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, : ( ),,, (CIP) ;. - 2 :, 2001.6 ISBN 7-04 - 009492-4...- - -.G617 CIP (2001)02193 ( ) 55 100009 010-64054588 010-64014048 http:/ / www.hep.edu.cn http:/ / www.hep.com.cn 1995 10 1 7871092 1 16 2 11 260 000, 14.30
,, 1999 2000,,,, :,, ;,,,, ; 3 + 2,, :,, 2001, 2000 12
,,,,,,,,, 1., ;,,, 2.,, :,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 2. (1989 ), 1996 25,, 3. 10, 39, 39,,,,, 1
, 3,, 17, 810, 2,,,, 4.,,,,,,, 2000 4 2
, ;, ;,, 1994 4 12 14,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, : 0046 1
, ;,,, ; ;,,, 1994 12 2
1 5 5 7 10 14 [] 18 19 19 21 26 28 [] 31 32 32 35 [] 38 39 39 41 43 [] 46 47 47 49 53 55 58 61 64 [ ] 68 69 69 71 73 76 [ ] 78 79 79 82 84 [ ] 86 88 88 91 94 [ ] 97 98 98 100 103 [ ] 106 1
107 107 110 113 ( ) 115 119 [ ] 123 1 [ 25 ] 124 2 [ 4 ] 131 3 [ ( 85 ) 10 (1985 12 7 ) ] 135 4 ( ) [ ( 88 )108 ( 1988 7 14 ) ] 144 5 [ ( 87 ) 466 ( 1987 9 3 ) ] 150 6 ( ) [( 1987 )32 (1987 3 9 ) ] 158 7 ( ) 159 8 ( ) 160 2
0,,,,,,,, :,, :,, ;,,,,,,, :, ;, ; :,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1988, 272 1
,,,,,,,,,,, : 19,,,,,,,, 20, 20,,,,, :20,,,,, :,,,,, : 18, 20, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 120, 42, 300, 11,, :,,,,,, 2
,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, 3
,,,, :,, ;, ;,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, [] 1.? 2.,? 3.? 4.? 4
1,,, :,, ;,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, (), ;,,,,,,, 5
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 6
,,,,,?,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ; 7
1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1-1 1-1, (), 2. 1987 3 9 (6 ),, 1617 ; 1415 : : 3 1 ;4 2 ;10 3 : 22.5 : 0.81, 22.2 : 1, 200 ; 2, 200 8
:3 1 ;, 1 :, 4045 1 ;,, 6 180,,,, 3.,,,,, : (34 ) 25, (45 ) 30, (5 ) 35 ; 30 ; 40 (88 ) 108 (4), 6 9 12 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,200, 3., 9
( ) 4.,,,,,, 5.,,, ;,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 10
1.,,, 21,,, ;,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3.,, :,, ;,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,, 6.,,,,, 11
7.,,,,,,, 8.,,,,,,,,,,, 1., ( ),,,,,, 2., : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, ; ; (3 ) ( ),,, (4 ),,,, 3. 12,
, ;,, ;,, :, : (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),,, 1-1,,, 1-2, ;,, 1-3 13
1-2 1-3, ;,,, : ( ) () () 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, 14
(3 ),, ( ),,, ( ), (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2.,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ), ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,, (),, 15
,,, 4.,,,,, ;,,, : =,, : ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, ; ;,,,, 1.,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ;,, 2., 16
,,,,,, 3.,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 4.,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 5., ;,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,,,,, 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 1 > 2? 17
,,,, [] 1.?? 2.?? 3.?? 4.? ( )? 5.? 6.? 7.? 18
2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, : 19
1.,,, 2.,, ;,, 3.,,,,, 4.,, : ; ; ;,,,, :,,??,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, :, ;,,, 20
,,, 1.,, ;,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,,, :,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, :,,, 5.,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 21
,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 50, ( )20 70 80,,,,,, 80,,,,,, 2. ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, :,,, 22
:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 1996 : :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, :, ;,,,, 23
, ; 10 ( ) ; ; ; ;, 3.,,, ( ),,, 4.,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 6. (),,,,,,,, 24
