4-1 CCD CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS 4-1 30 full frame transfer CCD CMOS 30 camcorder CCD CMOS CCD CMOS Hybrid CID Charge Injection Device CCD CCD CCD CMOS CMOS CCD CMOS Hybrid CCD CMOS CCD CMOS
4-2 CID 1985 CCD CCTV Charge Coupled Device CCD Contact Image Sensor CIS CCD IC CCD CIS 600dpi CIS
4-3 4-1-1 CCD CIS ( ) CCD LED (a) ( b) 4-1-1 1. CCD CCD CCD MIS Interline Transfer Frame Transfer Full Frame CCD Interline CCD Frame CCD CCD CCD CCD CCD Interline CCD
4-4 4-1-2 CCD Readout Shift Register (a) Full Frame CCD (b) Interline Transfer CCD (c) Frame Transfer CCD CCD X 1.1µm CCD CCD RGB CCD CCD CCD micro-lens 4-1-3 CCD Micro Lens Micro-lens CCD CCD 100%
4-5 60-70% CCD thermal electron charge transfer efficiency CCD smear 0.999999 CCD CCD 2. CMOS CMOS Complementary MOS MOS p-n junction MOS photogate CMOS photodiode photgate CMOS photodiode CMOS N-type P-type MOS DRAM random access CMOS Passive Pixel Active Pixel Passive Pixel Passive Pixel sensitivity random noise Active Pixel Active Pixel
4-6 fixed pattern noise 4-1-4 CMOS Row-select Switch Photo Detector Vertical Scan Register Amplifier Photo Detector Vertical Scan Register Output Output Buffer Horizontal Scan Register Column Amplifier Array Buffer Horizontal Scan Register (a) Passive Pixel (b) Active Pixel CMOS 1968 photolithography 1990 CMOS 2µm Passive Pixels 13.5 13.5µm 54% Active Pixel Active Pixel CMOS 0.5µm CMOS 8 8µm 30% inter-line CCD
4-7 Active Pixel CMOS CCD Active Pixels 4-1-5 CMOS 1989 2.0 m design rule 13.5 m 54% 1997 0.8-0.35 m design rule 5-10 20-30% Microlens NIKKEI ELECTRONICS 3. CMOS CCD CMOS CCD CCD
4-8 CCD smear CCD CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS a. CMOS timing control multiplexer A D Camera on a chip CMOS CMOS ADC CCD CMOS CCD ADC CCD CCD b. CCD MOS 5-15V clock CCD CCD
4-9 CMOS 5V 3.3V CCD 2-5 W CMOS 20-50 mw CMOS CCD Charge C ouple Device CCD CCD readout register CMOS 3.3V CCD c. CMOS CCD d. Anti-blooming CCD blooming CMOS blooming e. frame rate CMOS A D frame rate CMOS 1000 frame rate f. Active Pixel CMOS
4-10 edge detection motion detection CCD CMOS Active pixel CCD CCD 4-1-1 CCD CMOS APS CMOS CMOS CCD CCD 4. CCD CCD pixel MIS Metal Insulator Semiconductor MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor p-type gate CCD p-type
4-11 potential well Surface channel p-tpye buried channel CCD 4-1-6 CCD MIS ( ) V G ( ) V G N-type P-type implant (a)surface Channel (b)buried Channel
4-12 4-1-7 CCD φ 1 φ 2 φ 3 φ 4 CCD Phase Gate Timing T 2 T 4 T 3 T 5 T 1 T 2 φ 1 T 1 φ 2 T 3 T 4 φ 3 T 5 φ 4 1 pixel (a) (b) CCD CCD charge transfer clock CCD CCD 4. CIS CIS Self-focus Lens Array Rod Lens Array 1 1 CIS
4-13 4-1-8 CIS ( ) LED CIS CIS LED LED CIS LED CIS LED LED edge light LED radial gradient index lens 1 1 CCD CIS
