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1 Nov : Acta Geoscientica Sinica Vol.33 No.6: www. 地球学报.com 1), 1),,, ; 摘 1, 2) 2), 要 : REE-Fe-Nb,,,, Sm-Nd, 1.3 Ga,, ( 0.44 Ga),, 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga,,, 关键词 : ; ; - ; ; 中图分类号 : P618.7; P597.3 文献标志码 : A doi: /cagsb Ore-forming Epoch and Episodes of REE Mineralization in the Bayan Obo Ore Deposit, Inner Mongolia ZHU Xiang-kun 1), SUN Jian 1) Laboratory of Isotope Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese Acadeym of Geological Sciences, Beijing ; 2) School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing Abstract: The Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit in Inner Mongolia is world-famous for its extreme enrichment of light rare earth elements; nevertheless, its origin remains controversial. This is partly due to the lack of consensus on the ore-forming epoch and episodes of REE mineralization. This paper made a detailed review on geochronological data and a re-assessment of Sm-Nd isotopic results in literatures. It is shown that the REE mineralization of Bayan Obo ore deposit occurred at ca. 1.3 Ga, consistent with the epoch of carbonatite dyke intrusion in this region, and REE in both the ore deposit and the carbonatite dykes were derived from the mantle. A significant thermal event occurred at ca Ga, resulting in the formation of some veins with coarse crystals of REE minerals such as huanghoite. However, the enrichment of REE during this event resulted from REE remobilization within the ore body itself, and the contribution from external source was minimal. A series of ages between ca. 1.3 Ga and ca Ga resulting from partial disturbance of the isotopic system had no specific meaning for REE mineralization. In short, REE in the Bayan Obo ore deposit were enriched by a single episode of mineralization that occurred in Mesoproterozoic and derived from the mantle only. Key words: Bayan Obo; REE; Sm-Nd isotope system; ore-forming epoch; episodes of mineralization 1, 2) REE-Fe-Nb,,,, ( : ) ( : ) : ; : : :,, 1961, : , 26 : xiangkun@cags.ac.cn

2 ,, : (1) -, (, 1982;, 1992;, 1983, 1994) ( )(, 1987;, 1997;, 1998, 2005, 2009;, 1999), H 8, (2), (, 1980;, 1986; Le Bas et al., 1997, 2007) (Yuan et al., 1992;, 1996;, 2003) H 8, (3) (Chao et al., 1992, 1997),, ( ) (4) (, 1994),,,, (, 1994, 2003;, 2005b), (, 1988),,, Sm-Nd 1 矿区与矿床地质 150 km,, 20 km (, 2002; Zhao et al., 2003, 2004), (, 1992;, 1996);, Columbia (Zhao et al., 2003, 2004;, 2007; Yang et al., 2011a),, (, 2002; Jian et al., 2008),, (, 1988;, 2003),, -,,, Ga (, 2001;, 2010),,, 6, 18 ( H 1 H 18 ) 2, 6, (, 1992;, 1996),, H 8, 18 km, km( 1) H 8, H 8 ( 2a),,,,,,,,, ( 2b), ( 2c), RE 2 O 3 20%(Yang et al., 2011b), H 8, (Le Bas et al., 1992, 2007; Yang et al., 2011b)

第六期朱祥坤等: 内蒙古白云鄂博矿床的稀土矿化时代与期次图1 内蒙古白云鄂博矿区地质示意图(据白鸽等, 1996, 略修改) Sketch geological map of the Bayan Obo ore deposit, Inner

2 白云鄂博矿床样品的野外露头和镜下特征 Field photographs and photomicrographs of the Bayan Obo ore deposit a-h8 白云岩, 发育浸染状细粒独居石, 正交偏光;

a-photomicrographs of H8 dolomite with fine-grained monazite, cross-polarized light; b-bse image of monazite in iron ore;

3 第六期朱祥坤等: 内蒙古白云鄂博矿床的稀土矿化时代与期次图1 内蒙古白云鄂博矿区地质示意图(据白鸽等, 1996, 略修改) Sketch geological map of the Bayan Obo ore deposit, Inner Mongolia(modified after BAI et al., 1996) C AG S Fig. 1 图2 Fig. 2 白云鄂博矿床样品的野外露头和镜下特征 Field photographs and photomicrographs of the Bayan Obo ore deposit a-h8 白云岩, 发育浸染状细粒独居石, 正交偏光; b-铁矿石中的独居石, 扫描电镜; c-碳酸岩墙中的独居石, 正交偏光; d-晚期脉体中的巨晶黄河矿; Ae-霓石; Bar-重晶石; Dol-白云石; Hh-黄河矿; Mon-独居石; Mt-磁铁矿; Ri-钠闪石 a-photomicrographs of H8 dolomite with fine-grained monazite, cross-polarized light; b-bse image of monazite in iron ore; c-photomicrographs of monazite in carbonatite, cross-polarized light; d-late stage vein with huanghoite; Ae-aegirine; Bar-barite; Dol-dolomite; Hh-huanghoite; Mon-monazite; Mt-magnetite; Ri-riebeckite 847