,,,,,, 1. 1993 27 :,,,,,, ( ) :,,,,,,, 2. ;,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,, 3., ;,,,,, :, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 4.,,,,, 25
,,,,, 1989 :,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 3.,,,,,, ;, 4.,,,,,, ;, ;, 26
,, 1. ( ),, ; ;,,,,,, 2. :,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 5. 27
,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ),, ;,, 2.,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 28
3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2-1 ( ),,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 29
30
,,,,,, 2.,,,,,?, ;,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 + 1 > 2,,,, [] 1.?? 2.? 3.?? 4.?? 5.? 6. 31
3,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32
,,, ( ) () ( ) ;, ;, (, ),, 1., (),,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ( ),, 1. : (1 ), 33
,,, ;,,,,, (2 ), ;,,, (3 ) ( ),, (), ;,,,,, :,,, :,, ;,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, ;,1999,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ),,,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 34 (3 ),,
, (4 ),,, ;, (5 ),,,,, 1., (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,, ;,,,, 2. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 35
(2 ),?,,,,,, ;,, (3 ),,,,,, ;,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3.? (1 ), ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, (2 ),,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. 36
,,, ;, ;,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, 4.,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,, 37
,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, [] 1.?? 2.? 3. 4.,?? 5.?? 38
4 :,, :, ;, :, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, 1991 3 18,,,,? :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 39
,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, ;,,,, 3.,,,,,,, ;, 40
, ;,, ;,,,,, 4. ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, : ; (,,, ) ; (, ) ; ( ), 41
, ( ) ( ),,, ;,, 1.,,,, ( ),, 2. (),, : ; ;, ;, 3. ( ) ( ),, ;,, ;,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, 20 80,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., ;,,,,, 42
2.,, ;,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,, 6.,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, 43
,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),, ;,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, ; ; ;,, ;, 44
1.,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), 68,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, 45
,,,, ( ), 3. (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ) :, ; ; (5 ) () ( ), :,, ;,,,, ;,,,, (6 ) ; ;,,, [] 1.?? 2. 3.? 4.,?? 46
5,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, 21 ;,, 20 90,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 1.,,, 47
(), :, ;, ;,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 2. 48 (1 )
,,,, (2 ) :,, (), ;,,,, (3 ),,,,, ;,,,,, ; ; :,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 2.,, 49
,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) 2. (1),, (2 ), (13 ), ( 49 ), ( 10 ) (3 ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ; 3. 50
,, 20 60, : (, ) ; (,, ) ; (,, ), ( ) ; (, ) ; (,, ) ; (, ) 4.,,,, ;,, ; ( ),,, ( ),, :,, ;, ; ; ; ; ; ( ) ;,, ( ),,,,, 1.,,,,,,, (1 ), ( ),,, (2 ),,,,, 51
(3 ),,, (4 ),,, ;,, ;,,,, (5 ), ;,,, 2.,, ;,,,,,,,, ; ( ), ;,,, (, ),,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 52
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (25 ),,,,,,, 1.,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) ( ) (4 ) 2., ; ; 53
,,,, 3. (1 ), ;,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ) 2. 54 (1 ),
;,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 3.,, ( ), (1 ) :,,, (2 ) (, ),,,,,,, () (),,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) 21,,, ;,, 55
