第5期张俊等: 瓶鼻海豚成体骨骼系统的度量特征 143 析和序列比较, 发现中国水域的瓶鼻海豚与其他国家的种存在一定的差异杨光等 [ 21] 研究了中国东海水域瓶鼻海豚种群密度种群数量和分布特点, 发现随纬度增加密度逐渐减少, 而在经度方向上

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1 South China Fisheries Science Vol. 9, No. 5 Oct., 2013 doi: / j. issn ,, (,, ) : ( Tursiops truncatus) 1,, V ; ( R 2 = ) ; ( R 2 = , R 2 = ) ; V ( R 2 = ) ; ;, : ; ; ; : Q : A : ( 2013) Measurement characteristic of skeleton system of Tursiops truncatus ZHANG Jun, CHEN Guobao, LIANG Peiwen ( Key Lab. of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou , China) Abstract: In this study, a Tursiops truncatus sample from Guangzhou Aquarium was anatomized, and a set of skeleton was obtained, which was measured overall. The results show that the maximum height, the maximum width and the maximum thickness scales of V type skeleton of bottlenose dolphins gradually become larger at first, then become smaller; and the weight and length of lumbar spine are significantly linear correlated( R 2 = ). Besides, weight and height, as well as weight and length of coccygeal vertebra have significant power functions correlation ( R 2 = , R 2 = ). Moreover, power function could be well used to fit the correlation between the weight and maximum height of the V type bone ( R 2 = ). The left rib and right rib are symmetrical. The functional relationship between the mass and body length may indicate the regularity of growth of vertebraes such as linear growth or constant growth. Key words: Tursiops truncatus; skeleton; centrum; morphology ( Tursiops truncatus) ops 2, 2 ( truncatus aduncus,, ) [ 11-18] [ 19] mtdna [ 1-10], [ 4, 9, 11-14] mtdna, 2 2, T. truncatus T. aduncus, Tursi- [ 20] 16S rrna : ; : : ; ; ( ) ( ) : ( ),,,, zhangjun@ scsfri. ac. cn : ( ),,, tsmfom@ tom. com

第5期张俊等: 瓶鼻海豚成体骨骼系统的度量特征 143 析和序列比较, 发现中国水域的瓶鼻海豚与其他国家的种存在一定的差异杨光等 [ 21] 研究了中国东海水域瓶鼻海豚种群密度种群数量和分布特点, 发现随纬度增加密度逐渐减少, 而在经度方向上则没有明显变化, 这也是在中国水域对瓶鼻海豚种群数量和分布特点进行的首

1 并对测量数据进行了相关统计分析, 为了解瓶鼻海豚骨骼瓶鼻海豚骨骼样本 Skeleton of T.