4 848, H 8, 1%~10%, 90%, (, 1988),,,, 5 cm,, ( 2d) 2 前人年代学研究成果综述, H 8, 2000 Ma 270 Ma 1 表 1 白云鄂博矿床主要年代学资料 Table 1 Main geochronologic data of the Bayan Obo ore deposit /Ma 2588±15 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 2018~1879, 2010 U-Pb 1948~1917, 2001 U-Pb 2070±33, 2002, SHRIMP U-Pb 1934~2085, 2006 H 8 U-Pb 1416±77, 2006 Sm-Nd 1354±57 Yang et al., 2011a Sm-Nd 1240±94, 2003 Sm-Nd 1157±160 Le Bas et al., 2007 LA-ICP-MS Sm-Nd 1320±210, 2008 Ar-Ar 1288±12, km Ar-Ar 1180~640 Conrad et al., 1992 Th-Pb 445±11, 1994 Rb-Sr 433, 1983 Rb-Sr 378, 2003 Sm-Nd 1305±78, 2003, Sm-Nd 1273±100, 2003 Sm-Nd 1341±160 Yang et al., 2011b Sm-Nd 1250±210, 2003 Sm-Nd 1158, 2003 Sm-Nd 1013±69, 2003 Sm-Nd 1101, 2003 Sm-Nd 989±290, 2003 Sm-Nd 613±69, 2003 Sm-Nd 1313±41, 1994 Sm-Nd 1008±320, 2005a Sm-Nd 860±100, 2008 Th-Pb 1231±200, 2005a Th-Pb 555~398 Wang et al., 1994 Th-Pb 461±62, 1994 SHRIMP Pb-Th 500~400, 1997 SHRIMP U-Pb 341±8; 802±36; 994±15, Rb-Sr 391±91, 2003 H 9 Rb-Sr 485, 1983 K-Ar, Ar-Ar 800~400, 1991 Sm-Nd 442±42 Hu et al., 2009 Sm-Nd 420±46, 2003 Re-Os 439±8, 1996 Re-Os 439±86, 2005b

5 : H 8, (Le Bas et al., 1992, 2007; Yang et al., 2011b), U-Pb Sm-Nd Th-Pb Rb-Sr 锆石 U-Pb 定年 : (2002) U-Pb, 5 (2070±33) Ma (2006) 3 SHRIMP U-Pb, 1934~2085 Ma, ;, REE (Liu et al., 2008) (2006) 4 U-Pb, 1 (1925±8) Ma, 3 (1240±94) Ma Le Bas (2007) (2003) 4, (1157±160) Ma Yang (2011a) 8 Sm-Nd, (1354±57) Ma Sm-Nd, (2008) LA-ICP-MS Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd (1320±210) Ma 其它方法定年 :, (1994) (2003) Ar-Ar, 1200~1300 Ma; Conrad (1992) Ar-Ar (1994) 4 Th-Pb, (445±11) Ma Rb-Sr, 400 Ma (, 1983;, 2003), 1.3 Ga, 440 Ma Th-Pb Rb-Sr, 2.2 H 8 H 8 U, U-Pb, H 8, Sm-Nd Th-Pb, - -, Sm-Nd 全岩等时线定年 : (2003) - - Sm-Nd, (1305±78) Ma (1273±100) Ma Yang (2011b) H 8 Sm-Nd, (1341±160) Ma, (2003) Sm-Nd 单矿物等时线定年 : Philpotts (1991) - - Sm-Nd,, 1000 Ma Wang (1994) Sm-Nd,, 425 Ma (1416±77) Ma, (1416±77) Ma Sm-Nd 等时线定年 : (2003) 3 (1994) Nakai (1989) Wang (1994) Sm-Nd, 1700 Ma, 424 Ma, 402 Ma (1996), Sm-Nd,, - - ( ) 1300 Ma, 425 Ma (1994) 7 Sm-Nd (1313±41) Ma (2003) - - Sm-Nd, 1.3~0.6 Ga (2005a) H 8 Sm-Nd-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd (1008±320) Ma, Th-Pb (1231±200) Ma (2008) LA-ICP-MS H 8 Sm-Nd, (860±100) Ma, Sm-Nd, 1.3~0.4 Ga 其它单矿物方法定年 : Wang (1994) - - Th-Pb, 555~398 Ma; (1994) Th-Pb (461±62) Ma

