【重点语法】 .doc

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1 徐琪 } 第 0 页

2 目录 讲解...2 一 时态...2 ( 一 ) 一般时态...2 ( 二 ) 进行时态...7 ( 三 ) 完成时态...10 二 被动语态...14 三 从句...17 ( 一 ) 名词性从句...17 ( 二 ) 形容词性从句 定语从句...28 ( 三 ) 副词性从句 状语从句...35 四 虚拟语气...38 } 第 1 页

3 讲解 主讲 : 徐琪 一 时态二 被动语态三 从句四 虚拟语气 一 时态 时态 (tense) 是表示行为 动作和状态在各种事件条件下的动词形式 因此, 当我们说时态结构的时候, 指的是相应时态下的动词形式 时态的类型 ( 一 ) 一般时态 ( 二 ) 进行时态 ( 三 ) 完成时态 ( 一 ) 一般时态 1. 一般现在时 2. 一般过去时 3 一般将来时 1. 一般现在时一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的性质 动作或状态的时态 1) 一般现在时的基本用法 : I. 表示现在习惯性的 经常发生的动作或存在的状态, 常 every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on Sunday 等连用 如 : We usually go to school at 7:30. } 第 2 页

4 The food tastes good. They visit their parents once a month. II. 表示客观存在及普遍真理或表示格言或警句中 如 : Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败 III. 用于报刊 新闻标题 文学评论 艺术作品等 如 : China launches a space satellite. ( 新闻标题 ) 中国发射了一颗太空卫星 The story takes place on an island during the Second World War. ( 故事叙述 ) 这个故事发生在二战时的一个岛上 2) 一般现在时的特殊用法 I. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中, 常用一般现在时代替将来时 If you fail, you should try again. 如果你失败了, 你应该再试一次 Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 一旦环境遭到破坏, 将要花数年时间来修复它 II. 在 see(to it)/make sure/make+that 分句 中, 常用一般现在时表示将来 如 : See that you finish the assignment on time. 请务必按时完成任务 Make sure that you pick me up at five. 你一定要在 5 点来接我 III. 一些表示转移 移动的动词, 如 come, go, arrive, leave, start, 可使用一般现在时, 表示安排或计划好的将来动作, 这种安排不会轻易改变 如 : The train starts at 9 o clock. 火车 9 点发车 } 第 3 页

5 Their delegation arrives here tomorrow. 他们的代表团明天到这里 IV. 一般现在时还可以用于 I hope,i bet 后面的 that 分句中, 表示将来的时间 如 : I hope you have a good time. 我希望你玩得开心 I bet it rains tomorrow. 我打赌明天会下雨 2. 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态 这种动作或状态可能只限于一次, 也可能是经常性的 如 : He went to town yesterday. 他昨天进城了 ( 一次性动作 ) The weather was warm last month. 上个月天气很暖和 When I was Young I took cold baths regularly. 我年轻时常洗冷水浴 ( 经常性动作 ) 1) 一般过去时的基本用法 I. 表示过去的动作或状态常带有如 yesterday, two days ago,last week,in l958 等时间状语以及由 when 等连词引导的时间状语从句 如 : We had a good swim last Sunday. 我们上星期天游泳游得真痛快 She suddenly fell ill yesterday. 昨天她突然病倒 II. 叙述过去连续发生的一件件事 如 : He got up early in the morning, fetched water, swept the yard and then went out to work. 他早上起得很早, 打水, 扫院, 然后出去劳动 III. 也可以表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作 如 : When my brother was a teenager, he played table tennis almost everyday. 我弟弟十几岁时, 几乎每天都打乒乓球 } 第 4 页

6 2) 一般过去时的特殊用法 I. 在条件 时间状语从句中, 表示 过去将来时 They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him. 他们说如果听到什么关于他的消息, 就通知我们 He promised me that when he went to the bookstore he would get me a copy of the Selected Stories of Lu Xun. 他答应我去书店的时候替我买一本 鲁迅小说选 II. 用于虚拟语气中 A. 在 would/had rather, would sooner, would just as soon, would prefer( 宁愿, 但愿 ) 等后面的从句中, 表示 愿望或委婉的责备 I d rather you did t take those important documents with you. 我宁愿你别带这些重要文件 They d rather I gave up the job. 他们宁愿我放弃现在这个工作 B. 在 It is(high)time(that) 后面的定语从句中, 从句的谓语常用过去式, 表示 该做而未做的事 It is time we made a decision. 我们该做决定了 It is about time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了 C. 在 wish, if, only 后面的定语从句中, 表示不可能实现的愿望 I wish I could fly. 但愿我能飞 If only I were ten years old younger! 要是我年轻十岁该多好啊! III. 表示委婉语气, 用于 want, hope, think, wonder 等词 I hoped you would give me a helping hand. 我希望你能给我帮个忙 I wondered if you could tell me directly. 不知道你能否直接告诉我 IV. 当主语的谓语动词用现在完成时时,since 引导的从句用一般过去时 } 第 5 页

7 I have lived in the house since I came to the city. 自从我来到这个城市, 我一直住在这个房子里 Great changes have taken place since I visited the city. 自我上次游览以后, 这座城市发生了巨大的变化 3. 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态, 或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态 1) 表示意愿 决定 决心 此时不论主语是第几人称, 皆用 will He will come to see you the day after tomorrow. 他后天要来看你 He will go to the technical training class every other day. 他将每隔一天到技术训练班去学习 2) 表示说话者给予听话者的将来的承诺 第一人称用 will, 第二 三人称用 shall Tell her that she shall get the money this afternoon. 告诉她今天下午她能拿到钱 3) 表示 命令 警告 威胁 某一未来行为 第一人称用 will, 第二 三人称用 shall We will report you to the police if this is true. 如果这是真的, 我们要把你报告给警察 4) 其他表示将来时的形式 : A."be going + 动词不定式 '' 多用于口语中, 常表示打算 即将 决心去做的事或可能要发生的事 如 : We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History. 我们要去参观中国历史博物馆 ( 表打算 ) Little Wang studies very hard, and he is going to try for a scholarship. 小王学习非常努力, 他将争取获得奖学金 ( 表决心 ) Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. 瞧那些云, 要下雨了 ( 表估计可能 ) The wall is going to collapse! 那墙要倒塌了? ( 即将 ) B."be about + 动词不定式 " 表示即将发生的动作 如 : The English evening is about to begin. } 第 6 页