2 第5期张俊等: 瓶鼻海豚成体骨骼系统的度量特征 143 析和序列比较, 发现中国水域的瓶鼻海豚与其他国家的种存在一定的差异杨光等 [ 21] 研究了中国东海水域瓶鼻海豚种群密度种群数量和分布特点, 发现随纬度增加密度逐渐减少, 而在经度方向上则没有明显变化, 这也是在中国水域对瓶鼻海豚种群数量和分布特点进行的首次研究杨光等 [ 22] 对台湾海峡厦门-东山水域瓶鼻海豚的种群密度分布和误捕情况进行了研究, 为该水域瓶鼻海豚的保护提供了科学依据文章将收藏于广州海洋馆的瓶鼻海豚标本解剖并制取图1 骨骼标本 1 副, 对其所有骨骼系统作了较为全面的测量, Fig. 1 并对测量数据进行了相关统计分析, 为了解瓶鼻海豚骨骼瓶鼻海豚骨骼样本 Skeleton of T. truncatus 各椎体的尺寸变化及其与质量的关系提供参考与右下颌骨相等面部向前方伸出, 形如鸭嘴, 前颌骨超材料与方法 1 出上颌骨 25 mm, 前额骨最大宽 96 mm 左颞窝的高度略瓶鼻海豚标本收藏于广州海洋馆, 雌性, 来自美国, 中轴骨骼全长 mm( 图 1) 笔者对瓶鼻海豚的骨骼进行了较为系统的观察和测量, 使用 SPSS 对测量结果进行统计分析不对称左侧枕髁高度大于右侧, 左侧枕髁长度比右侧大 1 mm, 左右侧枕髁平均长度为 mm 枕骨紧接鼻骨, 枕骨前至鼻骨前的距离仅为 23 mm 枕骨大孔的高和宽分别为 41 mm 和 44 mm, 两者之比接近 1 结果 2 大于右颞窝, 左颞窝宽远大于右颞窝宽, 说明颞窝左右侧 1 上下颌均具同形齿( 图 3 - Ⅰ) 牙齿中空, 弯曲 S 型; 2. 1 头骨齿尖骨质厚, 结实; 齿根稍薄 ( 图 3 - Ⅱ) 牙齿最大高度所测骨骼标本的体轴长为 mm 头骨测量见图 2 瓶鼻海豚左下颌骨长等于右下颌骨长, 左下颌骨高度图2 36 mm, 质量为 1. 8 g; 最小高度 1. 6 mm, 质量 0. 3 g 左右上齿列长均为 23 mm, 左右下齿列长均为 250 mm 瓶鼻海豚头骨背面侧面观和无下颌腹面 1. 颅长 ; 2. 吻长; 3. 吻基部宽 ; 4. 吻 1 / 4 处宽 ; 5. 吻中部宽 ; 6. 吻前 3 / 4 处宽 ; 7. 吻中部前颌骨宽 ; 8. 前颌骨最大宽 ; 9. 前颌骨超出上颌骨 ; 10. 吻端至外鼻孔 ; 11. 外鼻孔宽 ; 12. 眶前突间最大宽 ; 13. 眶后突间最大宽 ; 14. 眶间最小宽 ; 15. 颧宽; 16. 吻端至内鼻孔; 17. 内鼻孔宽 ; 18. 鼻骨前至枕骨前 ; 19. 顶骨间最大宽 ; 20. 枕骨大孔至枕骨顶端 ; 21. 眶长 ; 22. 泪骨眶前突长 ; 23. 颞窝高 ; 24. 颞窝宽 ; 25. 翼骨长; 26 上齿列长 Fig. 2 Dorsal, lateral and ventral without mandible view of skull of T. truncatus 1. skull length; 2. lip length; 3. lip base width; 4. 1 /4 lip width; 5. 1 / 2 lip width; 6. 3 / 4 lip width; 7. premaxilla width for 1 / 2 lip; 8. max premaxilla width; 9. anterior maxilla length beyond the upper jaw; 10. tip of the snout to the nostrils; 11. external naris width; 12. maximum width between orbital protrusion; 13. maximum width after orbital facet; 14. minimum orbital width; 15. zygomatic width; 16. tip of the snout to the nostrils; 17. nostril width; 18. nasal bone anterior to occipital anterior; 19. maximum width between os parietals; 20. foramen magnum to occipital apex; 21. orbit length; 22. preorbital length of lacrimal; 23. temporal fossa high; 24. temporal fossa width; 25. pterygoid bone length; 32. left upper tooth row length

144 9 ( 3 - ),, C3,,,, ; ( T1 6) ( T7 60 ( 3 - ) 13) ;, ( 5 - a) 2. 2 C7 + T13 14 + L15 18 + Ca27 = 64 67, C7 + T13 + L16 + Ca28 = 64, 7 ( 4 - a) 1 C1 2,, C1 2 13 ( 4 - b), 2. 88 4.

left mandible height; 28. left mandibular fossa length;. dens; ST. submaxill teeth; MT. maxillary teeth;. petrotympanic bone;. hyoid bone; HyB. hyoid bone body; PoCo.