6 850 (2005a) H 8 Th-Pb (1231±200) Ma (1991) K-Ar Ar-Ar, 800~400 Ma Sm-Nd,, 1.3~0.4 Ga 2.3 (2003) Sm-Nd (420±46) Ma; Hu (2009) Sm-Nd (442±42) Ma, Rb-Sr (459±41) Ma (1996) Re-Os, (439±8) Ma (2005b) Re-Os, (439±86) Ma, 440 Ma, H 8, Th-Pb, : 1), 1.3 Ga, ; 2) 440 Ma,, Rb-Sr K-Ar ; 3)440 Ma, (, 1988;, 2003), ; 4) 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga, : 1), 2) 0.44 Ga, 3) 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga, 4), 0.9 Ga 5) Sm-Nd 3 Sm-Nd 同位素体系示踪, Sm-Nd 3.1,, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd,,, : ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) p =( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) i Sm/ 144 Nd(e λt 1), ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) p 143 Nd/ 144 Nd, ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd) i 143 Nd/ 144 Nd, 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 147 Sm/ 144 Nd, λ 147 Sm, t, t, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd, 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t ( 3a) 3a, 147 Sm/ 144 Nd,, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd 147 Sm/ 144 Nd, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd (t 0 ) ( 3a), t 0, t Nd/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd t=t 0 t=t 1, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 143 Nd/ 144 Nd t 0 t 1 ( 3b) t=t 0, t=t 1,,, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd t=t 0, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd, t=t 1 ( 3c) 3.2, Sm-Nd, Nd/ 144 Nd-t ( 4), 1.35 Ga 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ( ), ε Nd (t) 0.1, 1.35 Ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd,, Sm Nd

7 : 851 图 3 不同 147 Sm/ 144 Nd 样品的 143 Nd/ 144 Nd- 时间 (t) 演化示意图 Fig. 3 Diagrams showing 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution for samples with different 147 Sm/ 144 Nd a- ; b- ; c-, a-a single episode of REE mineralization; b-two episodes of REE mineralization; c-one episode of REE mineralization, with late stage recrystallization Nd/ 144 Nd-t ( 5), 1.3 Ga, Nd/ 144 Nd ( ), ε Nd (t) Ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd Nd/ 144 Nd-t ( 6a), 0.44 Ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ( ), ε Nd (t) Ga,,,, 0.44 Ga 1.3 Ga,, Sm-Nd ( 3b), Sm-Nd Sm-Nd,, 图 4 碳酸岩墙 143 Nd/ 144 Nd- 时间 (t) 演化图 ( 据张宗清等, 2003; Le Bas et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011a) Fig Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution diagram of carbonatite dykes (after ZHANG et al., 2003; Le Bas et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011a) 图 5 碳酸岩墙白云岩铌 - 稀土 - 铁矿石全岩样品的 143 Nd/ 144 Nd- 时间 (t) 演化图 Fig. 5 Diagram showing 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution of bulk samples of carbonatite dykes, H 8 dolomite, and Nb-REE-Fe ores 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, t=1.3ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ± (2SD, n=58); :, 2003; Le Bas et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011a, b gray ellipse represents intersection of 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution lines of Bayan Obo REE ores, t=1.3ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd= ± , (2SD, n=58); data sources: ZHANG et al., 2003; Le Bas et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011a, b

852 Sm-Nd Nd ( 3c) Sm-Nd,, Sm-Nd 6b, 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd 3b Sm-Nd 3c, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, Sm-Nd Nd 7 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, 3.2.4 1.3 Ga,, 1.3 0.44 Ga (, 2003), Nd Sm-Nd, 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga, Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd 图 6 晚期矿脉的 Sm-Nd 同位素体系.

8 852 Sm-Nd Nd ( 3c) Sm-Nd,, Sm-Nd 6b, 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd 3b Sm-Nd 3c, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, Sm-Nd Nd Nd/ 144 Nd-t, Ga,, Ga (, 2003), Nd Sm-Nd, 1.3 Ga 0.44 Ga, Sm-Nd, Sm-Nd 图 6 晚期矿脉的 Sm-Nd 同位素体系. Fig. 6 Sm-Nd isotope system for REE mineralization veins formed at later stage a- ( ) 143 Nd/ 144 Nd- (t) ; b- ( ) 143 Nd/ 144 Nd- (t) ; 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t, t=1.3 Ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ± (2SD, n=58); :, 2003; Hu et al., 2009 a-diagram showing 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution of minerals in late stage veins (huanghoite, riebeckite, albite, fluorite, calcite, aegirine); b-diagram showing 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution of bulk sample of late stage veins (represented by the average of huanghoite). gray ellipse represents intersection of 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution lines of Bayan Obo REE ores, t=1.3ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd= ± , (2SD, n=58); data sources: ZHANG et al., 2003; Hu et al., 2009 图 7 中间年龄全岩 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t 演化图 Fig. 7 Diagram showing 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution of bulk samples with intermediate ages between 1.3 Ga and 0.4 Ga 143 Nd/ 144 Nd- (t), t=1.3 Ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ± (2SD, n=58); :, 2003 gray ellipse represents intersection of 143 Nd/ 144 Nd-t evolution lines of Bayan Obo REE ores, t=1.3ga, 143 Nd/ 144 Nd= ± , (2SD, n=58); data sources: ZHANG et al., 结论 : 1) 1.3 Ga,, 144 Nd/ 143 Nd 2) ( 0.44 Ga)

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