一. 名词 I. 名词的种类 : 专有名词普通名词 国名, 地可数名词 不可数名词 名人名, 团体机构个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 名称 II. 名词的数 : 1. 规则名词的复数形式 : 名词的复数形式, 一般在单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es 现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则例词

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1 更多英语口语资料, 请加口语资料 QQ 群 : 英语语法图解 目录 一. 名词... 2 二. 冠词... 5 三. 代词 :... 8 四. 形容词和副词 五. 介词 六. 动词 七. 情态动词 八. 非谓语动词 九. 定语从句 十. 名词性从句 十一. 状语从句 十二. 倒装句 十三. 虚拟语气

2 一. 名词 I. 名词的种类 : 专有名词普通名词 国名, 地可数名词 不可数名词 名人名, 团体机构个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 名称 II. 名词的数 : 1. 规则名词的复数形式 : 名词的复数形式, 一般在单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es 现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则例词 1 一般情况在词尾加 -s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加 -es dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 变 -f 和 -fe 为 v 再加 -es 以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的 loaf-loaves, wife-wives 3 词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, 加 -s roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs party-parties, family-families, 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 变 y 为 i 加 -es story-stories, city-cities 5 6 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 或专有名词以 y toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, 结尾的, 加 -s Henry-Henrys hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, 一般加 -es potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 以辅音字母加 -o piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, 不少外来词加 -s 结尾的名词 kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ 两者皆可 volcanos 7 以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以 -th 结尾的名词加 -s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2

3 2. 不规则名词复数 : 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的, 现归纳如下 : 规则例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, 2 单复数相同 yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 3 只有复数形式 compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, 部分集体名词既可以作单数 ( 整体 ) 5 committee, government, population, crew, team, 也可以作复数 ( 成员 ) public, enemy, party customs( 海关 ), forces( 军队 ), times( 时代 ), spirits( 情绪 ), drinks( 饮料 ), sands( 沙滩 ), papers( 文件报纸 ), 6 复数形式表示特别含义 manners( 礼貌 ), looks( 外表 ), brains( 头脑智力 ), greens( 青菜 ), ruins( 废墟 ) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, 加 -s Europeans 表示 某 7 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 国人 以 -man 或 -woman 结尾的 Englishmen, Frenchwomen 改为 -men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy 将主体名词变为复数 friends 合成名 8 无主体名词时将最后一部词 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 分变为复数将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants 3

4 III. 名词的所有格 : 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格 所有格分两种 : 一是名词词尾加 s 构成, 二是由介词 of 加名词构成 前者多表示有生命的东西, 后者多表示无生命的东西 1. s 所有格的构成 : 单数名词在末尾加 s the boy s father, Jack s book, her son-in-law s photo, 复 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 数名词 不规则复数名词后加 s the children s toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加 s 或者 Dickens novels, Charles s job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时, 各名词末 Japan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary s bikes 尾均须加 s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一 Japan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father 词末加 s 表示 " 某人家 "" 店铺 ", 所有格 the doctor s, the barber s, the tailor s, my uncle s 后名词省略 2. s 所有格的用法 : 1 表示时间 today s newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth s atmosphere, the tree s branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country s plan, the world s population, China s industry 4 表示工作群体 the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life s time, the play s plot 7 某些固定词组 a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one s wit s end( 不知所措 ) 3. of 所有格的用法 : 用于无生命的东西 :the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西, 尤其是有较长定语时 :the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词 :the struggle of the oppressed 4

5 二. 冠词 冠词分为不定冠词 (a, an), 定冠词 (the), 和零冠词 I. 不定冠词的用法 : 1 指一类人或事, 相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物, 非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示 每一 相当于 every,one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示 相同 相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were 用于人名前, 表示不认识此人或与某名人 out 有类似性质的人或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之 This room is rather a big one. 后 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+ 形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 5

6 II. 定冠词的用法 : 1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示 一家人 或 夫妇 the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海, 山川群岛的名词 the United States, the Communist 前 Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前, 指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990 s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词, 身体部位名词, 及表示时间的词 He patted me on the shoulder. 组前 6

7 III. 零冠词的用法 : 1 专有名词, 物质名词, 抽象名词, 人名地名等名词 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 前 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等 I want this book, not that one. / Whose 限制 purse is this? 3 季节, 月份, 星期, 节假日, 一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位, 身份, 头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科, 语言, 球类, 棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 7

8 三. 代词 : I. 代词可以分为以下七大类 : 1 主格人称代词宾格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 形容词性物主代词名词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 8

