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1 120 94% 80% 15

2 ha World Americas Asia- Pacific Africa- Europe

3 % World export (Qnt) (event)

4 Clive James (2002 )4.8 % 94 % 5 % 1 % ( ) % 1390 (20.5%) 440 (6.5 %) 300 (4.4 %) 280 (4.1 %)40 (0.59 %) 10 (0.15 %) 5 (0.07 %) ha World Americas Asia- Pacific Africa- Europe ( James 1 ) Fig. 1, Geographical distribution of the global GM crop acreage. 1 James, C Preview: Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: ISAAA Briefs No. 30. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. (

5 ( ) % % ( %) ( %) ( %) % %10.9 % ( ) % Glabal acreage Fig. 2, Percentage global acreage of the four GM crops.

6 125 AGBIOS (2004) * * AGBIOS GM Database, ( 18 ** James, C Preview: Global Status of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: ISAAA Briefs No. 30, ISAAA: Ithaca, NY. (

7 126 (event ) 20 (6)Pioneer Hi-Bred (4) Syngenta (3)Dekalb Genetics Corporation(2) BASF Inc. Aventis CropScience (1) 15 Aventis CropScience (6) (4) (3)Calgene Inc. Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. (1) (3)Calgene Inc. (2) (1) (3) Aventis CropScience (1) % 18 % 8.6 % ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () % ( ) %

8 127 ( 2bt-ht- st - ) Fig. 3, Percentage US acreage of the three GM crops (2414 ) (1279 ) (411 ) Mississippi 89 % Michigan 73 % % 14 % 27% ArkansasN. CarolinaGeorgia MississippiLouisiana 90 % 40 %Texas 53% 39 % 2

9 128 3 Texas 3 25 % 11 9 % S. Dakota 75 % Ohio 9 % Iowa Nebraska Minnesota 45 %52 %53 % Bt 4 Bt (20 %) refuge belt % Fernandez-Cornejo, J. and W.D. McBride 2002 Adoption of Bioengineered Crops. ERS Agricultural Economic Report No. AER810.

10 129 Bt Bt Bt Bt 7 ( ) TescoSainsburyCarrefour (280 ) (6,300) 99.4 % 8 HeinzMcDonaldBurger King 76% % Seminis 8 Warwick H. and G. Meziani 2002 Seeds of Doubt: North American Farmers Experiences of GM Crops. Soil Association. 9 Goldberg, G Genetically modified crops and the American agricultural producer. (G.C. Nelson, ed.) Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics. Academic Press, San Diego Reuters 2002 Japan steps up checks on GM papaya imports from US. January 28,

11 130 California Agriculture ( FAO 13 ) Fig. 4, US shares of the percentage world export in quantities of three crops. 5 1 % (Agriculture & Food Trade: Crops & Livestock Primary & Processed) 14

12 (1) StarLink 16 Cry9C 10 Cry9C % (0.05~1 %) % M. Mello and J. Rissler 2004 Gone to seed: Transgenic contaminants in the traditional seed supply. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA.

13 132 Prodigene 19 tripsin (Biopharming) 2001 Iowa Nebraska Prodigene Ventria Sacramento StarLink The New York Times, October 16, APHIS 2003 Proposed Rule: Field Testing of Plants Engineered To Produce Pharmaceutical and Industrial Compounds. Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 46.

14 ( ) Prodigene

15 (2) 23 % 53 % % Mississippi Homan McFarling St. Louis Ohio (Seed Availability and gm-regs_x.htm 29 (BASF Plant Science)

16 135 Competition Act) Mendocino % 38 Mendocino () DIRECTIVE 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions

17 % (22.1 %) % (32 ) 31.5 % (37 ) 40 65% % 19 % % % 11 % 9 % 8 % Hategekimana B. and M. Beaulieu 2002 Genetically modified crops: Steady growth in Ontario and Quebec. Statistics Canada, Catalogue no XIE XIE02112.pdf 41 Reuters (London) Monday, November 3, 2003: Some Canadian growers warn UK, although 65% canola planted is GM. 42 Serecon Management Consulting Inc. and Koch Paul Associates 2001 An Agronomic and Economic Assessment of Transgenic Canola

