 影 响 报 告 表 编 制 说 明 建
,, : ;,,, (CIP) /. :, 005. ISBN TB301 CIP (005) : : 17, : : ( 09 ) : : : 787 mm1 09 mm 1/ 16 : 5.75
,, : ;,,, (CIP) /. :, 005. ISBN 7 561 1901 6.... TB301 CIP (005) 007098 : : 17, : 71007 : ( 09 )8493844 : www.nwpup.com : : 787 mm1 09 mm 1/ 16 : 5.75 : 630 : 005 1 005 1 : 8. 00 ( ) 1,,,,,,, 80100,,,,,,
! "# $! ""# %& %! ($)& ($*$ + "# &*, ""# & &! ) *! $ "#! (- ((! %-,- %- $- %
!""# $$!% & ()*+,-. )/ (0-,12* 3,2404*45 )/ 67*8-40), 9)80-. 9805,85 :); & & & & & & & &?" & @ & $ A$ B $ #!""# " B """$ B "C & & $ #" $#%! $ " E F+-84085!!""# B "# B!$ $# C
UDC
Technical specification for safety operation of construction machinery JGJ 33 2001 J 119 2001 2001 1 Technical specification for safety operation of construction machinery JGJ 33-2001 : :2001 11 1 2001
Ps22Pdf
,, 19,, 1834,,,,, :,,,, , 1862, 1879 20 20,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,, , ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 9 : (1 ) :,,,, , 91 95% (2 ) : ( ) - - -,, (3 ) : PN,, (4 ) : (5 ) : (6 ) : (7 ) (8 ) (9 ),,, :,,,,,,,, ;,, ,,,,,
untitled
[] [] [] 15.1 1 2 Cu 2+ 2e=Cu Zn 2+ 2e=Zn 2H + 2eH 2 Cu2e=Cu 2+ Ni2e=Ni 2+ 2OH 2e=H 2 O 1/2O 2 2Cl 2e=Cl 2 1 1. 2. 15.2 z+ ze l H 3 O + e 2 1 H 2 O 2a H 2 O e 2 1 OH 2b O 2 2H 2 O 4e4OH 3 z+ ze 4 z+ (zh)e
:51 P"QR$ S TUVW" XY%! " () H P ZS[\I]^_ `agh" bc HQR ] P"S () b c! = "
![:51 PQR$ S TUVW XY%! () H P ZS[\I]^_ `agh bc HQR ] PS () b c! =](/thumbs/101/149254072.jpg ":51 PQR$ S TUVW XY%! () H P ZS[\I]^_ `agh bc HQR ] PS () b c! =")
2013-12-03 09:51 http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5370.d.20131203.0951.010.htm! P"QR$ S TUVW" XY%! " () H P ZS[\I]^_ `agh" bc HQR ] P"S () b c! = " # $ H Q R HQR=$ " Q R Z / Z " B Q R = $ 6 9HXY QR N%
33219.nps
第 三 章 健 身 锻 炼 与 方 法 第 一 节 怎 样 发 展 力 量 素 质 力 量 素 质 是 人 们 日 常 生 活 生 产 劳 动 和 体 育 锻 炼 所 必 需 的 素 质, 我 们 可 以 通 过 不 同 的 手 段 和 练 习 方 法 来 发 展 不 同 的 力 量 一 发 展 静 力 性 力 量 静 力 性 力 量 主 要 特 点 是 锻 炼 时 肢 体 不 发 生 明 显 的
"" # # %& %& % ( ( " ) ) )&
"" # # %& %& % ( ( " ) ) )& *) *) ( # # & "& # * &# )* * * " " # "# " ## " #%# " # " # &# " # ( ")" % & % % " " # " ")" " # # % # " # & " ")" # # # " " # # " " "# " " " # # " " # " ( " " ")" % & " " %
1 1 1.1 1 1.1.1 1 1.1.2 2 1.1.3 3 1.2 3 1.2.1 3 1.2.2 4 1.2.3 5 1.2.4 5 1.2.5 6 1.3 8 1.3.1 8 1.3.2 10 1.3.3 10 1.3.4 11 1.3.5 11 1.4 12 1.4.1 12 1.4.2 15 1.4.3 16 2 18 2.1 18 2.1.1 18 2.1.2 20 2.1.3 24
3 = 90 - = 5 80 - = 57 5 3 3 3 = 90 = 67 5 3 AN DE M DM BN ABN DM BN BN OE = AD OF = AB OE= AD=AF OF= AB=AE A= 90 AE=AF 30 BF BE BF= BE= a+b =a+ b BF=BC+CF=a+CF CF= b CD=b FD= b AD= FC DFC DM=
1-1 + 1 + + 2 + + 3 + 4 5 + 6 + 7 8 + 9 + 1-2 1 20000 20000 20000 20000 2 10000 30000 10000 30000 3 5000 5000 30000 4 10000 20000 10000 20000 5 3000 3000 20000 6 3000 3000 20000 7 5000 15000 8 5000 15000
DLU-5490N-7-WB/CP-160 1
DLU-5490N-7 DLU-5490N-7-WB/CP-160 DLU-5490N-7-WB/CP-160 1 2 SC-800 CP-360 CP-160 CP-60 3 CP-60 CP-160 CP-360 (AK) AK-85 T DLU-5490N-7/CP-160 DLU-5490N-7/PF-6/CP-160 4 5 A BA BB BC BJ BM BW BX C CA B1524-491-AB0
7;$!!""#!" $"! % & ()* +(!""" %(,-.)/)!""" 0123) 41*!""" 5(1*6!""" 421(!""" 421(!"""!""" 9!!""" 7! 8 9 +(.) ( 0) 2(:-!""9
!. LG4>! MG>.!""+ ) J73820=G8G13=K;2E?@E4C N;4C!""+ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" "!!" #"!""" H@?73@E (### (!"," %28!""(!"," I@@?24>! $%& $ #() *+( (""("(,-(" -.,*/-,+.,-(" -.,*/-*++ 01234
zt
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!""# $!"%#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
BB.3
I IURNA L S AN S ï EK VOA ó N m 8 ç 6-8 1 园 叫团团回国 J m l ll m i h M t m t ik i E v l i P g l l A i r L i m b h - T k l ik d i K t T m g i d T r p tc P g r h P r r m P r S t d i T g r T r h d p p r b h K
( CIP).:,3.7 ISBN TB CIP (3) ( ) ISBN O78 : 3.