4-14 CIS a-si CdS MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor S N Si MOS CIS CIS CIS 4-1-2 CIS CCD CCD CIS 200-2000dpi 200-600dpi 4-1-2 1. CCD CCD 30 CCD CCD Digital Video Camcorder Digital Still Camera DSC CCD DSC CCD
4-15 a. 25 40 CCD Sony Sharp Matsushita Megapixel b. CCD form factor CCD 90 2 3" 1 4" 1 5" CCD 1 3" CCD 1 8" 1 10" CCD CCD Multichip Module CCD CMOS 4-1-3 CCD ( µm) 10 6 5 4 3 ( µm 2 ) 100 36 25 16 9 (mm mm) 2/3" 8.6 6.6 1/2" 6.4 4.8 1/3" 4.8 3.6 1/4" 3.6 2.7 58 30 17 10 160 85 48 27 232 123 69 39 363 192 108 61 640 340 192 108
4-16 4-1-9 CCD Dimension, Microns 10 1 1K 4K 16K CMOS design rule Pixel size 12.7 64K 256K 1M 9.1 4M 7.4 16M 5.6 64M 256M 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 O Plus E c. CCD NTSC PAL 4 3 Aspect Ratio interlace 4 3 CCD progressive scan d. CCD CCD 2001 5 CANON IXY DIGITAL 200 211 CCD
4-17 4-1-10 100 100 0 Y M C 0 (a) (b) 2. CMOS CMOS CIF VGA CIF CMOS 2000 1 3" 1 4" 1 4" 1 5" 1 7" CIF CMOS SHARP TOSHIBA 1 7" CIF CMOS POWER CONSUMPTION 30mW
4-18 4-1-4 2001 CIF CMOS SENSOR Company Product Pixel size µm µ m Lens A gilent HDCS-1020 7.4 7.4 1 4" Operating current power 90mW(typ) 200mW(max) Date of version May, 2000 Conexant CN0352 10 9.15 1 3" 30mA(typ) Apr, 1999 Fujitsu MB86S02 1 7" 30mW(@15fps) Oct, 2001 Hitachi HAM49001 1 7" 45mW(@15fps) Dec, 2001 Hyundai HV7121B 8 8 1 4" 85mW 2001 IC-Media ICM-102A 6 6 1 7" 25mA(@30fps, 12MHz) Aug, 2001 Matsushita MN39980 1 7" 38mW(@15fps) Sep, 2001 Mitsubishi M64271Y 10 10 1 4" 51mW May, 2001 Motorola SCM20025 7.8 7.8 1 4" 200mW(max) Apr, 2000 Olympus SC1010 9 8.2 1 4" 50mW 2000 Omni Vision OV6620 9 8.2 1 4" <80mW May, 2000 Omni Vision OV6640 7.6 7.6 1 5" <25mA Jul, 2001 Photobit PB-0111 7.8 7.8 1 5" 55mW(typ) Mar, 2001 PixArt PAS106B 7.25 7.25 1 5" 35mA Jul, 2000 SHARP LZ37C1B 5.6 5.6 1 7" 30mW 2001 ST VV6410 7.5 6.9 N A 40mA(max) Jun, 2000 TASC TASC5110A 8 8 1 5" 30mW Mar, 2000 TOSHIBA TCM5023ALU 5.6 5.6 1 7" N A May, 2001 TOSHIBA TCM5023LU 5.6 5.6 1 7" 15mW Apr, 2000 2001 10
4-19 4-1-5 2001 VGA CMOS SENSOR Company Product Pixel size Lens A gilent HDCS-2020 7.4 7.4 1 3" Operating current power 150mW(typ) 200mW(max) Date of version Feb, 2001 Conexant CX20490-11 4 4 1 5" 50mA(typ) May, 2001 Hyundai HV7131D 8 8 1 3" 80mW@10MHz 2000 IC-Media ICM-105A 6 6 1 4" 25mA(max) Aug, 2001 Kodak KAC-0310 Aug, 2000 Motorola MCM20014 7.8 7.8 1 3" 215mW(max) Nov, 1999 Olympus SC1020 8.4 8.4 N A 200mW(typ) 2000 OmniVision OV7620 7.6 7.6 1 3" <120mA(30fps) May, 2000 OmniVision OV7630 5.6 5.6 1 4" <25mA(30fps) Jul, 2001 Photobit PB-0300 7.9 7.9 1 3" 300mW (max) Mar, 2000 Photobit PB-0330 5.6 5.6 1 4" <100mW(max) Sep, 2001 PixArt PAS202B 5.6 5.6 1 4" 30mA Jan, 2001 Sharp LZ34B1B 5.6 5.6 1 4" 35mW 2001 ST VV6500 7.5 7.5 1 3" 42mA(max,) Sep, 2000 TASC TASC5130A 8 8 1 3" 76mW Jan, 2000 TOSHIBA TCM5003D 5.6 5.6 1 4" 50mW Mar, 2001 TOSHIBA TCM5033T 5.6 5.6 1 4" 60mW Feb, 2001 TOSHIBA TCM5043T 5.4 5.4 1 4" N A Apr, 2001 2001 10