8 英语晚会即将开始 We are about to leave,so there is no time to visit him now. 我们就要离开了, 所以现在没有时间去看他 C. "be + 动词不定式 " 表示安排或计划好了的动作等, 如 : The boys are to go to school next week. 这些男孩子下周要上学了 He and I are to meet at the Shanghai Railway Station. 他和我约定在上海火车站见面 I'm to be home before midnight. 我午夜前回家 ( 二 ) 进行时态 1. 现在进行时 2. 过去进行时 3. 将来进行时 1. 现在进行时主要用来表示现在正在进行的动作或行为 1) 现在进行时表示此时此刻 ( 说话人说话时 ) 正在进行的动作, 它并不表明这一动作从什么时候开始, 到什么时候结束 汉语常用 "( 正 ) 在 " 或 " 着 " 来表示这种时间关系 如 : What are you doing? -I'm doing some washing. 你在干什么?-- 我在洗衣服 Look! It is snowing. 瞧! 下着雪哩 She is drawing a map. 她在画一张地图 2) 现在进行时可表示现阶段正在进行着的动作, 虽然此时此刻这个动作可能并不在进行 如 : He is working on a paper. 他在写一篇论文 They are compiling a dictionary. } 第 7 页

9 他们在编一本词典 3) 现在进行时有时可表示将来发生的动作, 有 " 意图 " 或 " 打算 " 的含义 ( 用于 go,come, stay,1eave,start 等表示移动的动词 ) 如: He is coming to see you tomorrow. 他明天要来看你 They are taking the children to the zoo on Sunday. 他们星期天要带孩子们去动物园 What are you doing next Sunday? I'm going on a picnic with my wife and daughter. 这个星期天你要干什么? 我要和妻子和女儿去野餐 2. 过去进行时 1) 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作, 这一特定的时间往往须用时间状语来表示 如 : She was reading an English magazine when I came in. 我进来时她在看一本英文杂志 It was getting dark. 天黑了 We were cleaning the auditorium from 7 to 9 last night. 昨晚七点到九点我们在打扫大礼堂 2) 叙述在过去的同一时间都在进行的几个动作 I was studying at college while my brother was teaching at university. 我在上大学, 我哥哥在大学任教 3) 过去进行时可用来描写故事发生的背景 如 : It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the riverbank. it was Xier. She had just escaped from Huang Shiren's house. 那是一个漆黑的夜晚 风刮得很厉害, 雨下得很大 一个年轻妇女突然出现在河岸上 这就是喜儿 她刚从黄世仁的家里逃了出来 4)was/were going to 表示过去进行时的用法 I. 表示过去已经决定或安排要做的事情, 或根据迹象预测某事可能发生 The sun was going to shine when we started. 我们动身的时候太阳就要出来了 II. 叙述过去决定或安排要做的事, 但未能成为事实 I was going to call on you last night, but my father phoned to come. 我昨晚打算去看望你, 但是我爸爸打电话说要来 } 第 8 页

10 3. 将来进行时将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作, 或表示要在将来某一时间开始, 并继续下去的动作 1) 现在将来进行时 I. 表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作 如 : This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou. 明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中 What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? 明天上午八点钟你将做什么? We'll be watching television all evening. 我们整个晚上都将看电视 II. 表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作 如 : We'll be having tea after dinner as usual. 像通常一样, 我们晚饭后将要喝茶 The leaves will be falling soon. 树叶很快就会脱落 I'll be seeing him in the office tomorrow. 我明天在办公室会见他 III. 可以表示委婉的语气, 常附有其他信息 I ll be finishing the report. ( 附带信息 : 过一会儿你便可以拿走了 ) IV. 与一般将来时连用, 表示在将来动作之后要做的事 My summer vacation will end soon.i ll be having classes. 暑假很快就要结束了, 我要上课了 2) 过去将来进行时 I. 表示在过去的将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作 如 : He asked me what I should be doing at ten the next day. 他问我第二天十点钟我将干什么 They said that they would be expecting us the next week. 他们说他们下个星期等我们去 II. 表示在过去某一时间之后即将或按计划进行的动作 如 : He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting. 他说他不能来, 因为要开会 } 第 9 页

11 ( 三 ) 完成时态 所谓完成时就是已经完成的时态 包括 : 1. 现在完成时 2. 过去完成时 3. 将来完成时 1. 现在完成时现在完成时指过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或后果, 过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态 现在完成时由动词 have (has) + 过去分词 构成 1) 现在完成时的基本用法 I. 过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果, 着眼点在现在 常与以下几类表示时间的状语连用 : A. 不确定的时间状语 :just, before, recently, once, already 等 B. 表示频度的时间状语 :often, ever, never, sometimes, always 等 C. 包括现在时间在内的时间状语 :now, today, this month, this year 等 D. 但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用, 如 :last year, just now 等 I haven t seen him for many days. 我好几天都没见过他了 He has already mailed the letter. 他已经把这封信寄出了 The twin brother have been in the army for three years. 这对双胞胎兄弟已经参军三年了 II. 表示从过去某个时间开始, 延续到现在, 并可能继续延续下去的动作, 通常与下面表示一段时间的状语连用 : A. for+ 一段时间 和 since+ 某一时间点 但 since 连接的从句中常用表短暂动作的一般过去时 如 : I have worked here for twenty years. 我在这儿工作有 20 年了 It has been five years since he joined the army. } 第 10 页

