There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 4) 但是引导词前面的词不可以省略 ( 即平行成分不可或缺, 检验办法 : 去掉没有问题的平行成分链接到谓语来检查是否 ambiguity) Wrong: Ral

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1 1. 语法的话考平行结构太多了, 这个要看好, 未划线的更要看, 就靠没有划线的部分来混淆你呢 By 芦苇薇薇等待分析那就来个平行结构大总结吧 ~! ( 一 ) 平行结构标志词前后连接的 A 和 B 必须词性相同, 结构一致, 甚至数一致 ( 二 ) 平行元素 1) 有时候 be, can, to 会被省略掉,( 省略仅仅针对非从句而言 ) The division WAS opening offices, hiring staff, AND investing in equipment. The railroad CAN EITHER lose more money OR solve its problems. They wanted TO increase awareness, spark interest, AND motivate purchases. 2) 两个从句平行, 为了避开歧意必须都要用引导词引导 Wrong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay low taxes. Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pay low taxes. 3) 同时引导词也可以不一样

2 There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 4) 但是引导词前面的词不可以省略 ( 即平行成分不可或缺, 检验办法 : 去掉没有问题的平行成分链接到谓语来检查是否 ambiguity) Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not. Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not. 此句中 those 不能省略, 但是 popular 可以省略 ( 三 ) AND 1) 通常逗号原则 A and B/A,B,and C/A,B,C,and D 2) 特殊逗号原则当连接两个元素是长的独立句子时候, 会用 A,and B I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often. 3) 分层并列无论并列的元素有多少, 同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似, 词性相同可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词, 表示不同的层次

3 She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut down. ( 四 ) 常用的并列习语 ( 五 ) 句子里的动词不一定都平行, 很有可能是动词的 -ing 或者 -ed 形势, 表示伴随逻辑上必须也要平行 Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving late every night. ( 六 ) 系动词两边的成分要并列 : 表达的是主语是什么 / 主语在什么情况下即系动词表示的是两边的东西必须是同质的, 如下例, 名词对名词, 而不能对应动名词 Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love. 不但词性要相同, 词义也要相应下例中, 提名代表了前进的一步, 抽象内容对抽象内容, 而政治家则不能代表向前的一步 Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban- rural

4 relations in this country. 系动词 : ( 七 ) 平行高阶 1) 名词有两种形式 : 实体名词 ( 时间地点人事件 ), 动作名词 (eruption, pollution, change, growth 等 ), 二者不能平行 2) 动名词 : 简单动名词,( 动名词 + 名词 ) Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency. 复杂动名词 ( 含有修饰成分, 经常是前面加一个冠词 a/an/the+of 的介宾短语 ) The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency. 简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行且只有复杂动名词才能与动作名词平行 Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon. Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.

5 其中 withdrawal, reductions, pardon 都是动作名词, 而 the raising of 是复杂名词 The accurate tracking of satellites - 复杂动名词 ; tracking satellites - 简单动名词在所有的动名词中, 永远选择复杂动名词 ( 通常带 OF) 而不是简单动名词 Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners. Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political prisoners. Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners. 3) 如果一个动词有具体的名词形式, 就不要用动名词, 如 extract 就有名词 extraction 4) 不定式平行, 若有 3 个及以上元素, 是否省略 To 看前一个 It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say not 例题 OG Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve. (A) 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become (B) 22, was injured three times, while being discharged in 1783 because she had become (C) 22 and was injured three times, and discharged in 1783, being (D) 22, injured three times, and was discharged in1783 because she was (E) 22, having been injured three times and discharged in 1783, being 解析 : 考点平行结构 ; 逻辑含义

