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杨焰谢
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1 39-54 (2007) JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE (49) : (2007) 39 Contesting Rescaling Taiwan s ICT Industry and the State in the Age of Globalization * Jenn-Hwan Wang Abstract This paper uses the perspective of the political economy of scale to depict the contesting issue in Taiwan regarding the dilemma of political rivalry vs. economic integration across the Taiwan Strait. By using the case of the spatial restructuring of the ICT industry its embedded and dis-embedded in Taiwan, as well as its re-embedded in China, this paper intends to analyze the Taiwanese state s reaction and its spatial strategies. It will show that the state s reaction has been self-contradictoryon the one hand, the national/populist project intends to bring the runaway economy under its control, while on the other hand the glocal state strategy aims to embrace the globalization tendency. This paper contents that the state s national/populist project overrules the glocal state strategy, as a result the ICT industry has become re-embedded in China even further as the contesting of scale continues. Keywords: spatial restructuring, scale, the state, ICT, Taiwan. * Distinguished Professor, Graduate Institute of Development Studies, National Chengchi University.

By using the case of the spatial restructuring of the ICT industry its embedded and dis-embedded in Taiwan, as well as its re-embedded in China, this paper intends to analyze the Taiwanese state s

2 % % ( 2006) (scale) ( ) % % 1996 ( 2005) % 98.4% 70.1% 50% 75% ( 2006) % % 90% % % % % ( 1)

3 (Wade, 1990; Dedrick and Kraemer, 1998; Ernst, 2000; Mathews and Cho, 2000) (de-territorialization) (re-territorialize) 表 1 近年我國資訊產業概況 Table 1. The conditions of Taiwan s ICT industry (%) (%) (%) (2004) (2006) (glocal state) (Brenner, 1998) (Jessop, 2002) (national populist) (national populist)

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 302 338 399 470 428 484 568 696 809 (%) 37.4 43.0 47.3 50.9 52.9 64.3 79.1 84.4 93.

4 42 (Brenner, 1998; 2001; Brenner et al., 2003; Jessop, 2002; MacLeod and Goodwin, 1999; Swyngedouw, 1997; Mansfield, 2005) Swyngedouw (1997) ( ) Brenner et al. (2003) (the glocal state) Brenner (1998) (sub-national) (supranational) Jessop (1990) (hegemonic) (Jessop, 1990) (Hirst and Thompson, 1996; Ohmae, 1990; Leyshon and Thrift, 1997; Wade, 1996; Jessop, 2002; Weiss, 2003)

5 ( ) ( 1995; Kraemer, et al., 1996; Dedrick and Kraemer, 1998; Ernst, 2000; Hung, 2000; 2002; Kishimoto, 2004) Dedrick and Kraemer (1998) ( ) ( ) (Saxenian and Hsu, 2001) 1980 (Hobday, 2000;

6 44 Wu and Hsu, 2001) 1985 ITT (Hung, 2000) 1990 (2003) % Intel (Kanatsu, 2002) ( ) 1990 (Sturgeon, 2002; Langolis, 2003) (Langlois, 2003) Sturgeon (2002) Ernst and Kim (2002) 1990 ( ) ( )

7 (Compaq) (HP) (Dell) ( ) (Wang, 2001) ( ) % ( ) 3 % ( 2) 87% Business Week (2005) 40-80% % 2003) 表 2 核准臺商赴中國大陸投資分區統計 Table 2. Taiwan approved investment in Mainland China by area % 5,338 17, ,376 17, ,657 14, ,678 14, ,897 8, ,910 8, ,097 4, ,111 4, ,848 3, ,853 3, , , ,058 1, ,059 1, ,542 54, ,647 55, (2007)

62 4,897 8,084.2 14.73 13 76.2 9.41 4,910 8,160.4 14.65 5,097 4,402.9 8.02 14 41.2 5.08 5,111 4,444.0 7.98 1,848 3,816.5 6.95 5 29.9 3.70 1,853 3,846.5 6.90 858 1,074.9 1.96 0 0.

