Atmospheric and Ionospheric Volcanic Disturbances Probed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Tiger J.Y. Liu National Space Organization (NSPO) Institute of Space Science, National Central University
Goal Observe 3D structure of the atmospheric temperature during the volcano eruption period. Vertical structure of the volcano traveling ionospheric disturbances. h"p://www.boston.com/bigpicture/ 2008/06/chaiten_volcano_s<ll_ac<ve.html 2
Content Introduction Instrumentation - Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) - FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) Observation and Result - Atmospheric temperature - Ionospheric disturbance Conclusion 3
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Newhall and Self [1982] h"p://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/vei.php
Atmospheric temperature Change Chaiten 柴藤 42.83 S 72.64 W 2008/05/02 VEI=4, Altitude 20km Temperature at 14 km altitude F3/C + model simulation Wang et al. [2009]
Traveling ionospheric disturbances Asama 淺間 36.403 N,138.526 E 2004.09.01 VEI=2 N- shap TIDs appear 13 mins arer the erup<on. The horizontal speed Vh=1.1 km/s. Heki [2006]
Volcano TIDs Tongrario 東格里羅 39.08 S 175.38 E 2012/11/21 VEI=2 陳柏成 [ MS thesis 2014]
Vertical fluctuation profile Quiet time Altitude(km) Mother wavelet- Morlet Storm period Altitude(km) TEC (TECu) Wavenumber 8
MODIS Terra MODIS 10:30 LT Aqua MODIS 13:30 LT 中國的塔克拉瑪幹沙漠 MODIS-Aqua 2014.06.03 祕魯 Ubinas 火山 MODIS-Terra 2014.06.13 14:40UTC
FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC http://irowg.org/ http://www.cosmic.ucar.edu/
Volcano eruption with VEI4 during 2008-2011 奧克莫克 卡薩拖奇 格里姆 艾雅法拉 薩雷切夫 納布羅 默拉皮 柴藤 http://www.volcano.si.edu/
Volcano eruption with VEI4 during 2008-2011 編號 火山名稱 中文名 噴發日期 噴發高度 (km) 對流層 平流層底 平流層 1 Chaiten 柴藤 2008/5/2 20 升溫 降溫 混和 2 Okmok 奧克莫克 2008/7/12 15 升溫 降溫 混和 3 Kasatochi 卡薩托奇 2008/8/7 13 降溫 升溫 降溫 4 Sarychev Peak 薩雷切夫 2009/6/11 21 降溫 混和 升溫 5 Eyja_allajokull 艾雅法拉 2010/3/20 6 降溫 升溫 混和 6 Merapi 默拉皮 2010/10/25 17 資料不足 資料不足 資料不足 7 Grimsvotn 格里姆 2011/5/21 20 混和 混和 混和 8 Nabro 納布羅 2011/6/12 23 降溫 升溫 升溫
Chaiten Okmok Kasatochi Sarychev Peak Eyja_allajokull Merapi Grimsvotn Nabro Atmospheric Temperature profiles at SE region during the 8 events.