6 1. 过去时用于描述过去发生的事件, 过去完成时用于描述过去某一时点或时间之前发生并完成的事件过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示, 第二要合理的体现出 " 已经完成 " 的含义 2. 当并列的短语中都包含 is/was/were 时, 只有当其表示相同意义, 即都为 be 动词或助动词时, 才可省略选项分析 : (A) Correct; 需要找一个 joined..., was injured..., and was discharged... 的平行结构, 只有此选项符合要求 ; 使用过去完成时表明了 she become too ill to serve 是发生在 was discharged in 1783 之前 ; she become too ill to serve 就是仅修饰最后半个句子, 所以作者在这里特意用逗号把后半个句子和前面区分开为了避免歧义,because 状从修饰的只是最后的动作, 所以放在最后 (B) while 从句的事情与主句时间不是发生在同一时间, 使用 while 时间状语错误, 同时破坏句子平行结构 ; being 使用多余,while being 构成了被动语态的过去进行时态, 这个动作应该是一个过去式动词 (C) 第一个 and 多余, 应改为逗号 ;discharge 应该使用被动语态 ;being 现在分词作状语修饰 discharged 表伴随结果, 逻辑不合理 (D) 动词并列,injured 应该用被动, 前要补出 was 才能与 joined 和 was discharged 并列 ; because she was 中用了一般过去时也是可以的 (E) 用了 having been injured and discharged 做前面主句的伴随状语, 表明 be injured and discharged 发生在 joined 之前, 逻辑错误 ;and 前面没有逗号隔开使得 in 1783 的修饰对象改变, 原文是在 1783 年退役, 现在是被伤了 3 次及退役都发生在 1783, 同时 being 修饰的对象把 be injured 也包括了进去

7 2. 语法考动词后加不加 s, it 还是 they 的题比较多 By music5 分析主谓一致如果一个句子中有多个动词和主语, 要找好对应关系, 再判断单复数下面总结一下主谓一致中比较重要的知识点 ( 一 ) 容易引起主语不明显的两个情况 1) 插入语 : 在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分介宾短语 (of,/for by,/in,/with/,at,/to,/on,/from 后面的词不是主语可以忽略, 所以要学会看到介词跳读 ) (Near Galway), the HOUSES (ON the road TO Spiddle )ARE gorgeous. 2) 前置短语 : 在主语之前放一些修饰成分 (When the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad. 说明 : 从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分, 类似大形容词, 大名词或大副词 ( 二 ) and 和表示连接的词 1) and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构, 谓语动词要用复数有且只有 and 可以将单数主语改编成复数主语其他添加伴随连接词的单数主语, 依然是单数主语 2) 其他连接性的词 (along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including) 虽然也表达 and 的意思, 但是连接不同的名词, 只是起着修饰的作用, 不会改变主语的单复数, 不影响谓语动词 Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach. Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject. 3) 一些表示学科的词 (physics, mathematics) 一些活动- 有氧运动 (aerobics) 和一些疾病 - 糖尿病 (diabetes) 虽然以 S 结尾, 仍属于单数名词, 谓语动词用单数 ( 三 ) either or, neither nor 1) 就近原则 : 离谓语动词近的是单数, 谓语动词就用单数 ; 复数就用复数 Neither the coach nor the players ARE going to the beach. Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach. 2) 若仅仅只有 either or neither, 没有 or nor, 则谓语动词一定要用单数

8 ( 四 ) 集合性名词 : 在 GMAT 中一般被认为是单数名词, 看做一个整体, 跟单数谓语 People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra( 乐队 ), team Items: baggage, citrus( 橙类 ), equipment, fleet( 舰队 / 小河 ), fruit, furniture The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy. ( 五 ) 非限制性的代词, 一般用单数 Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoever, either or..; neither nor.. 特殊情况, 如果遇到 ASNAM Some,any,none,all,more/most 需要根据后面的 OF 的介宾短语中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数 1) Some, 谓语单复数, 取决于 SOME 后面的词的单复数需要看介宾短语词! Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank. 2) Any, None 永远跟单数 Any of these women IS a suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Technically,none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form. 其中,not one 永远是单数 Not one of my friends IS here this weekend. 3) all,more/most, part, half, 谓语要看后面的介宾短语中的名词单复数 ( 六 ) each & every 两个词如果放在复数主语之前用单数, 复数主语之后用复数 Every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players. 由 each/every 开头 + 任何名词 ( 不论单复数 ) 一律用谓语单数 ( 七 ) 量词 A number of + 复数主语 + 复数谓语 (a number of 可以看成是 some/many) The number of + 复数 / 单数主语 + 单数谓语 Majority( 多数 ), minority( 少数民族 / 少数 ), and plurality( 多数 ) 这些词既可以是单数也可以是复数, 根据其修饰的主语 (of 后面的词 ) 决定其单复数通常表示