12 他参军已经有 5 年了 B. 包括说话时刻在内的一段时间状语, 如 until/till now, by now, up to now, so far 等 如 : So far she has written five books. 到现在为止, 她已经写 5 本书了 In the past few years, China has changed dramatically. 在过去的几年, 中国发生了巨大的变化 How many pages have you covered these days? 这些天你看了多少页书? 2) 现在完成时的特殊用法 I. 用在在条件 时间状语从句中, 表示将来做某事之前先要完成的动作 强调从句完成的动作完成在主句动作之前 如 : I'll go with you when I have finished my home work. 我做完作业后就和你一块去 We'll wait here until you have Written the letter. 我们将在这里等你写完信 Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years. 我学完两午后, 懂的英语或许就会多些了 II. 现在完成时在 Itbethefirsttime(that)... 中的应用 ( time 可以用 day,week, year 替换 ) A. 在 It be the first time(that)... 这样的句型中, 如果主句动词表示的是将来时间或现在时间,that 分句中的动词用现在完成时 如 : It is the second time that I ve visited Hang Zhou. 这是我第二次游览杭州 It will be the first time I ve spoken in public. 这是我第一次在公众面前讲话 B. 如果主句动词表示的是过去时间, 从句动词通常用过去完成时 如 : It was the first time that he had been scolded by his father. 这是他第一次被父亲责备 It was the first week she had overworked. 这是她工作过度的第一周 } 第 11 页

13 III. 在 It is(has been)...since 结构中, 主句常用现在完成时, 也可用一般时 但是在 since 后面要用过去式 如 : We have been good friends since we met in 从 1980 年认识以来, 我们一直是好朋友 It is/has been over 40 years since I left the city. 我离开这个城市已经 40 年了 IV. have(has) been to 与 have(has) gone to 的用法比较 : have(has) been to 表示 去过某地 或 去干某事, 说话时此人很可能不在那里, 侧重经历 ; have(has) gone to 表示 已经去某地了 或 去干某事了, 说话时此人已不在这里, 很可能到达那里, 也有可能在路上 He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京 He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了 2. 过去完成时 1) 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作, 即 过去的过去 这个过去的时刻常用时间状语来表示, 也可以用一个过去的动作或上下文来表示 When we got there, the football match had already started. 在我们赶到时, 足球比赛已经开始了 ( 以 we got there 这一过去的动作作为时间的衡量标准 ) 2) 表示过去某一时间以前的经历 I had worked in a car factory for two years before I came here. 我来这以前在一家汽车厂工作了两年 3)hope, wish, plan, want, intend, attempt, expect 等表示 打算 计划 希望 试图 等的动词用于过去完成时时表示 本打算做而未做到 I had hoped to come to your party, but I was too busy. 我本打算参加你的晚会, 但是太忙了 3. 将来完成时将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作 经常与 before+ 将来时间或 by+ 将来时间连用, 也可与 before 或 by the time 短语引导的现在时的从句连用 By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book. 到本周末, 我将读完这本书 } 第 12 页

14 By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine. 明天这时候, 他们将修好这台机器 The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home. 到我们回家时, 孩子们将已睡了 时态真题练习 1. You haven t said a word about my new coat,brenda.do you like it? I m sorry I anything about it sooner.i certainly think it s pretty on you. A.wasn t saying B.don t say C.won t say D.didn t say 2. I wonder why Jenny us recently.we should have heard from her by now. A.hasn t written B.doesn t write C.won t write D.hadn t written 3. When will you come to see me,dad? I will go to see you when you the training course. A.will have finished B.will finish C.are finishing D.finish 4. How long at this job? Since A.were you employed B.have you been employed C.had you been employed D.will you be employed 5. By the end of last year,another new gymnasium in Beijing. A.would be completed B.was being completed C.has been completed D.had been completed 6. The little girl her heart out because she her toy bear and believed she wasn t ever going to find it. A.had cried; lost B.cried; had lost C.has cried; has lost D.cries; has lost 7. Excuse me,sir.would you do me a favor? Of course.what is it? I if you could tell me how to fill out this form. A.had wondered B.was wondering C.would wonder D.did wonder 8. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he from the university next year. A.will graduate B.will have graduated C.graduates D.is to graduate 9. I feel it is your husband who for the spoiled child. A.is to blame B.is going to blame } 第 13 页

15 C.is to be blame D.should blame 10.He has been writing the composition the whole morning and he still. A.has been B.does C.has D.is 11.If city noises from increasing,people shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A.are not kept; will have to B.are not kept; have to C.do not keep; will have to D.do not keep; have to 12.The price,but I doubt whether it will remain so. A.went down B.will go down C.has gone down D.was going down 13. How long each other before they married? For about a year. A.have they known; get B.did they know; get C.do they know; are going to get D.had they known; got 14.You can t move in right now.the house. A.has painted B.is painted C.is being painted D.is painting 15. Hey,look where you are going! Oh,I m terribly sorry.. A.I m not noticing B.I wasn t noticing C.I haven t noticed D.I don t notice 二 被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式, 用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系 英语的语态共有两种 : 主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式, 一般说来, 只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态 汉语往往用 " 被 " " 受 " " 给 " 等词来表示被动意义 ( 一 ) 情态动词的被动语态情态动词被动语态结构为 : 主语 + 情态动词 +be+ 过去分词 如 : The environment should be improved. 环境应当改善 This point must not be neglected. 这一点不容忽视 ( 二 ) 动词短语的被动语态动词短语构成的固定词组 如 depend on,turn off, go on with, make use of 等应作为一个整体来看待, 变为被动语态时不能丢掉构成动词短语的介词 副词等 如 : } 第 14 页