,,,,,,,,,,,, 21,, 21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, ( ), 1999 11 12 56
,,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, : ; ; ;,,, : 1.,,, ( ), 1999 11 12 57
,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2. ;, ;, ;, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. :,, ;, ; ;,, ; 58
,, :,,,,, 2.,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ) :,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 59
, ;, ;,,,,,,,, 3.,,, (1 ) :,, ;,, (2 ),,, ;,, (3 ),,,, (4 ), ;,,,,,, 4.,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 60
(4 ),,,,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, (1 ),, : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,, ;, ( ) (2 ),, ( ),,,, ;,, 61
( ), (3 ) ( ),, (4 ), :,,,,,, ;, ( ),,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),,,, () ( ), (2 ),,, ;,,, (3 ), ;, ;,,,, 1.,,,,,, ; ;,,,, 2. 62 (1 ),
, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ) :,,, 85 %, 11 % ;,,, 60%, 15% ;, 90%, 75%, (5 ),,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,, (6 ) :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 3., (, ),, (, ),,, ;,,,,, 1991, 155 63
,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, : ;, ;,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 64
,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,,?? 1., () (1 ),,,,, ;, ;, (2 ), : (, ) ;, ; ;, (, ;, ) ;, (3 ), (4 ) ;,,, ;, (5 ) : ; ; ;, (6 ) :, ;,,, 65
,, : ( ) ; (, ),,, : ( ) : : 2. :, (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,, :,, ( ),, ;, ( ),, ;,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, 66 (5 ),
,,, 200, ;,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 3., ( ),,, : (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, : : : ( : ) 67
: :, : :,, : ( ) : : ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,, [] 1. 2.?? 3. 4. ( )? 5.???? 6.? ()? 7.? 8.??? 9.?? 10.??,? 68
6,,,,,, 1., ( ),,,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 69
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; ; 1 (2 ) ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ; ( ); ; 71
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. :,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, 2.,,,,,,, 72
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 73
,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,, ;,,,,,,, ; ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 1. 74,,,
,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ; ;,,, 3.,,,,,, 4.,,,, ;, 5.,,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., 2. (), 3., ;, ;, 75
;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1., 76,,,
,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 4.,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, 77
,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [] 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.?? 6.?? 7.? 8.? 78
7,,,,,, 1.,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3., 79
, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, ;,,,,,, 2., :,, ;,,,, ;,,,, 80
;,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. :,, :,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,, :,, ;,, 81
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1., Z.D,?,,,, 1961, 1962,,,, : ;,,,,, :, ;,,, :,,,,,,, 82
,,,,,,,,, 2. ( QC ),, 1962,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ) (4 ),,, (5 ),,, :, ( ) 57, 35,,,,, :,, ;, ;,, 35 :,,,,,,, 1. 83
,,, : ;,,, ; ; ; 2.,,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 84
, : 1.,,,,,,, 2.,, :, ;,, ;,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,, 1.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 85
, : (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,,,,,, 3., :,,, ;,,,, : ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ) 4.,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, [] 1. 2.? (, ) 3.?? 4.,? 5. 86
6.? 7. 87