9 一个大群体的一部分时, 用复数 a group of/ a body of/ an array of/ a series of/ s asset of/ a portion of+ 复数名词, 谓语动词用单数 ( 八 ) 倒装 : 主语的单复数向后看 1) Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 2) Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop. Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. 3) Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes. Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended. Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes. 例题 The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads. (A) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were (B) with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, (C) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been (D) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with each (E) of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each had been 解析 : 考点 : 句子结构 (Grammatical Structure) 逻辑表达 (Logical Predication) 有效用词 (Diction) 1) 一个完整的句子之中只能有一个谓语动词, 两个谓语动词之间必须有连词进行连接 2) each 型独立主格, 强调句尾名词, 形式为 : 句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语 / 形容词短语 /-ed 形式 /-ing 形式 E.G. Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands

10 of ideographic characters, each character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its own square frame. 选项分析 : (A) 划线的 were 作为谓语和划线部分之前的谓语 were 重复, 应该去掉或者用连词 and 连接 ; (B) Correct,of up to 600 rooms each 作为插入语修饰 structures,connected 分词跳过插入语修饰前面最邻近的名词 structures. (C) 将 with 改变成 of 后, 介词的修饰对象发生改变 ; 原句 with 结构修饰 built, 而 of 结构修饰的是 scale; 将插入语变成句子一部分后,each 同位语修饰的对象也发生改变, 变成了修饰最邻近的 rooms 而不是 structures,rooms 被马路连接不符合题目原意和逻辑表达 ;each 同位语从句用过去完成时同样没有必要性. (D) 按 D 答案给出的句意,with each 和 on a spectacular scale 平行, 但 each connected by 改变了原文的句意, 原文没有表达出每一个都被连接的意义 (E) 如果 each 做代词指代主语应该在 each 前面加上连词 and,e 答案中 each 后面是完整句子但没有连词进行连接 ;had been 过去完成时没有必要性

11 3. 还考了一题, 某名人想要一个政治职务, 并不介意通过自己的名声来获得该职位, 考了 averse 后面加 to 还是 against 的用法 By music5 分析查了很多词典好像没有 averse against 的用法例句中的用法都是 averse to + n. 这道题应该肯定还有其他的区分点, 大家到考场上仔细看一看, 不要以 to 和 against 的区分就断定答案 Averse adjective Having a strong feeling of opposition, antipathy, repugnance, etc.; opposed: E.g. He is not averse to having a drink now and then. 4. 还有一道语法好像是讲员工期权, 公司会买回部分防止股价波动过大,xxxxxx, the company announced, 选项有 A for its planning; E that it plans... 到底这题时态要不要一致, 我到现在还没想请, 求大神指点 By music5 分析如果是 announced that 后面就要用不晚于 announced 的时态, 可能是过去时也可能是完成时另外总结一下 announce 这种报道性词语的用法在一些报道性的词语后面一定跟 that Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention, observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think, warn, be convinced, be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule,show Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished. Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished. 有一个比较特殊的词就是 say, 之后不必跟 that, 就可以跟一个句子 The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver. 例题 PREP. The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected it to and its business will improve in the second half of the

12 year. (A) had expected it to and its business will improve (B) had expected and that its business would improve (C) expected it would and that it will improve its business (D) expected them to and its business would improve (E) expected and that it will have improved its business 解析 : 考点 : 平行对称 (Parallelism) 动词形式(Verb Form) 句子结构(Grammatical Construction) 过去完成时 : 当某一个动作发生在过去的某一个动作之前, 应该使用过去完成时宾语从句的并列 : announced that and that and 在连接句子时, 只能连接并列的独立句子 ( 即主句 ),and 后面的句子不能与从句并列选项分析 : (A) it to 多余 ; its 前面必须加上 that, 构成宾语从句的并列 :announced that and that (B) 正确, 注意到了前后两个分句的发生先后关系, 正确的使用了过去完成时 ;and that 和 announced that 并列 (C) 从逻辑上看,expect 发生在 announced 之前, 应该用过去完成时 ;expected it 中的 it 多余 ; 由于整个句子的时间框架是过去, will 应该该为 would (D) them 没有指代对象且多余 ;and 后面应该加上 that 跟 announced that 构成并列 (E) will 应该改为 would; 现在完成时不对, 根据 in the second half of the year 判断 imporve 应该用将来的某一种时态句子结构 : The company announced that and that its business would

