t 13-30% 70% % Kolaka 600 m 240 m % % ~ 1. 1% 7. 1 Kolaka Fig. 1 Geolog

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1 GLOBAL GEOLOGY Vol. 34 No. 1 Mar Kolaka P A doi /j. issn Geological characteristics and genesis of gravel lateritic nickel deposit in Sulawesi Indonesia CHENG Li-qun 1 LIU Jian-bo 1 REN Xue-yi 1 WU Guo-xue 2 1. Qinhuangdao Mineral Resource and Hydrogeology Brigade Hebei Geological Prospecting Bureau Qinhuangdao Hebei China 2. College of Earth Sciences Jilin University Changchun China Abstract Laterite nickel ore is produced by basic and ultrabasic rocks after weathering-leaching-deposition and enrichment in tropical and subtropical areas with high temperatures and rainy weather throughout the year. Basic and ultrabasic rocks are considered to be mineraliing mother rocks for rocks of this type. Therefore looking for basic and ultrabasic rocks is the primary task to explore for laterite nickel ore in the past time. A new type of laterite nickel ore was discovered recently in Kolaka County of Sulawesi province Indonesia. The ore-forming mother rocks are not basic or ultrabasic rocks but a set of conglomerates consisting of dominated ultrabasic gravel. Gravel lateritic nickel deposit was named to distinguish from traditional laterite nickel ore resulted from basic and ultrabasic rocks after weathering and leaching. The structure of the deposit can be divided in descending order into humus layer laterite layer strongly weathered conglomerate layer semi-weathered conglomerates and conglomerates. The nickel ore body is mainly distributed in the semi-weathered conglomerate layer. It is preliminarily considered that the ore deposit was made from conglomerate after weathering-hydrolysis-leaching-sedimentary and enrichment. Key words Gravel lateritic nickel deposit geological characteristics genesis Indonesia wuguoxue@ 163. com

2 t 13-30% 70% % Kolaka 600 m 240 m % % ~ 1. 1% 7. 1 Kolaka Fig. 1 Geological map of gravel lateritic nickel deposit 7 in Kolaka Sulawesi 12%

122 34 Kolaka 95% 2. 2 - - 2 Kolaka 2 1 Kolaka 1. 5 m 0. 34% ~ 0. 66% 0. 48% 24. 73% ~ 42. 85% 37. 11% 1 1 Table 1 ω% Chemical analysis of each layer Ni Co TFe MgO SiO 2 CaO 0. 48 0. 07 37. 11 14.

3 Kolaka 95% Kolaka 2 1 Kolaka 1. 5 m 0. 34% ~ 0. 66% 0. 48% % ~ % % 1 1 Table 1 ω% Chemical analysis of each layer Ni Co TFe MgO SiO 2 CaO Fig. 2 Zonation of gravel lateritic nickel deposit in 1 ~ 3 m 0. 40% ~ 0. 91% 0. 58% % ~ % % ~

4 Kolaka Ni Fe MgO SiO 2 CaO Co ~ 3 m 0. 50% ~ 1. 26% R % % ~ % % > 0. 70% Ni Fe Co SiO 2 CaO Ni SiO % Ni 2. 0% CaO 1. 5% Ni 1. 5% MgO 1. 03% ~ 2. 12% 1. 52% Ni Ni 9. 37% ~ % % MgO ~ 7 m 3 5 ~ 20 cm 1 30 cm 95% Fe Co Ni R Fig. 3 R cluster analysis of gravel lateritic nickel deposit ω% 1 5 6

5 Fig. 4 4 Relation schema of chemical component and Ni in Gravel lateritic nickel deposit 5 6 Fig. 5 Conglomerate consist of dominated ultramafic gravel Fig. 6 Compound conglomerate of unformed nickel deposit 2 13 Kolaka 4 25 ~ 27 > mm 13 3

6 < 25 cm 3 4 Mg Si 5 CO 2 1. J LI Yan-jun YU Hai-chen WANG De-quan et al. The current status of laterite nickel ore resources and its processing technology J. Metal Mine J LIU Ming-bao DUAN Li-yi GAO Ying et al. Present situation and utilizing technique of nickel ore in China J. China Mining Magazine J WANG Hong DENG Hai-bo LU Xiu-feng. Important laterite nickel ore resources in the world present situation and exploitation J. Gansu Metallurgy J XU Qiang XUE Wei-chong XU Su-yun et al. Generation of later itic-nickel resources and their prospecting

7 and exploration in Indonesia J. Mineral Resources and Geology J LUO Tai-xu. Geology and ore-forming mechanism of LIANG Shu-neng LI Guang-hui SUN Jing-gui et al. weathering crust-type nicke liferous silicate deposit a Element geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of mafic complex rocks in the Cu-Ni and Pt-Pd deposit of twaigeo Indonesia J. Geology and Exploration Wuxing in Heilongjiang J. Global Geology Kolonodale J J FU Wei NIU Hu-Jie CHEN Yuan-rong et al. Supergene LI Li YANG Yong-qiang WANG Yu-xi. Geochemical enrichment and mineralization texture of nickel characteristics and petrogenesis of Guaishishan coppernickel mineralized mafic-ultramafic complex in Beishan in laterite weathered crust from ultrabasic rocks a case study of Kolonodale ore district in Sulawesi Island In- region of Gansu J. Global Geology J WANG Rui-jun NIE Feng-jun YAN Tie-xiong et al. New achivements of mineral exploration and utilization of the laterite nickel deposits J. Geological Review J LIU Qing-cheng LI Hong-yuan. Economic discussion of laterite nickel project J. World Nonferrous Metals Kadarusmana A Miyashitab S Maruyamaa S et al. J Petrology geochemistry and paleogeographic reconstruction of the East Sulawesi XU Zhi-xun CHEN Hua-chao. Counter measure re- Ophiolite Indonesia search on relieving the bottleneck of mineral resources in China J. Geology and Exploration J donesia J. Mineral Deposits J HE Can XIAO Shu-gang TAN Mu-chang. The nideposits of laterite type in Indonesia J. Yunnan Geology J CUI Yin-liang YANG Xue-shan JIANG Yong-guo et al. Metallogenic conditions and prospecting indicators for the lateritic nickel deposits J. Acta Mineralogica Sinica J. Tectonophysics

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