4-20 VGA CMOS 2000 1 3" 1 4" 1 4" Conexant 0.18µm 1 5" CMOS PC CAMERA CIF VGA VGA VGA VGA CMOS POWER CONSUMPTION 300mW 100mW 2002 VGA CMOS CIF CMOS CMOS VGA CCD CCD CMOS CCD 2001 1.3M CMOS 1.3MCMOS 2001 2002 CCD CMOS Y Media 317 P hotobit 4 CMOS 2000 9 Foveon 16.8 CMOS CIF CMOS CIF CMOS CIF QCIF CMOS POWER CONSUMPTION 25mW CIF VGA CIF
4-21 4-1-6 2001 VGA CMOS SENSOR Company Product Resolution Pixel size (µm µm) Lens Operating current power Date of version Conexant CX20450 1280 1024 5.6 5.6 9.15mm 105mA Jun, 2000 Conexant CX20471 1024 768 N A N A N A Foveon 16 Megapixel 4096 4096 N A N A N A Sep, 2000 Hyundai HV7141B 800 600 8 8 1 2 N A 2000 Kodak KAC-1310 1280 1024 N A N A N A Motorola MCM20027 1280 1024 6 6 1 2" 250mW Jan, 2001 OmniVision OV9610 1312 1036 5.2 5.2 1 2" TBD Apr, 2001 OmniVision OV8610 800 600 6.2 6.2 1 3" <30mA Aug, 2001 Photobit PB-MV13 1280 1024 12 12 20mm Photobit PB-1024 1024 1024 10 10 1" <150 mw @ 60 f s <500 mw @ 500 f s 100 mw @ 60 f s 450 mw @ 500 f s Aug, 2000 May, 2000 Photobit PB-MV40 2352 1728 7 7 1" 700 mw @ 240f s 00 03 Y Media YM-3170A 2056 1544 3.3 3.3 1 2" 250mW Nov, 2000 Zoran ZR32112PLC 1288 1032 7.5 7.5 12.3mm 250mW Dec, 2000 2001 10 4-1-7 2001 CIF CMOS SENSOR Company Product Resolu-tion Pixel size ( µm µm) Lens Operating current power Date of version Mitsubishi M64270G 160 144 22 3 7.3 1 4" 35mW Feb, 2000 PixArt PAS009A 160 120 7.25 7.25 1 11" N A Nov, 2000 ST VV6301 164 124 12 12 N A 14.6mA Jul, 2000
4-22 CMOS CMOS VGA 100mW CIF 40mW QCIF 25mW CMOS 2.8V CCD CMOS CCD 4-1-11 CMOS 1999 2000 2001 Complementary color processing VGA 640*480 Noise cancellation function in both sensor and DSP Optical assembly unit manfactured on own Lower power consumption VGA:300mW 100mW CIF:220mW 40mW QCIF:25 mw CIF 352*288 YUV 4:2:2 8bit multiple output Higher sensitivity with blanced S/N ratio 1999 2000 +6dB up YUV 4:2:2 16bit parallel output 3.3V power input 2.8V power input QCIF 476*144 Auto flicker detection Pulse clock selection Power input selection Sleep mode IIC I/F for external control of the camera DSP Matsushita 3. CIS CIS CIS
4-23 CIS CIS CIS CIS GaN 1993 1995 LED CIS Canon LED LED CCD LED Xe NEC Ricoh 1995 RMLA Roof Mirror Lens Array CIS NSG CIS CIS 1980 CIS CIS 1991 CIS CIS stand-alone MFP Multifunction Peripheral SOHO MFP CIS MFP CIS
4-24 CIS CIS CIS 90 ( ) CIS CIS 600dpi sheet-fed scanner CIS flatbed scanner 1997 300dpi 100 CIS Canon Sharp
4-25 4-2 4-2-1 1. CCD 2001 CCD 55,000 2000 46,000 19.6% CCD CCD CMOS CCD CCD CCD PC Camera Mobile phone CCD CCD 4-2-1 CCD 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2001 03