3 144 9 ( 3 - ),, C3,,,, ; ( T1 6) ( T7 60 ( 3 - ) 13) ;, ( 5 - a) 2. 2 C7 + T L Ca27 = 64 67, C7 + T13 + L16 + Ca28 = 64, 7 ( 4 - a) 1 C1 2,, C ( 4 - b), ; ; 3. ; 27. ; 28. ;. ; ST. ; MT. ;. ;. ; HyB. ; PoCo. ; AntCo. Fig. 3 Submaxilary, os hyoideum and dens of T. truncatus. submaxilary; 27. left mandible height; 28. left mandibular fossa length;. dens; ST. submaxill teeth; MT. maxillary teeth;. petrotympanic bone;. hyoid bone; HyB. hyoid bone body; PoCo. postcornu os hyoideum; AntCo. Anterior corner os hyoideum. 4 ( a) ( b) ( c) ( d) Fig. 4 Cervical vertebra ( a), thoracic vertebra ( b), lumbar vertebra ( c) and coccygeal vertebra ( d) of T. truncatus

4 5 : Tab. 1 Cervical vertebra measurement cervical vertebra C1 2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 / mm height / mm width / mm length / mm height with spine / mm width with spine / ratio of heigh to length / ratio of heigh to length with spine / ratio of width to length / ratio of width to length with spine Fig. 5 5 ( a) ( b) Thoracic ( a) and lumbar ( b) vertebra measurements Fig. 6 6 ( a) ( b) Relationsaip between lumbar vertebra mass ( a) & coccygeal vertebra mass ( b) and body length 15 ( 4 - c) ;, 29 ( 4 - d) Ca1 20, Ca21 ( 5 - b) 29, , Ca21 29, 29 Ca , ( 6 - b) ( R 2 = ), 2. 3 V ( 6 - a) V 19 ( 7 - ) V

146 9 7 V. V ;. ; Co. ; St. ; StCo. ;. ; CoP. ; AcP. ;. ; H. ; R. ; U. ; CarP. Fig. 7 V type skeleton, costa, sternum, sternal rib, scapula and flipper bones of T. truncatus. V type bone;.

5 V. V ;. ; Co. ; St. ; StCo. ;. ; CoP. ; AcP. ;. ; H. ; R. ; U. ; CarP. Fig. 7 V type skeleton, costa, sternum, sternal rib, scapula and flipper bones of T. truncatus. V type bone;. costa and sternum bone structure; Co. costa; St. sternum; StCo. sternum costa;. scapula; CoP. coronoid process; AcP. acromion process;. flipper bones; H. humerus; R. radius; U. ulna; CarP. carpus Fig. 8 8 V V V type bone measurement and the mathematical relationship between V type bone mass and the maximum height V V 3, 1 2,,, 4, 4 ( 8 - a) VV18 V19, V V ( 8 - b) ( 7 - ), 4 mm, ,, , ( 7 - ), 7 t ( 7 - ) 5 7 ( 2) t, 3, 7, 5, 2,, 2 ( 3) 2. 5, ( 7 - ) 1, 1 4, 1,,

6 5 : t ( 99% ) Tab. 2 Paired-samples t test of left rib and right rib ( 99% confidence level) test variable t paired samples correlations paired-samples t test n correlation Sig. mean t Sig. the left and right outer curve edge length the left and right inner curve edge length the left and right straight line length the left and right mass t ( 99% ) Tab. 3 Paired-samples t test of left sternal rib and right sternal rib ( 99% confidence level) test variable t paired samples correlations paired-samples t test n correlation Sig. mean t Sig. the left and right maximum length the left and right maximum width the left and right middle width the left and right middle thickness the left and right mass Tab. 4 No. 1 No. 3 Sternum measurement 1 No. 1 sternum 2 No. 2 sternum 3 No. 3 sternum mean / mm maximum width / mm length / mm maximum thickness / mm the thinnest / ratio of maximum width to length / ratio of maximum thickness to the thinnest Tab. 5 Flipper measurement measurement humerus left flipper ulna radius humerus right flipper ulna radius / mm middle length / mm proximal width and thickness / mm middle width and thickness / mm far-end width and thickness / g mass

148 9 3 J Mammal, 2003, 84( 2 ) : 665-672., [ 9] CLARK L S, PFEIFFER D C, COWAN D F.