8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 88
,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 1.,,,, 2.,,,,, 89
3.,,,,,, ;,,,, 4.,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,, (5 ),, 2., (1 ), 90 (2 ),
,, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, 3., 91
,,, ;,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 92
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,, ;, ;, ; 4.,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,, ;,,,,,,, 94,,
,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,, ;,,, :, ; ;, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, 3., 95
,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3.,, ;, ;, 4.,, ;,, ;,,, 5.,,,,,,,, 96
[] 1. 2.? 3. () 4.? 5.? 97
9, :,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ) :, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 98,
, 1.,, :,,,,,,,, ( ), ; 2. :, : ; ; ;, ;,,, ; ; ;,,,,, 1.,,,,, ;,,,, 99
2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,? :, ;,,,, 100
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101
,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,, 5.,,,, ;, ;,,,, 6., :,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,,, 102
,, 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 103
?????,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,, 104
,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,, ;, ( ) 105
, 2.,, :, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,, [] 1.? 2.? 3. () 4.? 5. ( )? 106
10,,,, 20 30, 1957,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80, : 107
,,, :,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,, 1988, 577,, 1987, 19 108
,,, ;,, 5., ;,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,, 7.,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1.,,, ;, ;,,, 2.,,,,,, 109
3. 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),,,, 2. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ), 3. (1 ) 110
,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 1.,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 111
,,, ;,,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;, ;,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,, 2. 112
(1 ),,, ;,,,, (2 ),, ;, (3 ),,, ( ),,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 113
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 114
,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 12 : ; ; ( ) ; 115
( ) ; ( ) ; ; ( ) ; ; ; ; ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, 2.,,, 20 ;, 100, ( 18 20 25, 85 100 108 ),,, 85,,,, :, ;,, 116
3.,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),, ; 10-1 10-1 (2 ) ( ) :, ;, ; (3 ), : ; ; ; (4 ),,,,, 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ),,, 117
;,,, ;, ;,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, : (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ),,,, ( ), : ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 118
,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,,, 1. (1 ), ( ), 10-1,, (M 0 ), ( A 1 A 2 A n ),,, ( ),, (2 ), ( ), 10-2 10-1 10-2,,,,, 119
(3 ) ( ), ( ) ( a ) : ( ) ( ) A 1 A 2 A 3 A n, A 1 A 2 A 3 A n, 10-3 a ( b ) :, A 1 A 2 A 3 A n, 10-3 b, 10-3,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,, A 1 60 75, A 1 ; 65 82,, A 1,,,,,, 2., (1 ),,,, (2 ), 120
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (10-2 ), () ( ),,,,,, 10-2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 4. (1 ),,,, ;, ; ;,, : 121
( IQ),, 100, 120, 70 : IQ( ) = MA( ) CA( ) 100, : 100; 100; 100 : 100; () () 100 : () 100 (2 ) ( ),,,,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;,,, :, ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122
,,,,,,, [] 1.? 2.? 3. ( )?? 4. ()? 5. ( )?? 6.? 7.? 8.,, 123
1 25, 1996 6 1 1989 6 5 2 ( ) 1996 3 9,,,, :,, ( ), :,,,,,,, 124
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ), ( ), (,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 125
