) 2) (, ) : O369 : A doi / STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS 1) LIU Chuanqi S

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1 ) 2) (, ) : O369 : A doi / STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS 1) LIU Chuanqi SUN Qicheng 2) WANG Guangqian (State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China) Abstract The granular materials are composed of a collection of discrete and solid particles, such as coarse sands and debris accumulation. Using data from experiments or based on engineering experiences, numerous models are developed to describe certain mechanical phenomena of granular materials. However, our understandings of the mechanical properties of granular materials and their physical nature remain limited. The specific mechanical properties of granular materials come from complicated processes of the energy transportation, the disordered structure in the long-range and the ordered structure in the short-range. In this paper, some developments in measuring the inherent structural characteristics, the thermodynamics, and the transformation between solid and fluid states of granular materials are discussed. A new research approach is proposed to unify the thermodynamics and the structural analysis to have a better understanding of granular materials. Key words granular materials, meso-scale structure, granular temperature, kinetics, irreversible thermodynamics (particles grains), [1-2]. 1 Stokes ) (2010CB731504) ( , , ), (IRSES ). 2) qcsun@tsinghua.edu.cn

2 Re St (ρ p d p ρ f µ f U ) (granular materials granular matter) [3-6].. (granular solids) (granular fluids)., Science 125 [7] 2009, ( ) [8] 2014, 6 [9] Nature Science Phys Rev Lett J Fluid Mech. 1. ( ) ( ). (micro shear bands) (vortex) (force chains). -- [10]. 10 [11] µ-ct (µ-computed tomography) (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) [12], (low frequency internal friction) [13] (discreet element method, DEM).. (radial distribution function, RDF) RDF 1 2 2

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4 6 719 T (hypo-plasticity) ( ). Cosserat. Jenkins [19] GDR MiDi t p I I t p 1/ γ ( γ ) Bingham [20]. ( ).. (non-equilibrium thermodynamics). (classical irreversible thermodynamics, CIT) (extended irreversible thermodynamics, EIT) EIT [21]. Coleman (internal variable), [22] Rice [23-24]. (internal variable thermodynamics, IVT). ( ). IVT CIT EIT,...,. Collins Houlsby (hyper-plasticity theory) [25-26] [27] 1978 Ogawa Multi-temperature theory of granular materials (granular temperature) T g v v v f (v ) (granular kinetics) [28-31]..

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[1] Nielsen [2]. Richardson [3] Baldock [4] 0.22 mm 0.32 mm Richardson Zaki. [5-6] mm [7] 1 mm. [8] [9] 5 mm 50 mm [10] [11] [12] -- 40% 50% 38 2 2016 4 -- 1,2, 100190, 100083 065007 -- 0.25 mm 2.0 mm d 10 = 0.044 mm 640 3 300. Richardson--Zaki,,, O359 A doi 10.6052/1000-0879-15-230 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLUID-SOLID TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A VERTICAL