8 46 ( ) % (Chen, 2002) ( ) (Wang and Lee, 2007) ( ) ( 2004) ( 2004) ( ) 2005 ( 2004 Wang and Lee, 2007)

9 47 ( 2006) ( ) ( 1996) 1980 Jessop vs. vs. ( ) ( ) (Brenner, 1998; Jessop, 2002) (de-coupling) (Jessop, 1990) 1994

10 ( ) (Lawrence and Dean, 2003) ( 2006b) (global state approach) (re-articulation) (reconfiguration) (global-local) (cf. Brenner, 1998; 2001; Jessop, 2002) (Wang, 2004; cf. Martin, 1994) ( 1999 Ching, 2005; Wang, 2004) ( ) ( 2003) ( 101)

11 49 TFT-LCD ( ) 2008 GDP 3% IBM Intel Dell Microsoft HP Sony ( 2006a) TFT-LCD (spatial fix) (Wang, 2004) ( ) ( 1993 Wade, 1990)

12 % 23% 81% ( 1) ( 2002) % (82 39 ) (Chen, 2004) / (Brenner et al., 2003)

13 51 21 ( ) (1996) (2002) (2004) (1 13 ) [ ] (2003) 34: ( (2): (1993) (2006) (2006) ( ) 157: 33 [ ] (2007) 170: 31 [ ] (1995) R. O. C. Republic of Computers (2004) 36: (2006a) ( ) [ ] (2006b) 8 (12 29 ) [26 January 2007] (2005) (2006)

C. Republic of Computers (2004) 36: 23-54 (2006a) ( ) http://investintaiwan.nat.gov.tw/zh-tw/opp/inds/hq_rd.html [2007.1.

14 52 ( ) (2003) (2003) Brenner, N. (1998) Global cities, glocal states: global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe, Review of International Political Economy, 5 (1): Brenner, N. (2001) The limits to scale? methodological reflections on scalar structuration, Progress in Human Geography, 25 (4): Brenner, N., Jessop, B., Jones, M. and MacLeod, G. (2003) State/Space: A Reader, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Business Week (2005) Why Taiwan matters? Business Week Online, May 16. Chen, S. H. (2002) Global production networks and information technology: the case of Taiwan, Industry and Innovation, 9 (3): Chen, S.-H. (2004) Taiwanese IT firms' offshore R&D in China and the connection with the global innovation network, Research Policy, 33 (2): Ching, C. H. (2005) The development of economic structure: producer services and growth constrains. In: Kwok, R. Y.-W. (ed.) Globalizing Taipei: Political Economy of Spatial Development, London: Routledge, Dedrick, J., and Kraemer, K. L. (1998) Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? New York: Oxford University Press. Ernst, D. (2000) What permits David to grow in the shadow of Goliath? The Taiwanese model in the computer industry. In: Borrus, M., Ernst, D. and Haggard, S. (eds.) International Production Networks in Asia, London: Routledge, Ernst, D. and Kim, L. (2002) Global production networks, knowledge diffusion, and local capability formation, Research Policy, 31: Hirst, P. and Thomson, G. (l996) Globalization in Question, London: Polity. Hobday, M. (2000) East versus Southeast Asian innovation systems: comparing OEM- and TNC-led growth in electronics. In: Linsu, K. and Nelson, R. (eds.) Technology, Learning, and Innovation: Experiences of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Hung, S.-C. (2000) Institutions and systems of innovation: an empirical analysis of Taiwan's computer competitiveness, Technology and Society, 22: Hung, S.-C. (2002) The co-evolution of technologies and institutions: a comparison of Taiwanese hard disk drive and liquid crystal display industries, R&D Management, 32 (3): Jessop, B. (1990) State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in their Place, Cambridge: Polity Press. Jessop, B. (2002) The Future of the Capitalist State, Cambridge: Polity. Kanatsu, T. (2002) Technology, Industrial Organization and Industrial Policy: Government of South Korea and Taiwan in Information Technology Industrial Development, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York.