18 137 Schmeiser Schmeiser 46 SchmeiserSchmeiser Schmeiser Schmeiser 47 Schmeiser % 95 % % Lehmann, V. and Pengue, W. A Herbicide tolerant soybean: Just another step in a technology treadmill? Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 43, p

19 138 ( 50 ) % % Doherty, A New Biotech Crop Approved in Argentina. USDA GAIN Report # AR Silva, J.F Brazil Approves Biotech Soybeans. USDA GAIN Report # BR

20 (Rio Grande do Sul State) Jose Alencar Parana FLAVR SAVR 1997 Bt Bt Bell, J Brazil s transgenic-free zone

21 140 ( ) Starlink (Cry9c) FAO (Paarlberg ) (4.1 %) () (Paarlberg ) 59 ETC Group 2003 Maize Rage in Mexico: GM maize contamination in Mexico -- 2 years later Paarlberg, R.L The Politics of Precaution: Genetic Modified Crops in Develo ping Countries. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

22 ( %) (15.7 (15 %) 75 % 41.8 % 39 % Bollgard B B (Paarlberg ) 1993 Bt ( 370 ) (Paarlberg ) Bt 61 USDA Foreign Agriculture Service: Production, Supply and Distribution (PS&D) online database, Complete Raw Data Files. (

23 142 Bt 810 (Paarlberg ) (10.6 %) (32.4 %2003) 66 Paarlberg (Paarlberg ) Mahyco 1996 Bt Jia, H.P., K.S. Jayaraman & S. Louet 2004 Ch ina ramps up efforts to commercialize GM rice. Nature Biotechnology 22: Shunmugam, V India Enters the GMO Era. USDA GAIN Report # IN

24 143 Bt 20 % refuge belt Bt Bt % Corpuz, P.G Bt Corn Field Test to Resume. USDA GAIN Report # RP

25 () ( Pope, G Agricultural Biotechnology in Japan. USDA GAIN Report #JA Breihan, D Agricultural Situation: Thailand s Position on Biotechnology. USDA GAINReport #TH

26 %) 22% (Tasmania) GMO-free Zone (2000 1) 81 Biogenetic Services (BGS) Burst, A.C Approval of Biotech Canola Provokes Debate. USDA GAIN Report #AS Koops, S GM Crop Find Update. USDA GAIN Report #NZ

27 () Kwazulu 84 Syngenta cry1ab cry1babt

28 () % 0.9 % ( ) Bt-176 ( ) (and 5627) Regulation No 1946/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2003 on transboundary movements of genetically modified organisms. Commission of the European Communities 2003 Guidelines for the development of national strategies and best practices to ensure the co-existence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming.

29 Navarra Bt Spendeler, L. and Carrasco, J.F The Impact of GM Corn in Spain. Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, Madrid. Achilles, D German Farmers' Interest in Planting Bt-Corn. USDA GAIN Report #GM4014.

30 149 Advanta (Co-existence) ( 1317, 1383) GM Rowell, A Don t Worry, It s Save to Eat: The True Story of GM Food, BSE, and Foot and Mouth. Earthscan, London.

31 150 Field Work: Weighing up the Costs and Benefits of GM Crops ) 2.) 3.) 4.) GM Science Review ) 2.) 3.) 4.) (Farm Scale Evaluation) 103 ( ) Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (200311)

32 Syngenta (GMO-free zone)

33 Co-existence GM -free Europe Alps de HauteAquitaine Limousin % BRIDGES Trade BioRes, Vol. 3 No. 20, 14 November,

34 (SRB) SRB Vol. 8 No.2 (1998) 1998 Vol. 9 No. 2 (1998) 1997 (SRB) Vol. 8No. 2 (1997) 1997 (SRB) Vol. 8 No.3 (1997) 1998 Vol. 9 No. 2 (1998) 1999 Vol. 10 No. 2 (1999) a b (SRB)

35 Prodigene ( ) ELSI --ELSI w/label/main2.shtml

36 % % 2000 Starlink 122, 123 capacity building 94 %

37 %

38 157

郭華仁稿件--基改.PDF

郭華仁稿件--基改.PDF 1 * () () () () 1995 ( ) (GMOGenetically modified organism) (event) 1 () 120-1572004 2004 7 * /vol.18/2005. Apr./biolaw.law.ntu.edu.tw 21 1996 Clive James 2004 8140 2 14 5.8 % 93.4 % 5.5 % 1.1 % 16 4760