13 5. 居然有一道讲胡锦涛访问非洲国家的, 只记得部分好像是 a tour of eight nations that is to involve excursion( 语法君注 : 狗主给的单词已更正, 意为游览 )history site. 其他选项还有 as involving / which involves. By killgmat2015 分析很残题目肯定还会有其他区分点大家在考场上一定要看清 which/that 指代什么, 应该用 involve 还是 involves 下面总结一下这道题可能涉及的修饰的知识点 ( 一 ) 名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近, 就近修饰 ; 如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词, 则会产生误解 Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. ( 二 ) 修饰限制性名词修饰, 一般用 the; 无逗号隔开的, 用 that; 两两配套非限制性名词修饰, 一般用 this/these: 有逗号隔开的, 用 which Non-essential: This mansion, WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees. Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees. 但是当 which 前面有介词的时候, 例如 for which, 可能不需要 that, 但是依然需要逗号原则 Non-essential: This mansion. FOR WHICH I YEARN, is owned by the Lees. Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the Lees. ( 三 ) Which 不能修饰一个句子,which 只能指代它前面的一个名词 Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.( 此句中 which 指的是 neighborhood, 错 ) Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values. 例题 PREP. Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period. (A) which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks

14 (B) which caused the plant and animal extinctions marking (C) and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark (D) an event that caused plant and animal extinctions, and it marks (E) an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark 解析 : 考点 : 句子结构 (Grammatical Construction) 指代一致(Agreement), 逻辑表达 (Logical Predication) 连词 and 在连接句子时, 只能连接并列的独立句子 ( 即主句 ), and 后面的句子不能与从句并列 which 需要有具体的名词指代对象, 不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情, 即不能指代句子现在分词作非限定性修饰成分, 修饰先行词, 表示主动有动作正在进行还在延续的含义 ; 相反, 使用过去分词作非限定性修饰成分, 修饰先行词, 表示被动, 或者表示动作已经结束补充说明 : 位于句尾逗号后的同位语, 如 a(an) finding/discovery/theory/event 等, 概括前句内容, 对内容进行进一步拓展说明这种结构一般意味着句子的结束在这种结构后面再出现连词接完整的句子的, 一般为错误选项选项分析 : (A) which 需要有具体的指代对象, 不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情 ;causing 现在分词表示动作正在进行或还在延续, 含义不正确 (B) which 需要有具体的指代对象, 不能用于修饰前句整句描述的事情 ;marking 前面需要有逗号 (C) and causing 没有平行对象 (D) and it marks. 完整独立句子, 构成 run-on 错误 ;it 指代不清, 可以指代 an asteroid, 也可以指代 an event, 且 it 优先指代同在句子中充当主语成分的 an asteroid, 不符合逻辑 (E) Correct

Microsoft Word - 第四組心得.doc

Microsoft Word - 第四組心得.doc 徐婉真這四天的綠島人權體驗營令我印象深刻, 尤其第三天晚上吳豪人教授的那堂課, 他讓我聽到不同於以往的正義之聲轉型正義, 透過他幽默熱情的語調激起了我對政治的興趣, 願意在未來多關心社會多了解政治第一天抵達綠島不久,

There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 4) 但是 引导词 前面的词不可以省略 ( 即平行成分不可或缺, 检验办法 : 去掉没有问题的平行 成分链接到谓语来检查是否 ambiguity) Wrong: Ral

There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 4) 但是引导词前面的词不可以省略 ( 即平行成分不可或缺, 检验办法 : 去掉没有问题的平行成分链接到谓语来检查是否 ambiguity) Wrong: Ral