9 II. 不定代词用法注意点 : 1. one, some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人, 也可特指, 复数为 ones some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和 否定句 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中, 表示盼望得到肯定的答复, 或者表示建议, 请求等 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个,any 表示任何一个 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示 大约,any 可与比较级连用表示程度 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别, 代表的数可以是两个或两个以上, 而 every 强调整体, 所指的数必须是三个 或三个以上 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no: no 等于 not any, 作定语 none 作主语或宾语, 代替不可数名词, 谓语用单数, 代替可数名 词, 谓语单复数皆可以 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 9

10 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指 另外的, 别的 常与其他词连用, 如 :the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个, 复数为 the others 如 : He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指 又一个, 另一个 无所指, 复数形式是 others, 泛指 别的人或事 如 : I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 either all 表示不可数名词时, 其谓语动词用单数 both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定, 全部否定用 neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 10

11 四. 形容词和副词 I. 形容词 : 1. 形容词的位置 : 1) 形容词作定语通常前置, 但在下列情况后置 : 1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不 nobody absent, everything 定代词时 possible 2 以 -able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的 the best book available, the 名词之后 only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间 时间 单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 11

12 12 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 : 代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone

13 3) 复合形容词的构成 : 1 形容词 + 名词 +ed kind-hearted 6 名词 + 形容词 world-famous 2 形容词 + 形容词 dark-blue 7 名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving 3 形容词 + 现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词 + 现在分词 hard-working 9 数词 + 名词 +ed three-egged 5 副词 + 过去分词 newly-built 10 数词 + 名词 twenty-year II. 副词 副词的分类 : 1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, 5 频度副词 recently always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why above 3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, 7 连接副词 really how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, 8 关系副词 when, where, why rather 13

14 III. 形容词和副词比较等级 : 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级, 比较级和最高级 比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容 词和副词后加 -er 和 -est, 多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most 1. 同级比较时常常用 as as 以及 not so(as) as 如 :I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有 :much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal 3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用 the more the more 句型 如 :The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思 如 :I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型 : Our school is three times larger than yours./our school is four times as large as yours./our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示 最高程度 的形容词没有最高级和比较级 如 :favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 14

15 五. 介词 I. 介词分类 : 1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering( 就而论 ), including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区别 : 1 表示时间的 in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间,in 表示一段的时间,on 总是与日子 有关 2 表示时间的 since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间, 和完成时连用,from 指从时间的某一点开始 3 表示时间的 in, after in 指在一段时间之后,after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用 在过去时的一段时间中 15

16 4 表示地理位置的 in, on, to in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环境范 围之外 5 表示 在 上 的 on, in on 只表示在某物的表面上,in 表示占去某物一部分 6 表示 穿过 的 through, across through 表示从内部通过, 与 in 有关,across 表示在表面上通过, 与 on 有关 7 表示 关于 的 about, on about 指涉及到,on 指专门论述 8 between 与 among 的区别 between 表示在两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的 中间 9 besides 与 except 的区别 besides 指 除了 还有再加上,except 指 除了, 减去什 么, 不放在句首 10 表示 用 的 in, with with 表示具体的工具,in 表示材料, 方式, 方法, 度量, 单位, 语言, 声音 11 as 与 like 的区别 as 意为 作为, 以 地位或身份,like 为 象 一样, 指 情形相似 12 in 与 into 区别 in 通常表示位置 ( 静态 ),into 表示动向, 不表示目的地 或位置 16

17 六. 动词 I. 动词的时态 : 1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种, 以 ask 为例, 将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下 : 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have should/would asked asked have 完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been should/would asking been asking have 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 : 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况, 但和现在有联系, 强调的是对现在造成 的影响或结果, 它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用, 汉译英时可加 已经 等词 简言之, 利 用过去, 说明现在 如 : I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. ( 已经看过且了解书的内容 ) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态, 和现在无关, 它可和表示过去的时间状语连 用, 汉译英时可加 过, 了 等词 简言之, 仅谈过去, 不关现在 如 : I read the novel last month. ( 只说明上个月看了, 不涉及现在是否记住 ) I lived in Beijing for ten years.( 只说明在北京住过十年, 与现在无关 ) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 : 17

18 两者都可以表示 从过去开始一直持续到现在, 在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时, 多用现 在完成时, 如着重表示动作一直在进行, 即动作的延续性时, 则多用现在完成进行时 一般 不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时 I have read that book. 我读过那本书了 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书 4. 一般将来时的表达方式 : 将来时用法例句 1 will/shall+ 动词原形 2 be going to+ 动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状 My sister will be ten next year. 态 It s going to clear up. 含有 打算, 计划, 即将 做某事, We re going to have a party 或表示很有可能要发生某事 tonight. 3 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive be + doing 进行时表 He is moving to the south. 等词可用进行时表示按计划即将示将来 Are they leaving for Europe? 发生的动作 4 I was about to leave when the bell be about to + 动词原表示安排或计划中的马上就要发 rang. 形生的动作, 后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 动词原形 We re to meet at the school gate 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 at noon. The meeting starts at five 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好 o clock. 6 一般现在时表示将来的事情, 可用一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening. 18