16 The old man is looked after by a girl. 有个女孩在照顾那位老人 Women were looked down upon in the past. 妇女过去受人轻视 ( 三 ) It+be+ 过去分词 +that 从句的被动语态在这个惯用结构中, 常用的动词有 :say, report, expect, suppose, suggest 等 It is reported that gold has been found there. 据报导那里发现了黄金 It is expected that prices will go down. 预计物价将会下跌 ( 四 ) 表示感觉 感官系动词的被动语态一些表示感觉 感官的系动词, 常用主动形式表示被动动作, 如 sound,feel,smell, taste, look 等 I tasted the wine and it tasted wonderful! 我尝了尝这酒, 味道棒极了 That soup tastes very delicious. 那汤味道真好 ( 五 ) 某些不及物动词后加副词的主动语态表示被动意义英语中有些 不及物动词 + 副词 可表示被动意义 常用的这类动词有 sell, wash, write, open, shut, lock, close 等 常用的副词有 easily, well, badly, properly 等 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来流畅 The book sells good. 这本书很畅销 ( 六 ) 某些动词后接动名词的主动语态表示被动意义这类动词有 : 表 要求 需要 含义的动词, 如 need,want,require 等 表 值得, 应得 含义的动词, 如 be worth,deserve 等 如 : The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读 The point deserves mentioning. 这一点值得提到 ( 七 ) 动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 1) 当不定式与它所修饰的词之间有动宾关系, 并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时, 用主动形式表示被动意义 如 : } 第 15 页

17 We have many problems to solve. 我们有许多问题要解决 His sister bought him a bike to ride. 他姐姐给她买了一辆自行车骑 2) 当不定式作表语 ( 或宾语 ) 形容词的状语, 又与句中的主语 ( 或宾语 ) 有逻辑上的动宾关系时, 用主动形式表示被动意义 如 : Some problems are not easy to solve. 有些问题难以解决 They consider the question hard to answer. 他们认为这个问题难以回答 被动语态真题练习 ( ) 1 The People's Republic of China on October 1, A. found B. was founded C. is founded D. was found ( ) 2 English in Canada. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken ( ) 3 This English song by the girls after class. A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung ( ) 4 This kind of car in Japan. A, makes B. made C. is making D. is made ( ) 5 New computers all over the world. A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used ( ) 6 Our room must clean. A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep ( ) 7-I'd like to buy that coat.-i'm sorry.. A. it sold B. it's selling C. It's been sold D. it had been sold ( ) 8 A new house at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building ( ) 9 The key on the table when I leave. A. was left B. will be left C. is left D. has been left ( ) 10 Doctors in every part of the world. A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need ( ) 11 Now these magazines in the library for a long time. } 第 16 页

18 A. have kept B. are keeping C. have been keeping D. have been kept ( ) 12 The pot for hot water A. used; keeping B. was used; keeping C. is used; to keep D. are used; keep ( ) 13 Tea in the south of China. A. grows B. is grown C. were grown D. will grow ( ) 14 The bridges two years ago. A. is built B. built C. were built D. was built ( ) 15 Wet clothes are often up near a fire in rainy weather A. hang B. hanged C. hanging D. hung 三 从句 ( 一 ) 名词性从句 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 4. 同位语从句 ( 二 ) 形容词性从句 定语从句 ( 三 ) 副词性性从句 状语从句 ( 一 ) 名词性从句 1. 主语从句定义 : 用作主语的从句叫做主语从句 构成 : 关联词 + 简单句引导主语从句的关联词有三类 : 1) 从属连词 that. 如 : That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显, 她们确是亲姐妹, 她们的脸型很相似 2) 从属连词 whether. 如 : } 第 17 页

19 Whether he ll come here isn t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚 3) 连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever 连接副词 where,when,how,why. 如 : What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的, 谁也不清楚 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎 Wherever you are is my home my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家 我唯一的家 形式主语 it 替代主语从句的用法 : 1) 主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语 常以 it 作形式主语的句型有 : A.It+be+ 形容词 (obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny, possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that 从句 如 : It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了 B. It+be+ 名词词组 (no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句 如 : It s a pity that we can t go. 很遗憾我们不能去 It s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外 C. It+be+ 过去分词 (said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced, arranged,etc.)+that 从句 如 : It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星 D. It+seem, happen 等不及物动词及短语 +that 从句 如 : It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice 似乎不来参加晚会 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了 E.It+doesn t matter(makes no difference,etc.)+ 连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句 如 : It doesn t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要 } 第 18 页

20 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别 F. 当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时, 要以 it 作形式主语, 而把主语从句后置 如 : Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗? Does it matter that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗? G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时, 要以 it 作形式主语, 而把主语从句后置 如 : How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪! 2) 注意连接代词 whoever,whatever,whichever 等引导主语从句的含义 Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎 Whatever he did was right.(whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.(whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖主语从句真题练习 1. makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever 2. It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 3.When and why he came here yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known 4. is no reason for dismissing her. A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late 5. Tom liked to eat was different from. A. That that you had expected B. What that you had expected C. That what you had expected D. What what you had expected 6. we go swimming every day us a lot of good. A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does 7.It Bob drives badly. } 第 19 页

21 A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that 8.It's uncertain the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how 9. the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry. A. That B. What C. How D. Which 10. we can't get seems better than we have. A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what 11. you don't like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 12.. we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 2. 宾语从句定义 : 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句 构成 : 关联词 + 简单句 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类 : 1) 从属连词 that. 如 : He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服 I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了 注 : that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略 在以下情况下,that 不能省略 : A. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. (and 连接两个宾语从句,that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时,that 不能省略 ) 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕 B.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. (that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that 不能省略 ) 对他我一无所知, 只知道他是南方人 C. That he ever said such a thing I simply don t believe. (that 从句位于句首时,that 不可省略 ) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话 D. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period.( 主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语,that 不可省略 ) } 第 20 页