4-26 CMOS CCD 1.3M CMOS 2001 12 CCD 2001 10 2002 1.3M CMOS CCD SONY SONY 2000 MATSUSHITA SHARP FUJIFILM MICRO DEVICE SANYO 4-2-2 2000 CCD Other 10% Sharp 20% SONY 50% Matsushita 20% 2. CMOS CMOS Techno Systems Research Co., Ltd. 2000 CMOS 21493 1999 4680 359% 2004 149300
4-27 4-2-3 CMOS 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Techno Systems Research Co., Ltd. 2001 03 Techno Systems Research Co., Ltd. 2000 CMOS 189 1999 45 320% 2004 738 CMOS CCD 2001 Hynix VGA CMOS 5.5 4.5 3.5 CIF CMOS 4.5 3 1.3M CMOS 2001 12 CCD 2001 10 2002 1.3M CMOS CCD Agilent T echno Systems Research Co., Ltd. Agilent 2000 24% ST Omnivision 16% Photobit 13% Hynix 12% 6% 3%
4-28 4-2-4 2000 CMOS Sharp 3% Toshiba 3% Elec Vision 3% Mitsubishi 2% Other 2% Agilent 24% TASC 6% Hynix 12% Photobit 13% Omnivision 16% ST 16% Techno Systems Research Co., Ltd. 2001 03 3. CCD 2001 CCD 32,000 2000 29,000 10% CCD CCD CCD
4-29 4-2-5 CCD 35,000 34,000 33,000 32,000 31,000 30,000 29,000 28,000 27,000 26,000 2000 2001 2002 2001 03 CIS CCD TOSHIBA Fuji Chimera Research Institute, Inc. TOSHIBA 1999 NEC SONY 4-2-6 1999 CCD SONY 20% OTHER 3% TOSHIBA 47% NEC 30% Fuji Chimera Research Institute, Inc. 2000 10
4-30 4. CIS 2001 CIS 23,000 2000 20,000 15% CIS 4-2-7 CIS 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2000 2001 2002 2001 03 4-2-2 1. CMOS PC CAMERA CMOS 2000 PC CAMERA CMOS CMOS PC CAMERA Security Camera TOY 2000 CCD Camcorder DSC Security Camera
4-31 4-2-8 2000 CMOS Toy 15% DSC 5% Other 5% SecurityCamera 15% PCC 60% 2001 11 4-2-9 2000 CCD Other 5% DSC 30% Camcorder 40% PCC 5% Security 20% 2001 11 PC Camera PC Camera CMOS PC CAMERA CMOS CMOS PC CAMERA CCD 2001 PC CAMERA
4-32 CMOS Motorola 1.3Mega pixel CCD CMOS CCD CMOS CMOS CCD CMOS CCD VGA 1.3 Mega Pixel CMOS 1.3 Mega Pixel CMOS Dual Mode DSC PC Camera CMOS CCD CCD CMOS IC Security Camera Security Camera 2000 Security Camera CCD CMOS CCD Security Camera Security Camera CCD CCD CMOS CMOS 2005 CMOS Security Camera
4-33 CMOS SONY 2001 11 8 AIBO ERS-220 AIBO ERS-220 16 64 RISC 10 CMOS 18 11 23 CMOS CMOS IC CMOS CMOS CMOS 2003 3G 2003 3G 3G 3G 2001 10 2002 1 GSM GPRS 3G 3G 2002 GSM GPRS WCDMA Java XHTML
4-34 CMOS J-Phone CMOS CCD CMOS CCD J-Phone 2001 3 2001 10 200 2001 2001 4 2002 3 600 700 2002 2002 2005 1.5 11 CMOS CCD 2001 7 11 CCD 2002 35 J-Phone 2002 SHARP J-SH51 KENWOOD J -K51 31 CMOS 640 480 60000 CMOS CCD CCD CMOS CMOS CCD CMOS PDA CMOS PDA CMOS PDA
4-35 2000 CMOS PDA 50000 CMOS CMOS PDA LCD CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS Given Imaging Ltd. Given Imaging Diagnostic System 2. CCD 200dpi
4-36 Fuji Chimera Research Institute, Inc. 1999 CCD 54% 17% 14% 4-2-10 2000 CCD DSC 5% Other 5% Toy 15% SecurityCamera 15% PCC 60% Fuji Chimera Research Institute, Inc. 2000 10 CIS CCD CIS CCD 1997