7 J Mammal, 2003, 84( 2 ) : , [ 9] CLARK L S, PFEIFFER D C, COWAN D F. Morphology and histology of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus) Adre- [ 2, 6] [ 8, 11-12, 14-20, 22-23] nal gland with emphasis on the Medulla[ J]. Anatomia, Histologia, 1, Embryologia, 2005, 34( 2) : , [ 10] AMILLA BUTTI, LIVIO CORAIN, BRUNO COZZI, et al. Age, estimation in the Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin Tursiops trunca-, tus ( Montagu 1821) by bone density of the thoracic limb[ J]. J A , natomy, 2007, 211 ( 5) : , [ 11]. [ J]., 1987, 7 2 ( C1 2),,,, [ 12],. [ J]., 1988( 2) : [ 13]. [ J]., 1991, 13 1 ( 3) : ( 5), [ 14] GAO A L, ZHOU K Y, WANG Y M. Geographical variation in,, morphology of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp. ) in Chinese waters [ 24] [ J]. Aquat Mammals, 1995, 21( 3) : ( y = x , R 2 = ), [ 15] WANG J Y, CHOU L S, WHITE B N. Osteological differences [ 24] between two sympatric forms of bottlenose dolphins ( genus: Tursiops) in Chinese waters [ J]. J Zool, 1996, 252 ( 2 ) : 147 V -, 162., [ 16] WANG J Y, CHOU L S, WHITE B N. Differences in the external, V morphology of two sympatric species of bottlenose dolphins ( genus: t,, [ 17 ] WANG J Y, CHOU L S, 1, WHITE B N. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of sympatric morphotypes of bottlenose dolphins ( genus:, Tursiops) in Chinese waters [ J]. Mol Ecol, 1999, 8 ( 10 ) : : between two sympatric forms of bottlenose dolphins ( genus Tursi- [ 1],,,. [ J]. ops) in Chinese waters[ J]. J Zool, 2000, 252( 2) : , 1965, 10( 4) : [ 2] MITCHELL E D. Review of biology and fisheries for small cetaceans [ J]. J Fish Res Board Can, 1975, 32( 7) : [ 3] RICE D W. A list of the marine mammals of the world[ M]. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1977: [ 4] ROSS G J B. The taxonomy of bottlenosed dolphins Tursiops species [ 21],,,. in South African waters, with notes on their biology[ M]. Annals of [ J]., 1997, 17( 4) : the Cape Provincial Museums: Natural History, 1977, 11 : [ 22],, , [ J]., 2000, 20 ( 6 ) : [ 5]. [ J] , 1978, 16( 4) : [ 8 ] JASON P T, GRAHAM A J W. Skull morphometry of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico[ J]. ( 4) : [ 6] ZHOU K Y, QIAN W J. Distribution of the dolphins of the genus Tursiops in the China Seas[ J]. Aquat Mammals, 1985( 1) : [ 24]. [ M]. :, 1995 : [ 7],,,. [ J] , 1986 ( 3) : Tursiops) in Chinese waters [ J]. J Mammal, 2000, 81 ( 4 ) : [ 18] WANG J Y, CHOU L S, WHITE B N. Osteological differences [ 19],,,. mtdna [ J]., 2002, 48( 4) : [ 20],,,. 16S rrna [ J]., 2007, 3( 4) : [ 23]. [ M]. :, 1999:

144 Chinese Journal of Zoology 45 S. plumbea 1 S. chinensis Flower Porter / Jefferson cm

144 Chinese Journal of Zoology 45 S. plumbea 1 S. chinensis Flower Porter / Jefferson cm Chinese Journal of Zoology 2010 45 2 143 ~ 150 1 1 2 2 2 1 1* 1 510275 2 519001 14 9 5 Sousa chinensis 69 Q951 A 0250-3263 2010 02-143-08 Sexual Dimorphism in External Morphology Skull Scapula and Fin