22 鉴于他的特殊情况, 我们决定应允他一段试用期 2) 从属连词 if/whether. 如 : I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功 I don t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我 3) 连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever 连接副词 where,when,how,why. 如 : Who or what he was,martin never learned. 他是什么人? 他是干什么的? 马丁根本不知道 I wonder what he s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事 I ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事 宾语从句的其他用法 : 1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语 如 : He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做 有时介词可以省略 如 : I don t care (for)who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚 Be careful (as to)how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式 2) 动词 find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume 等后有宾语补足语, 则用 it 作形式宾语, 而将宾语从句后置 如 : We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的 } 第 21 页

23 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服 3) 作介词的宾语 : 连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语, 只用在 except, but,in 后 其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导, 则需用 it 先行一步, 作形式宾语 如 : He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生, 只是有点粗心 You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的 介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导, 而要用 what 来引导 如 : Are you sorry for what you ve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗? 4) 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句, 这类形容词或过去分词有 sure,glad, certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied 等, 连词 that 可省略 如 : I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么 I m afraid you don t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思 I m surprised (that) I didn t see all that before. 我好奇怪, 我以前没看到过 Mother was very pleased (that) her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴 5) 连词 whether ( or not) 或 if 引导的宾语从句 if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用, 但 whether 常和 ornot 连用,if 一般不与 or not 连用 如 : I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假 用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义, 应避免使用 if 而用 whether. 试比较 : Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if 从句可理解为宾语从句, 意为 请告诉我你是否想去 ; 此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为 如果你想去的话, 请告诉我一声 } 第 22 页

24 6) 宾语从句的否定转移 在 think,believe,suppose,expect 等动词后的宾语从 句, 有时谓语尽管是否定意思, 却不用否定形式, 而将 think 等动词变为否定形式 如 : I don t think you are right. 我认为你错了 I don t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他 们的工作 I don t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意, 是吗? 宾语从句真题练习 类型一 whether 的用法 (1) I don t know or not. A. whether he is at home B. if he is at home C. that he is at home D. whether is he at home (2) This depends on the weather is fine. A. which B. whether C. if D. that (3) The teacher asked the new student class he was in. A. which B. where C. if D. that (4) I don t know Mr. Green will come to see us. He ll help us with our English. A. why B. when C. how D. where 类型二 : 宾语从句的语序 陈述句语序 (1) Did you find out? A. she was looking for whose child B. whose child was she looking for C. whose child she is looking for D. whose child she was looking for (2) Are you interested in? A. how did he do it B. he did it how C. how he did it D. he how did it (3) I don t know. Can you tell me? A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are (4) --- What did the scientist say? --- He said he wondered if into space by spaceship one day. } 第 23 页

25 A. he had to fly B. he could fly C. canhe fly D. could he fly 类型三 : 时态 (1) It s 7:30. I can t believe you cooking dinner yet, Sally. A. haven t started B. didn t C. don t start D. hadn t started (2)The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. A. is B. was C. has been D. will be (3) The teacher said that the earth round the sun. A. goes B. go C. went D. will go (4) We d like to tell you that you the exam. A. have passed B. had passed C. pass D. will pass 类型四 : 其他 --- 反意疑问句,it 做形式宾语 (1). I don t think he is right,? A.isn t he B.is he C.do I D.don t I (2). He believes she is right,? A.doesn t he B.does he C.is she D.isn t she (3). I thought that he disliked playing football,? A.didn t he B.did he C.did I D.didn t I (4). I find important that we practice English every day. A. it B. this C. that D. what 3. 表语从句 定义 : 用作表语的从句叫做表语从句 构成 : 关联词 + 简单句 引导表语从句的关联词的种类 : 1) 从属连词 that. 如 : The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了 2) 从属连词 whether, as, as if. 如 : He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 看起来还与十年前一样 The question is whether they will be able to help us. } 第 24 页

26 问题是他们是否能帮我们 注 : 从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句, 但 as if 却可引导表语从句, 如 : All this was over twenty years ago, but it s as if it was only yesterday. 这都是 20 多年前的事了, 但宛如昨天一样 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be, seem, look 等 如 : It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了 3) 连接代词 who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever 连接副词 where,when,how,why. 如 :The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的 表语从句的其他用法 1) 连词 because 可引导表语从句 如 : I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多 2) 在一些表示 建议 劝说 命令 的名词后面的表语从句中, 谓语动词用虚拟语气 should+ 动词原形表示,should 可省略 如 : My suggestion is that we (should)start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发 表语从句真题练习 1. your father wants to know is getting on with your studies. A. What; how are you B. That;how you are C. How;that you are D. What;how you are 2. The trouble is we are short of tools. A. what B. that C. how D. why that 3. America was was first called India by Columbus. A. what B. where C. the place D. there where 4. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer. A. what it used to be B. what it was used to being C. what it used to being D. what it was used to be } 第 25 页

27 5. he really means is he disagrees with us. A. What that B. That what C. What what D. That what 6. The energy is makes the cells able to do their work. A. that B. which C. what D. such 7. That is we were late last time. A. that B. when C. why D. what 8. She looked she were ten years younger. A. that B. like C. as D. as though 9. I fell sick! --I think it is you are doing too much. A. why B. when C. what D. because 10. The reason why he hasn t come is. A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mother s being ill C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill 11. He was born here. -- That is he likes the place so much. A. that B. what C. why D. how 12.That is Lu Xun once lived. A. what B. where C. that D. why 4. 同位语从句 定义 : 用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句 用法 : 1) 同位语从句的先行词多为 fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report, remark 等, 关联词多用从属连词 that. 如 : They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事, 他们都很焦虑 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来? Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了 2) 同位语从句偶尔由从属连词 whether 引导 如 : } 第 26 页