4-37 CCD CCD CIS MFP CCD CCD CCD
4-38 4-3 4-3-1 1. CCD CCD Sony Sharp NEC Hamamatsu Fujifilm Sony Sharp CCD Toshiba NEC CCD CCD Hamamatsu CCD CCD 25 40 1997 DSC CCD 2. CMOS CMOS Techno Systems Research Co., Ltd. 2000 2002 CMOS SONY CMOS H ynix 2001 CMOS H ynix CMOS
4-39 CMOS CMOS total solution CMOS OEM CMOS 2001 CMOS 0.5µm 0.35µm 2001 0.5µm 0.25µm 0.35µm VGA CIF CMOS 2001 1.3M CMOS 2001 1.3M CMOS MOTOROLA CMOS CMOS 4-3-1 CMOS Wafer Sensor 2001 11
4-40 3. CCD CCD Toshiba NEC Sony Matsushita Toshiba CCD 47% NEC 30% CCD NEC CCD Sony CCD CCD LSI 4. CIS CIS Canon Rohm Toshiba Mitsubishi Matsushita Kyocera Fujitsu CIS Canon Mitsubishi Canon LED CIS Canon CIS CIS 1991 CIS CIS CIS CIS CIS CIS 4-3-2 Agilent Agilent CMOS PC CAMERA DSC 2000 Agilent VGA CIF
4-41 CMOS 1 Agilent CONEXANT CONEXANT VGA 640(H) 480(V) CMOS 10 CX20490 CMOS PDA PC Camera 3.3V 50mW 10bit ADC Analog Digital Converter Hitachi CMOS 11 CMOS 10mm 10mm 5.8mm 45mW 15 frame sec 5 2002 50 2002 100 H ynix H ynix 2001 CIF VGA CMOS CMOS KODAK KODAK CCD CMOS CCD 510 KAF-5100CE
4-42 1600 KAF-16801CE CMOS 1 3 30 VGA KAC-0310 1 2 130 SXGA KAC-1310 CCD APS CCD APS CMOS 1 2 200 Mitsubishi Mitsubishi 2001 1 4 CIF M64271Y CMOS 1 4 QCIF M64270G OmniVision OmniVision CMOS 2001 4 OV9610 1.3M CMOS OmniVision PC CAMERA DSC 2001 CIF 1 5 CMOS Photobit Photobit 2000 PC CAMERA SANYO CCD 2002 200 CCD CMOS Sensor CCD 2001
4-43 CIF Size 11 VGA Size 33 2001 CCD IGT99263 CCD 15 Frame sec 90mW 11.2mm 11.2mm 6.7mm 2001 50 J-Phone CMOS CCD CCD 1 9 CI F 1 6 VGA CCD 1 9 CIF 50mW CMOS 1 6 VGA PDA SONY SONY CCD 25 507 FA CCD 2001 330 2002 20% 1973 SONY 2000 CCD 100 2001 30. 50 CCD SONY SHARP SONY CMOS CCD 1 6 CIF 10 CMOS 2002 VGA 30 PDA CMOS CCD 1 10 1 5
4-44 Sharp CCD SHARP 200 1 3.2 CCD RJ24N3AAOPT 3 CCD 1 2.7 200 CCD 35 1 3.2 130 CCD 2002 30 214 1704(H) 1257(V) 201 1630(H) 1230(V) 2.75µm 4 3 500mV -20 70 CMOS SHARP 2000 J-Phone CMOS QCIF 2001 9 CIF SHARP 1 7 CIF 1 4 VGA CMOS 2.8V ST ST 1999 3 VVL CMOS 0.18µm TOSHIBA CMOS 10 0.6µm 2001 0.35µm 1 4 VGA 1 7 CIF 2001 VGA ADC DSP CIF ADC ADC DSP 10% 25%
4-45 CMOS 10 2002 20 30 CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS Toshiba DIVIO VGA CIF IC 2001 2000 2001 PC DSC CMOS Image Sensor 85 4.2 Tomy 6.5 10 Total Solution 1998 CMOS IC
4-46 0.35 CMOS QQVGA 160 120 CIF 352 288 PDA Toy Camera Watch Camera PC Camera Dual Camera VGA 640 480 2001 1999 CMOS VGA CIF 1 7 CIF ICM-102Asa 1 4 VGA ICM-105Asa 1997 CIS IC 1997 CIS CIS CIS CIS CIS CIS
4-47 4-4 PDA PHS CMOS CMOS VGA 100mW CIF 40mW QCIF 25mW CMOS 2.8V CCD CMOS CMOS Sanyo igt99263 CIF CCD 11.2mm 11.2mm 6.7mm Signal Processing LSI Lens 15fps 90mW CCD CMOS CMOS CCD CMOS CCD CMOS AGILENT CMOS CCD
4-48 CMOS SONY CMOS CCD CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS CMOS total solution CMOS CCD CMOS