(2001) The limits to scale? methodological reflections on scalar structuration, Progress in Human Geography, 25 (4): 591-614. Brenner, N., Jessop, B., Jones, M. and MacLeod, G.

15 53 Kishimoto, C. (2004) Clustering and upgrading in global value chains: the Taiwanese personal computer industry. In: Schmitz, H. (ed.) Local Enterprises in the Global Economy: Issues of Governance and Upgrading, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, Kraemer, K. L., Dedrick, J., Hwang, C.-Y., Tu, T.-C. and Yap. C.-S. (1996) Entrepreneurship, flexibility, and policy coordination: Taiwan s computer industry, The Information Society, 12: Langlois, R. N. (2003) The vanishing hand: the changing dynamics of industrial capitalism, Industrial and Corporate Change, 12 (2): Lawrence, S. and Dean, J. (2003) A whole new conflict, Far Eastern Economic Review, (Dec. 18): Leyshon, A. and Thrift, N. (1997) Money Space: Geographies of Monetary Transformation, London: Routledge. MacLeod, G. and Goodwin, M. (1999) Space, scale and state strategy: rethinking urban and regional governance, Progress in Human Geography, 23 (4): Mansfield, B. (2005) Beyond rescaling: reintegrating the 'national' as a dimension of scalar relations, Progress in Human Geography, 29 (4): Martin, R. (1994) Stateless monies, global financial integration and national economic autonomy: the end of geography? In: Corbridge, S. (ed.) Money, Power and Space, Oxford: Blackwell, Mathews, J. and Cho, D.-S. (2000) Tiger Technology: The Creation of a Semiconductor Industry in East Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ohmae, K. (1990) The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, London: Fontana. Saxenian, A. and Hsu, J.-Y. (2001) The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu connection: technical communities and industrial upgrading, Industrial and Corporate Change, 10 (4): Sturgeon, T. J. (2002) Modular production networks: a new American model of industrial organization, Industrial and Corporate Change, 11 (3): Swyngedouw, E. (1997) Neither global and local: 'glocalization' and the politics of scale. In: Cox, K. (ed.) Spaces of Globalization, NY the Guilfrod Press, Wade, R. (1990) Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asia, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Wade, R. (1996) Globalization and its limits: reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated. In: Berger, S. and Dore, R. (eds.) National Diversity and Global Capitalism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Wang, J. H. (2001) Governance of a cross-border economic region: Taiwan and southern China. In: Drover, G., Johnson, G. and Tao, J. (eds.) Sub-Regionalism in China and East Asia, Commack: Nova Science Publishers, Wang, J. H. (2004) World city formation, geopolitics, and local political process: Taipei's ambiguous development, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28 (2): Wang, J. H. and Lee, C. K. (2007) Global production networks and local institutional building: the

(1996) Entrepreneurship, flexibility, and policy coordination: Taiwan s computer industry, The Information Society, 12: 215-249. Langlois, R. N.

16 54 development of the information technology industry in Suzhou, China, Environment and Planning A, 39 (8): Weiss, L. (2003) Introduction: bringing domestic institutions back in. In: Weiss, L. (ed.) States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Wu, S. H. and Hsu, F. B. (2001) Towards a knowledge-based view of OEM relationship building: sharing of industrial experiences in Taiwan, International Journal of Technology Management, 22 (5-6):

) States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-33. Wu, S. H. and Hsu, F.

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WTO 1 2 3 ( 2002b 1) (Held et al 1999) Giddens (1999 4) Tomlinson (1992 2) Beck 1 ( 1999) Beck ( 1999) Giddens (interconnectedness) ( ) (Giddens 1994 4-5) (Green 1997 130~131 2002) 1 4 ( 2002 2000 1999)