19 II. 动词的被动语态 : 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not, 短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其 中介副词 固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时, 只需将其后的动词变为被动态 如 : Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注意事项 汉语有一类句子不出现主语, 在英语中一般可用被动结构表示 如 : It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动意义 : 如 : The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won t shut. / The play won t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态 : leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 19

20 七. 情态动词 I. 情态动词基本用法 : 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 能力 ( 体力, 智力, 技能 ) can not / cannot /can t can Can do? 允许或许可 ( 口语中常用 ) do Yes, can. 可能性 ( 表猜测, 用于否定 could couldn t do No, can t. 句或疑问句中 ) May do? Yes, may. may 可以 ( 问句中表示请求 ) may not do No, mustn t/can t. 可能, 或许 ( 表推测 ) Might do? Yes, might might 祝愿 ( 用于倒装句中 ) might not do No, might not. must 必须, 应该 ( 表主观要求 ) Must do? Yes, must. 肯定, 想必 ( 肯定句中表推 must not/mustn t do No, needn t/don t have to. 测 ) have to 只好, 不得不 ( 客观的必须, Do have to do? don t have to do 有时态人称变化 ) Yes, do. No, don t. ought to 应当 ( 表示义务责任, 口语 ought not to/oughtn t Ought to do? 中多用 should to do Yes, ought. No, oughtn t. 将要, 会 shall 用于一三人称征求对方意见 Shall do? shall not/shan t do 用于二三人称表示许诺 命 Yes, shall. No, shan t. 令 警告 威胁等 should 应当, 应该 ( 表义务责任 ) should not/shouldn t Should do? 本该 ( 含有责备意味 ) do will 意愿, 决心 will not/won t do Will do? 请求, 建议, 用在问句中 would would not/wouldn t do Yes, will. No, won t. would 比较委婉 dare 敢 ( 常用于否定句和疑问句 Dare do? dare not/daren t do 中 ) Yes, dare. No, daren t. need 需要 Need do? 必须 ( 常用于否定句和疑问 need not/needn t do Yes, must. No, needn t. 句中 ) used Used to do? used to 过去常常 ( 现在已不再 ) not/usedn t/usen t to Yes, used. No, use(d)n t. do Did use to do? didn t use to do Yes, did. No, didn t. 20

21 II. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can 表示推测 : 以 must 为例 must + do(be) 是推测现在存在的一般状态进行 ;must + be doing 推测可能正在 进行的事情 ;must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情 1. must 肯定, 一定 语气强, 只用于肯定句中 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may 和 might 也许, 后者语气弱, 更没有把握 可用于肯定句和否定句 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can 和 could 可能,could 表示可疑的可能性, 不及 can t 语气强, 用于肯定 否定 疑问 句中 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.( 推测某事本来可能发生, 但实际上没有发生 ) Can he be in the office now? No, he can t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.( 语气很 强, 常用于疑问句和否定句中 ) III. 情态动词注意点 : 1. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示能力 但 be able to 可以表达 某事终于成功, 而 can 无法表 达此意 Be able to 有更多的时态 另外, 两者不能重叠使用 2. used to 和 would: used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯, 而 would 只表示过去的 习惯或喜好, 不涉及现在 3. need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别 : 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句 其形式为 :needn t/daren t do;need/dare do? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句, 否定句和疑问句 其形式为 :need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don t(doesn t/didn t) need/dare to do 21

22 八. 非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类 意义及构成 : 非谓语形式不定式 构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构 to do to be done to be doing to have been done to have done 现在分 doing being done 词 having done having been done 分词过去分 done 词 doing being done 动名词 having done having been done for sb. to do 具有名词, 副词 sth. 和形容词的作用在句中做主 宾 定 表和状语具有副词和形容在非谓语词的作用前加 not 在句中做定 表 宾补和状语 sb s doing 具有名词的作用在句中做主 宾 定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较 : 情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, 动词 manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾语的 can t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, 动词或短语 be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue( 接不定式多指具体的动作, 接动名词多指一般或习惯行为 ) 意义基本相同 need, want, require( 接动名词主动形式表示被动意义, 若接不定式则应用被动形式 ) 两者 stop to do 停止手中事, 去做另一件事意义相反都可 stop doing 停止正在做的事以 remember/forget/regret to do( 指动作尚未发生 ) go on to do( 接 remember/forget/regret doing( 指动作已经发生 ) 着做另外一件意义不同事 ) go on doing( 接着做同一件事 ) 22