28 I have no idea whether he ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来 3) 连接代词 who,which,what 和连接副词 where,when,why,how 亦可引导同位语从句 如 : The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作, 这个问题需要考虑 We haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假, 这个问题我们还没有决定 It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题 同位语从句真题练习 1.The fact she works hard is well known to us all. A.that B.what C.why D.which 2.The fact he was successful proves his ability. A.that B.what C.which D.why 3.The news he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. A.what B.that C.why D.when 4.His suggestion the meeting be delayed was turned down. A.which B.that C./ D.it 5.I have no idea he will start. A.when B.that C.what D./ 6.I've come from the government with a message the meeting won't be held tomorrow. A.if B.that C.whether D.which 7.The thought he might fail in the exam worried him. A.when B.which C.what D.that 8.The order the prisoner be set free arrived too late. A.which B.whether C.that D.what 9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear he would die of the disease. } 第 27 页

29 A.that B.as C.of which D.which 10.He often asked me the question the work was worth doing. A.whether B.where C.that D.when ( 二 ) 形容词性从句 定语从句 什么是定语从句? 定语从句 (Attributive Clauses) 在句中做定语, 修饰一个名词或代词, 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词 (Antecedent) 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词 ( 关系代词或关系副词 ) 引出 定语从句的结构 : 1) 先行词 : 指被定语从句修饰的名词 代词 ; 一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面 2) 关系词 : 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词, 关系词有关系代词和关系副词 a. 关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等 ; b. 关系副词有 where, when, why 等 3) 关系词的作用 : a. 引导定语从句 ; b. 代替先行词, 在定语从句中担当一个成分 注 : 关系代词有主语 宾语之分 一般 whom 作为宾语 You are the person whom I am looking for. 1. 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句 1) 限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用, 使该词的含义更具体, 更明确 限制性定语从句不能被省略, 否则句意就不完整, 如 : I met some one who said he know you. 我遇到了一个说认识你的人 A doctor is a person who look after people health. 医生就是照顾病人的人 2) 非限定性定语从句 1 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开, 将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. } 第 28 页

30 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人, 我已经读了三遍 2 引导非限定性定语从句的关联词 注意 : 关系代词 that 不引导非限定性定语从句! 3 什么时候使用非限定性定语从句? I. 先行词在非限定性定语从句中的运用 She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她说她已完成了这项工作, 我对此深感怀疑 II. 先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词 The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories. 离地球 公里远的月球, 给人们留下了许多美好的故事 III. 先行词指的是某人唯一的某个亲属 My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an almost every day. 我姐姐在上海工作, 几乎每天给我发电子邮件 ( 我只有一个姐姐 ) 试比较 : My sister who works in Shanghai sends me an almost every day. 我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天给我发电子邮件 ( 不止一个姐姐 ) 2. 关系代词的用法 1) 关系代词的一般用法引导定语从句的关系代词有 :who, whom, which, that, whose 它们的作用 : } 第 29 页

31 1 起到连词的作用, 连接主从句 2 起到代词的作用, 代替前面的先行词 3 起到一定的语法作用, 在从句中作主语 宾语或定语 A. 其中,who 和 whom 代替人,which 代替物,that 既可代替人也可代替物 在从句中作主语 宾语等, 作宾语常被省略 如 : The man who was sick is now well. 那个生病的人现在好了 ( who 指人, 作主语 ) I know the man (who/whom) you mean. 我认识你指的那个人 ( who/whom 指人, 作宾语 ) B.Whom 指人, 口语中可用 who 代替 whom 但是, 如果关系代词作介词的宾语时, 只能用 whom, 不用 who 如果介词在句尾, 两者都可以用 如 : This is the girl(who/whom) he worked with. =This is the girl with whom he worked. 这就是和他一起工作的女孩 The woman to whom the professor is speaking is from Australia. C.whose 指人, 也指物, 在定语从句中作定语 当 whose 代替物时, 实际上就相当于 of which 如: The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. The house the windows of which are broken is unoccupied. The house of which the windows are broken is unoccupied. 窗户破了的那所房子没人住 ( 代替物, 作定语 ) D.which 指物, 在定语从句中作主语和宾语, 有时也作定语和表语 Where is the book which I bought this morning? 我今天早晨买的书在哪里?(which 在从句中作宾语 ) The car which was stolen has been found. 被偷的车已经找到了 ( which 在从句中作主语 ) E.that 多指物, 有时也指人, 在定语从句中作主语 ( 一般不省略 ) 或宾语 ( 可省略 ) 指物是可以和 which 互用, 指人时和 who,whom 互用, 但是 that 不能引导非限定性定语从句 This is the book that/which I like best. 这是我最喜欢的书 ( that 指物, 做宾语 ) } 第 30 页

32 The few points (which/that) the president stressed in his report are very important indeed. 院长在报告里强调的几点的确很重要 ( 关系代词作宾语, 可省略 ) 2) 关系代词的特殊用法 1 只用 that, 不用 which 的几种情况 I. 如果先行词是 anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等不定代词, 关系代词只用 that, 不用 which 如: I knew everything that happened in the village. 我知道村子里发生的每一件事 Much that I learned in the book is very useful. 我在那本书里学到的知识是非常有用的 II. 当先行词被 the only, the very,the same,the last,just 修饰时, 定语从句常用 that 如: Is rice and fish the only food that he likes to have? 米饭和鱼肉是他唯一爱吃的食物吗? This is the very book that I have been looking for. 这正是我在寻找的书 III. 先行词被序数词 数词或形容词最高级修饰时, 定语从句只用 that 引导 如 : The first thing that I am going to do this evening is writing to my parents. 我今晚要做的第一件事就是给我的父母写信 This is the most interesting film that has been produced in recent years. 这是近几年出品的最有意义的一部电影 IV. 先行词为 day, moment, time,way 等词语时, 定语从句要用 that 如: The next time that I met her was in New York. 我第二次见到她是在纽约 The moment that he saw me he ran away. 他一看到我就跑了 V. 当先行词由人和物 ( 或动物 ) 两个并列的名词共同组成时, 定语从句要用 that 如 : Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. } 第 31 页