( CIP).:,3.7 ISBN 7 568 383 3.......... TB CIP (3) 334 3 37 ( ) 64536 www.hdlgpress.com.c 7879 6 9.75 479 3 7 3 7 45 ISBN 7 568 383 3O78 : 3. 995,.,.,.,. :,,,,.. :,,,,,,.,,,,.,,. ,,.,,,.,,,.,,,,.,.,,,
( ) 039 (CIP) /. :, ISBN TS CIP ( 2005) : : : : * ( ) : ( 010 ) / www. cip. com. cn
( ) 039 (CIP) /. :, 2005. 3 ISBN 7-5025-6678-3... -. TS211. 4 CIP ( 2005) 012222 : : : : * ( 3 100029 ) : ( 010 ) 64982530 http:/ / www. cip. com. cn * 850mm 1168mm 1/ 32 7 196 2005 4 1 2005 4 1 ISBN 7-5025-6678-3/
3978 30866 4 3 43 [] 3 30 4. [] . . 98 .3 ( ) 06 99 85 84 94 06 3 0 3 9 3 0 4 9 4 88 4 05 5 09 5 8 5 96 6 9 6 97 6 05 7 7 03 7 07 8 07 8 06 8 8 9 9 95 9 0 05 0 06 30 0 .5 80 90 3 90 00 7 00 0 3
( m+ n) a 6 4 4 4 4 7 4 4 4 48 m n m+ n a a = a 4 a 4 3 a a 4 a 4 3 a = a 4 a 4 4 a 4 == 3 = a ma na ( m+ n) a A 0 a m a n m n a m+n 0 B a m a n m n m>n a m-n C 0 (a m ) n m n a mn D (ab) n n a n b n (
<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20B1A8C5FAB8E5A3A8B9ABCABEB0E6A3A932303134303832362E646F63>
张 家 港 南 光 包 装 容 器 再 生 利 用 有 限 公 司 80 万 只 / 年 废 包 装 桶 再 生 利 用 项 目 ( 报 批 稿 公 示 版 ) 张 家 港 南 光 包 装 容 器 再 生 利 用 有 限 公 司 2014 年 8 月 本 环 评 报 告 全 本 ( 公 示 版 ) 内 容 由 北 京 中 咨 华 宇 环 保 技 术 有 限 公 司 编 制, 并 经 张 家 港 南
,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 12, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (CIP) /,. 2. :, ISBN :. TH CI P ( 2000 )44124 () ( ) : : :
2 1 () ,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 12, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (CIP) /,. 2. :,2004 21 ISBN7-313 - 02392-8............ :. TH CI P ( 2000 )44124 () ( 877 200030 ) : 64071208 : :787mm1 092mm 1/ 16 : 24 :585 2000 11 1 2004
2 伊 顿 重 型 静 液 传 动 装 置 目 录 E-TRHD-MC001-C 2011 年 7 月
重 载 荷 静 液 传 动 装 置 系 列 1 变 量 柱 塞 泵 (ACA) 和 马 达 (ACE) 定 量 马 达 (HHD) 峰 值 压 力 480 bar (7000 psi) 排 量 64-125 cm 3 /r(3.9-7.6 in 3 /r) 2 伊 顿 重 型 静 液 传 动 装 置 目 录 E-TRHD-MC001-C 2011 年 7 月 目 录 重 载 荷 静 液 传 动 ACA:
,,,, ;,, ( CG) ( CAD),, ;,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) (, ) ( AutoCAD ) (3Dmax Photoshop ) AutoCAD, ( ),, ( ), (), ( ),, 2004. 7 1 1995,,,,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ;, ;,,,,!, : ( ( ) ), ( ( ) ), ( ), ( ), (), (),