23 try to do( 设法, 努力去做, 尽力 ) mean to do( 打算 try doing( 试试去做, 看有何结果 ) 做, 企图做 ) mean doing ( 意识是, 意味着 ) can t help to do( 不能帮忙做 ) can t help doing( 忍不住要做 ) III. 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 : 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及例句时间概念 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, 主谓关系 强调动作 I heard him call me want, wish, encourage 将发生或已经完成 several times. 不定式 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 过去分词 主谓关系 强调动作 I found her listening to 正在进行, 尚未完成 the radio. notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 动宾关系 动作已经 We found the village 完成, 多强调状态 greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 : 区别 举例 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系, 一般式表示将来, 进行式 I have a lot of papers 表示与谓语动作同时发生, 完成式表示在谓语动词之前 to type. 发生 I have a lot of papers to be typed. 23

24 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途, 无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系, 表示动作与谓语动作同时 the boiling water / the 发生 boiled water 过去分词 the developing 与被修饰词之间是被动关系, 表示动作发生在谓语动作 country/the 之前, 现已经完成 developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别 : 区别 举例 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作, 做主 My dream is to become a teacher. 语时可以借助于 it 把不定式移到句子后面 做表语有时可和主语交换位置, 而且意义不 To obey the law is important. 不定式变, 并且还能用 what 来提问主语或表语 (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 做主语时常用 ) 与不定式的功能区别不大, 然而它更接近于 It is no use saying that again and again. 名词, 表示的动作比较抽象, 或者泛指习惯动名词性的动作, 有时也可以用 it 做形式主语, 做 Teaching is my job. 表语时可以和主语互换位置 分词 无名词的性质, 不能做主语 但是有形容词 The situation is encouraging. 的性质, 可以做表语, 多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等, 可被 very, quite, rather 等副 The book is well written. 词修饰 ( 常见分词有 astonishing, moving, 现在分词多含有 令人 之意, 说明主语的 tiring, disappointing, puzzling, 性质特征, 多表示主动, 主语多为物 过去 shocking, boring, amusing 及其 -ed 形 24

25 分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态, 含有式 ) 感到 之意, 主语多是人 九. 定语从句 I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用, 在句中修饰一个名词或代词 被修饰的词叫做先行词, 引 导定语从句的词叫关系词, 他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用, 二是在 从句中担当一个成分, 并与先行词保持数的一致 关系词 先行词从句成分 例句 备注 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. whom, which 和 whose 人, 物定语 I like those books whose topics are that 在从句中做 about history. 宾语时, 常可以省 The boy whose father works abroad is 略, 但介词提前时 my deskmate. 后面关系代词不关系 A plane is a machine that can fly. 能省略, 也不可以代词 that 人, 物主语, 宾语 She is the pop star (that) I want to see 用 that very much. The book (which) I gave you was which 物 worth $10. 主语, 宾语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is respected by as all of us. as 做宾语一般不人, 物主语, 宾语 This is the same pen as I lost 省略 yesterday. I will never forget the day when we when 时间时间状语可用 on which met there. 关系 where 地点地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which 副词 I can t imagine the reason why he why 原因原因状语可用 for which turned down my offer. 25

26 II. that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别 : 情况 用法说明 例句 1. 先行词为 all, everything, 1.He told me everything that he knows. anything, nothing, little, much, 等不定 2.All the books that you offered has been 代词时 given out. 2. 先行词被 all, any, every, each, 3.This is the best film that I have ever much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 read. 只用 that3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词 4.We talked about the persons and things 的情况 修饰时 4. 先行词既指人又指物时 that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 5. 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰 6.Who is the man that is making a 时 speech? 6. 句中已经有 who 或 which 时, 为了避免重复时 1. 在非限制性定语从句中, 只能用 He has a son, who has gone abroad for which 指代物, 用 who/whom 指人 further study. 只用 2. 在由 介词 + 关系代词 引导的定 I like the person to whom the teacher is which, 语从句中, 只能用 which 指物,whom talking. who, 指人 Those who respect others are usually whom 的情 3. 先行词本身是 that 时, 关系词用 respected by others. 况 which, 先行词为 those, one, he 时多用 who III. as 与 which 的区别 : 定语从句区别例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. 限制性定名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时, 关 Don t read such books as you can t 语从句中系代词用 as, 不能用 which understand. as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主 They won the game, as we had expected. 非限制性句 如果有 正如, 象 的含义, 并可 They won the game, which we hadn t 定语从句以放在主句前, 也可以放在后面, 那 expected. 中么用 as; 而 which 引导的从句只能放 As is well known, he is a famous film star 主句后, 并无 正如 的意思 in the 1980s. 26