33 瞧瞧从街上走过来的那个人和他的驴 We were deeply impressed by the children and the schools that we had visited in the city. 在这个城市, 我们访问的学校和学生给我们留下了深刻的印象 VI. 在特殊疑问句中, 如果疑问代词是 who 或 which, 为避免重复, 定语从句只用 that 如 : Who is the person that is standing over there? 站在那边的那个人是谁? Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this? 哪一个懂得物理知识的人不知道这一点? VII. 当定语从句为 there be 句型时, 作从句的关系代词只用 that 或省略 如 : The number of mistakes (that) there are in the homework is surprising. 该课外作业中的错误简直多的惊人 I know the difference (that) there is between you. 我知道你们之间的分歧 2 关系代词 as I.as 引导的限定性定语从句 As 引导的限定性定语从句通常与 thesame,such,so 等连用, 形式为 :thesame...as, such...as, as...as, so...as, 在从句中可作主语 宾语 表语等 如 : I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你的书, 会使你感兴趣的 ( as 代替物, 作主语 ) Mass is the not the same thing as weight is. 质量并不等于重量 ( 作表语 ) II.as 引导的非限定性定语从句 as 引导非限定性定语从句时, 从句可位于主句之前, 之后或句中, 并在从句中作主语或表语 She was absent, as is often the case.(as 作主语 ) 她没有来, 这是很经常的事 As I knew from his accent, he is a foreigner.(as 作宾语 ) 从他的说话口音, 我知道他是一个外国人 类似的词组还有 :as you know, as is usual, as might be expected 等 } 第 32 页

34 III.as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句由 as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as 和 which 可代整个主句, 相当于 andthis 或 and that As 一般放在句首,which 在句中 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 我们都知道, 吸烟有害健康 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太阳温暖了地球, 这对人类是非常重要的 3. 关系副词的用法 1) 关系副词的一般用法关系副词 when, where, why 等引导的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间 地点 原因的先行词 这些关系副词在从句中均作状语 This was the time when she left for Beijing. 这就是她动身去北京的时间 This is the place where the accident took place last night. 这就是昨晚发生事故的地方 2) 关系副词的特殊用法 1 关系副词常可用 介词 +which 结构代替引导从句 如 : why=for which where=in/ at/ on/... which ( 介词同先行词搭配 ) when=during/ on/ in/... which ( 介词同先行词搭配 ) I like the place in which I worked. 我喜欢我工作的地方 I ll never forget the day on which we met for the first time. 我永远忘不了我们第一次见面的那一天 2time 作先行词, 如前面有序数词或 last 修饰时, 不能用 when 引导定语从句, 要用 that 或省去不用 但是, 如果 time 之前无序数词或 last, 则 when 和 that 都可以引导定语从句 This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 这将是我最后一次给你们上课了 The first time (that) I entered the college was in 我第一次进入这所大学是在 1988 年 3 当先行词为 the way 时, 关系从句不能用 how 来引导, 应该用 that 或 in which, 或者省略 } 第 33 页

35 We admire the way (that/in which) he solved the problem. 我们钦佩他解决问题的方式 I don t like the way (that/in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那种方式 定语从句真题练习 1. I don t like you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 2. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those in the forest. A. once they grew B. they grew once C. they once grew D. that once grew 3. Carol said the work would be done by October, personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 4. is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It 5. He was very rude to the Customs officer, of course made things even worse. A. who B. whom C. what D. which 6. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,,of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what 7. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 8. The result of the experiment was very good, we hadn t expected. A. when B. that C. which D. what 9. Have you seen the film Titanic, leading actor is world-famous? A. its B. it s C. whose D. which 10. John said he d been working in the office for an hour, was true. A. he B. this C. which D. who } 第 34 页

36 11. The film brought the hours to me I was taken good care of in that far away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 12. is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 13. He is the only one of the students who a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been 14. He s got himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 15. Is this the reason at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 16. The famous basketball star, tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. who 17. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, I will always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what 18. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums and some other places, other visitors seldom go. A. what B. which C. where D. when 19. We are living in an age many things are done on computer. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 20. has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. A. That B. As C. It D. What ( 三 ) 副词性从句 状语从句 1. 时间状语从句 表示时间的状语从句可由 when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as ( 或 the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly } 第 35 页

37 (scarcely) when, every time 等引导 如 : When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. 当我来到办公室的时候, 老师们正在开会 He started as soon as he received the news. 一接到消息, 他就马上开始了 2. 原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的, 引导这类从句的最常用的连词是 because,since, as, now that( 既然 ) 等,for 表示因果关系时 ( 它引导的不是从句 ) 为并列连词, 语气不如 because 强 如 : He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. 因为他没有得到那个职位, 因此很失望 As it is raining, I will not go out. 因为下雨, 我不会出去 3. 地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是 where 和 wherever 等 如 : Sit wherever you like. 喜欢坐哪坐哪 Make a mark where you have a question. 在有问题的地方做一个记号 4. 目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词 ( 组 ) 是 so, so that, in order that, in case( 以防, 以免 ) 等 Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. 说得清楚些, 这样他们才能理解你 He left early in case he should miss the train. 他早早离开以免赶不上火车 5. 条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的词 ( 组 ) 主要有 if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if ) 注意: 条件从句中的 if 不能用 whether 替换 如 : If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. } 第 36 页