(1)Chaiten 柴藤 42.83 S 72.64 W 2008/05/02 VEI=4 20km (a) (b) (c) (d) MODIS-Terra 2008.05.03 14:35UTC 14
Temperature in the 4 sub- regions 15
NW NE SW SE Mixture Cooling Warming
Tropopause Tropopause
Raw data Background Change La<tude Longitude
~75.6 km/h
(3)Kasatochi 卡薩托其 52.17 N 175.50 W 2008/08/07 VEI=4 15km (a) (b) (c) (d) MODIS-Terra 2008.08.08 23:05UTC 22
Temperature in the 4 sub- regions 23
NW NE SW SE Cooling Warming Cooling
(7) Grimsvotn 格里姆 64.42 N 17.33 W 2011/5/21 VEI=4 20km MODIS-Terra 2011.05.22 13:00UTC 26
NW NE SW SE Mixture Mixture Mixture
Discussion Troposphere warming and low stratosphere cooling - Chaiten Troposphere cooling and low stratosphere warming - Kasatochi The two mixture - Grimsvotn
Troposphere warming and low stratosphere cooling Chaiten Cooling Warming [Wood & Self, 1992] Wood 和 Self 觀察 1982 年 4 月 4 日噴發的 Chichón 以及 1980 年 5 月 18 日噴發的 Helens 火山, 對流層升溫 : 高密度 炙熱的噴發物快速向上噴發, 炙熱噴發物直接導致溫度上升 平流層底降溫 : 而高密度的氣體快速向上噴發達到對流層頂高度時, 氣壓穩定變化不大導致氣溫因為氣體膨脹而降低
Troposphere cooling and low stratosphere warming Kasatochi Warming Cooling [McCormick et al., 1995 & Robock, 2000)] McCormick 觀察 1991 年 6 月噴發的 Pinatubo 火山 對流層降溫 : 較小的懸浮微粒停留在平流層且散射太陽輻射中的可見光 平流層底增溫 : 較大的懸浮微粒集中在平流層底部, 透過吸收太陽近紅外線輻射以及夜晚地表反射長波輻射
The two mixture (7) Grimsvotn 格里姆 64.42 N 17.33 W 2011/5/21 VEI=4 20km 火山灰覆蓋較多的北方為對流層降溫而平流層底增溫現象 火山灰覆蓋較少的南方為對流層增溫而平流層底降溫結果 NW NE SW SE
Traveling ionospheric disturbances Chaiten 柴藤 Eyjafjallajokull 艾雅法拉 Nabro 納布羅 Tongrario 東格里羅
高度邊界頻譜 Chaiten Okmok Kasatochi Sarychev Peak Eyja_allajokull Merapi Grimsvotn Nabro
(1)Chaiten 柴藤 42.83 S 72.64 W 2008/05/02 VEI=4 20km
(5) Eyjafjallajokull 艾雅法拉 63.63 N 19.62 W 2010/03/20 VEI=4 6km
(8) Nabro 納布羅 13.37 N 41.7 E 2011/06/12 VEI=4 23km
Tongrario 東格里羅 39.08 S 175.38 E 2012/11/21 VEI=2
The wavelength of the prenounced TIDs 編號 火山名稱 中文名 噴發日期 噴發高度 (km) 高度 (km) 盛行波長 (km) 1 Chaiten 柴藤 2008/5/2 20 600-700 380/225 500-600 420 5 Eyja_allajokull 艾雅法拉 2010/3/20 6 480-520 370 240-260 440 8 Nabro 納布羅 2011/6/12 23 600-700 440 500-600 430 * Tongariro 東格里羅 2012/11/21 600-650 350/425 350-400 430
Al<tude (km) Period (min) Wave lengthen(km) 13 23 29 600-650 350 448.7 m/s 253.6 m/s 201.1 m/s 425 544.9 m/s 308.0 m/s 244.3 m/s 350-400 430 551.3 m/s 311.6 m/s 247.1 m/s
Conclusion FORNOSAT-3/COSMIC is useful to probe 3D atmospheric volcano structures and dynamics. Fluctuations induced by volcano eruptions in the vertical direction are for the first time investigated. It seems the high altitude the shorter wavelength. The speeds in the vertical direction generally agree with those seismo- TIDs triggered by the earthquakes and tsunami waves.
Observation the Ontake volcano eruption on 2014/09/27 by F3/C 49
Ontake volcano h"p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mount_ontake#mediaviewer/file:kiso_ontake.jpg 50
Location : 35.89N 137.48E Eruption time : 2014/09/27 11:53 LT 02:53 GMT http://jto.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2014/09/n-volcano-b-20140928.jpg 51
52
53
GoeNet GPS Eruption time 02:53 GMT 54
Data distribution (09/27) electron density profile 55
Data distribution G : 6-20 days before M : 1-5 days before 56
1-5 days before 6-20 days before % 57
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