27 IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 : 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰限制作用, 如果 限制性定语从去掉, 主句意思就不完整明确, The accident happened at the time when I 句 这种从句与主句的关系十分密 left. 切, 写时不用逗号分开 对先行词作附加的说明, 与主句 的关系不十分密切, 较松散 从非限制性定语 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died 句和主句之间用逗号分开, 相当从句 ten years ago. 于一个插入语, 不能用 that 引导, 关系代词做宾语时也不能省略 十. 名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 在复合句中做主语, 相当于 Whether he will come or not 名词, 一般置谓语之前, 也 doesn t matter much. 主语从句 that, whether, if, 可用 it 作形式主语, 主语从 Whoever comes here will be as if, as though, 句放主句之后 welcome. who, whose, 在复合句中做表语, 相当于表语从句 which, how, It looks as if it is going to snow. 名词, 位于系动词之后 when, where, 在复合句中做宾语, 相当于 He asked me which team could win 宾语从句 why, what, 名词 the game. whatever, 放在名词之后 (news, You have no idea how worried we whoever, 同位语从 problem, idea, suggestion, are. wherever 句 advice, thought, hope, fact The fact that he lied again greatly 等 ) 表明其具体内容 surprised us. 27

28 十一. 状语从句 种类 连接词 注意点 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon 主句表示将来意义时, 从句须用一般现在 时间状语 as, hardly when, no 时 ;while 引导的从句中动词一般是延续性 sooner than, the moment, the 的 ;until 用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性 minute, immediately, directly, 的, 而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的 instantly 地点状语 where, wherever 原因状语 because, as, since, now that because 语气最强,since 较弱, 表示大家都明了的原因,as 又次之 条件状语 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, 从句中动词时态不可用将来时, 常用一般时 on condition that 代替 目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear that so that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should, could, would 等情态动词 结果状语 so that, such that 比较状语 than, as as, not so/as as, the more the more 方式状语 as if, as though, as as if 和 as though 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气 though, although, even if, even 让步状语 though, as, no matter what, as 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式 ; whatever, no matter who, whoever, although 和 though 用正常语序, 可和 yet 连 no matter which, whichever, no 用, 但不可和 but 连用 matter how, however, no matter when, whenever 28

29 十二. 倒装句 种类倒装条件例句 完全倒 装 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away Out rushed the children. 等副词开头的句子表示强调 Under the tree stood two tables and four 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 chairs. 强调表语, 置于句首, 或为保持句子 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 平衡 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not 等表示否定意义的副词 Hardly did I know what had happened. 放于句首 only 和修饰的状语放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only but also 连接并列的句子, Not only does he know French, but also he is 前倒后不倒 expert at it. 部分倒 neither nor 连接并列的句子, 前后 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 装都倒装 so that, such that 中的 so 或 such 及 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. 修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 as 引导的让步状语 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用 He can play the piano. So can i. 于另外的人或事 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 省略 if 的虚拟条件 May you be in good health! Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 29

30 十三. 虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 从句动词 : 过去式 (be 用 were) 与现在事实相反 If 引导的条与过去事实相反件从句与将来事实相反 句宾语从句主语从句其它句型中 主句动词 : If he were here, he would should/would/could/might+ 动词 help us. 原形从句动词 :had+ 过去分词主句动词 : If I had been free, I would should/would/could/might+have+ have visited you. 过去分词从句动词 : 过去式 / should+ 动 词原形 / were+ 不定式 If it should rain tomorrow, 主句动词 : we would not go camping. should/would/could/might+ 动词原形 as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成 They are talking as if they 其它状语从式 had been friends for years. in order that / so that 引导的状语从句中动词用 can / Turn on the light so that could / may / might / would 等 + 动词原形 we can see it clearly. demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为 He suggested that we not should+ 动词原形 change our mind. wish 后的从句中分别用过去式, 过去完成式和 I wish I could be a pop should/would+ 动词原形表示与现在, 过去和将来情 singer. 况相反 在 It is necessary / important / strange that, It is It is strange that such a suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that 等 person should be our 从句中, 谓语动词用 should+ 动词原形 friends. It is time that 句型中动词用过去式或 should+ 动 It s high time that we left. 词原形 would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去 I would rather you stayed 完成式 at home now. If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式, 表 If only our dream had 示强烈的愿望 come true! 30