38 如果他不在办公室的话, 他一定出去吃午饭了 You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. 只要保持整洁, 你就可以借这本书 If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. 如果他早来几分钟, 就可以见到她了 6. 让步状语从句让步状语从句可由 although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等引导 注意 :as 引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的 如 : Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他还是个孩子, 他知道的却很多 状语从句真题练习 1. they decided which college to go, students should research the admission procedures. A. As B. While C. Once D. Until 2. I would appreciate it you call back this afternoon for the doctor s appointment. A. until B. if C. when D. that 3.After the war,a new school building was put up there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when 4. Is Mr. Smith in the office? Yes, he is in charge of the office,he must be there. A. since B. however C. whether D. for 5. John may phone tonight. I don t want to go out he phones. A. as long as B. in order to C. in case D. so that 6. Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up I could answer the phone. A. as B. since C. until D. before 7. Don t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages. Oh, yes. others are weak, he is strong. A. If B. When C. Where D. Though 8. It is ten years he smoked. } 第 37 页

39 A. that B. when C. since D. while 9. We must hurry up catch up with the last train. A. that B. so that to C. in order that D. in order to 10. No matter hard it may be,i will carry it out. A. what B. whatever C. how D. however 11. you may do,you must do it well. A. Which B. Whenever C. Whatever D. When 12. Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday? No. But if I the time,i would definitely go. A. have B. had C. have had D. would have 四 虚拟语气 ( 一 ) 表示假设的虚拟语气 ( 二 ) 表示责备及批评 ( 三 ) 表示 建议 命令 要求 坚决做 等 ( 四 ) 表示委婉 客气的虚拟语气 ( 五 ) 表示 本打算做而未做成 ( 一 ) 表示假设的虚拟语气 } 第 38 页

40 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 If there were no music, the world would be very dull. 如果没有音乐, 世界将非常单调 ( 事实上 : 世界上有音乐, 所以不单调 ) 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 If he had followed the doctor s advice, he would be all right now. 如果他接受医生的建议, 他现在早就康复了 ( 事实上 : 他没有接受医生的建议, 因此没有康复 ) 3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气 If it rained tomorrow, our plan would be postponed. 如果明天下雪, 我们的计划就得推迟 ( 事实上 : 明天可能不会下雪, 计划可能不被推迟 ) ( 二 ) 表示责备及批评 should/oughtto/could/may/might+have+done 表示 过去应该做而未做到, 该结构的否定形式则表示 过去不该做的事却做了, 是一种委婉的责备, 语气最强的是 should, 最弱的是 might 1. 表示委婉批评, 常译为 本可以做得更 一些 本该 而 You are late again. You could have come earlier. } 第 39 页

41 你又来晚了, 你本应该早来一些的 2. 表示强烈责备, 常译为 本应该做得更 一些, 结果 I have told you many times. You should have done it better. 我已经告诉你很多遍了, 你应该做得更好些 ( 你怎么就是不听呢?) 3. 表示本没必要, 用 needn t+have+done 结构, 意思是 做了不必要做的事情 You needn t have ordered so much food, only five guests came. 就来了五个人, 你当时没必要订这么多食物 ( 三 ) 表示 建议 命令 要求 坚决做 等从句的动词常用 (should) 动词原形 虚拟结构 表示 决定 主张 的动词主要有 decide, insist, persist 等 ; 表示 要求 建议 命令 的动词主要有 demand, desire, require, request, propose, suggest 等等 I suggest you (should) have enough sleep. 我建议你睡足觉 ( 四 ) 表示委婉 客气的虚拟语气这类虚拟语气用 should/would/could/might+ 动词原形 1. 陈述观点 I don t think he could be so careless. 我想他不会这么粗心 2. 提出请求或邀请 Would you mind turning off the TV? 关上电视好吗? 3. 表示建议或试探 You might try it again. 你不妨再试一下 ( 五 ) 表示 本打算做而未做成 1.hope, want, plan, mean, intend, expect 等动词的过去完成时和这些动词的 过去时 +to have done 表示过去未曾实现的希望 打算和意图 I had meant to phone you, but I forgot your phone number. =I meant to have phoned you, but forgot your phone number. 我本打算给你打电话, 可把你的号码忘了 2.should/would like to have done, was/were to have done, was/were supposed to have done, had better have done, would/had rather had done 等结构本想 } 第 40 页

42 本该做而为做成 You were supposed to have grasped the chance. 你本该抓住这次机会的 ( 六 ) 表示祝愿表示祝愿时常用动词原形或 May+ 主语 + 动词原形 结构 God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你! May you succeed. 祝你成功 Long live the people! 人民万岁! So be it! 但愿如此! 虚拟语气真题练习 1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English much easier. A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be 2. If I you, I d join the army. A.am B. was C. were D. would be 3. If he tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office. A.comes B. will come C. should come D. come 4. If it next week, the crops would be saved. A.rains B. will rains C. would rain D. should rain 5. If I it, I would do it in a different way. A.were to do B. do C. had done D. was to do 6. Supposing the weather bad, where would you go? A.is B. will be C. were D. be 7. If he had worked harder, he. A. would succeed B. had succeeded } 第 41 页

43 C. should succeed D. would have succeeded 8. If he, he that food. A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken 9. If my lawyer here last Saturday, he me from going. A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent C. were; would prevent D. were; would have prevented 10. If he it, he it. A. had seen; could have believed B. saw; couldn t believe C. saw; couldn t have believed D. has seen; had believed 11. Did you go swimming last Sunday? No. We would have gone nicer. A. if the weather was B. would the weather have been C. had the weather been D. should the weather be 12. It is ordered that a new bridge over the wide river. A. should be built B. would built C. will be built D. built } 第 42 页

44 图 } 第 43 页