,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 126
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : () ; () ; () ; (), 127
; (),, ;, ; () ; () ; (),, : (),,, ; (), ; (),,, ; () ; (),,, : () ; (),, ; (), ; (), ;, ;,, : (), ; (), ; (), ; () ; (),,,, ;, ;, 128
, (), ;, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ; ;,,,, 129
( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 130
2 4, 1989 8 20,, 1990 2 1 1989 9 21,, 3,,,,, ;, 131
: () ( ), (),, (), (),,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 132
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : () ; () ; (),,, : ; (), ; (), (),,,, : () ; () ; () ; () ; () ; (),,,, 15,,, 15,, 133
1990 2 1 134
3 (85) 10 (1985 12 7 ),, 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 6 33.5 11.5 4 1.52 10 11 17 18 3 5 6 33.5 1.52 3 22.5 10 16 18 6 5 4 2 3 2 3 22.5 10 14 15 1 5 4 3 4 2 1.52 10 1312.5 1.5 4 4 4 5 1 22.5 10 12 13 37 4 4 6 7 1 22.5 10 1212.5 (),, () 1.,, (,,, ),, 2.,,, 3., ( 1 13 47 ), 4.,, 5. (), 6. 80% 7., 2030, () 1. :,,, 34, 135
2030,, D,, ( 2 ) 2. (1 ) 1 ( ),,,, (1 ) (2 ),,,, (3 ) ;, (4 ) (5 ) : () 1., 2.,,, ( 1520, 30 ), 3.,, 4.,, 5., 6. 7.,,, 1., 1, 12, 12 2.,, 2, 3.,, 4. 1. () : ( ) X,, () (), X, 136
, 2. : 1 1 13 1, 3,,, ( 3 4),, () 3., : ; : ; : ; :, () 1.,, 2., 3., 4.,,,, 3 5. () 1. ;, 2.,, 3., 4. 5., 6., 7.,,, 8., 9.,, 10. :,,, () 1. (), ( ) 2., ( 5 6 ), () 137
3.,, 4.,, ( ), 5. () (), 6. (), 8 1., 2. ( 95 %, 90% ), 100 % ( ) 3.,,,,,,, 4. 5.,, 1., 2., ( ) 3.,,, 4., : :,,,,, 138
1 ( 1 ) ( kj ) ( g) ( mg) ( mg) A (g ) (3 ) ( mg) ( mg) D ( mg ) ( mg) (g) 6 612 504 kg 420 kg 2.04.0 ( 2) kg 400 10 200 0.4 0.4 4 30 10 2.04.0 600 10 200 0.4 0.4 4 30 10 1 4 620 40 600 10 300 0.7 0.7 7 30 10 2 5 040 40 600 10 400 0.7 0.7 7 35 10 3 5 880 45 800 10 500 0.8 0.8 8 40 10 5 6 720 50 800 10 1 000 1.0 1.0 10 45 10 7 8 400 60 800 10 1 000 1.2 1.2 12 45 10 10 9 240 70 1 000 12 1 000 1.4 1.4 14 50 10 : (1 ), 1 kj 1 000 g 15 16 (2 ) 2 gkg, 3.5 gkg ; 4 gkg (3 ) 1 g = 1 g, 1 A = 0.3 g ( 1981 5 ) 2 (kg) 15 2.883.65 kj kg 15 3.54.0 420 1 4.25.7 462 2 5.126.65 504 3 5.897.42 504 4 6.328.01 504 (kj) ( ml) 252 714 3060 200250 378 1 344 (23 ) 1 470 6090 360420 1 680 (23 ) 1 932 580790 2 646 80100 23 78 67 2 520 700930 160200 56 3 360 2 940 890 3 738 1 000 3 150 900 4 032 1 000 180200 6 54 200 54 5 6.748.46 504 3 150 1 000 200 54 462 4 200 ( ml) 100250 ( ) 150250 ( ) 300 ( ) 300 ( ) 300 ( ) 300 ( ) 300 ( ) 2550 ( g) 5 % 12 1012 1020 3060 (1 34 ) 4070 4570 5070 1520 2530 3040 3543 (g) (kj) 1 1,1 3 1412 5070 4050 1 2 5070 4050 1 139
(kg) kj kg 6 7.168.90 420 8 7.689.50 420 (kj) 10 12 8.5710.59 420 3 570 4 452 ( ml) 3 150 1 000 200 54 4 200 3 150 4 200 200 500 250 ( ml) 300 ( ) 4 300 ( ) 4 300 ( ) ( g) 5 % 5070 30 6.2 5070 5070 : ( ), : 1 4 ( 60ml) = (g) (kj) 504 882 8.4 588 1 092 1 20 1 680 2 100 1 37 : cm 1975 ( ) 50.6 1.87 50.0 1.80 1 56.5 2.42 55.5 2.36 2 59.6 2.56 58.4 2.50 3 62.3 2.53 60.9 2.43 4 64.4 2.47 62.9 2.41 5 65.9 2.61 64.5 2.46 6 68.1 2.65 66.7 2.78 8 70.6 2.70 69.0 2.76 10 72.9 2.81 71.4 2.67 12 75.6 3.06 74.1 2.95 15 78.3 3.22 76.9 3.16 18 80.7 3.28 79.4 3.36 21 83.0 3.55 81.7 3.50 24 86.5 3.76 85.3 3.53 2 90.4 3.80 89.3 3.89 3 93.8 3.97 92.8 3.90 3 97.2 4.29 96.3 4.11 4 100.8 4.49 100.1 4.34 4 103.9 4.46 103.1 4.36 5 107.2 4.55 106.5 4.39 5 110.1 4.62 109.2 4.50 6 114.7 4.85 113.9 4.91 7 120.6 5.22 119.3 5.34 : (1 ) (2 ) 1985, 140
47 : kg ( ) 1975 3.27 0.36 3.17 0.36 1 4.97 0.67 4.64 0.54 2 5.95 0.76 5.49 0.69 3 6.73 0.79 6.23 0.75 4 7.32 0.85 6.69 0.79 5 7.70 0.88 7.19 0.84 6 8.22 0.96 7.62 0.89 8 8.71 0.99 8.14 0.95 10 9.14 1.03 8.57 0.97 12 9.66 1.08 9.04 1.02 15 10.15 1.11 9.54 1.10 18 10.67 1.19 10.08 1.13 21 11.18 1.23 10.56 1.15 24 11.95 1.27 11.37 1.21 2 12.84 1.35 12.28 1.33 3 13.63 1.42 13.11 1.35 3 14.45 1.52 14.00 1.51 4 15.26 1.56 14.89 1.54 4 16.07 1.69 15.63 1.60 5 16.88 1.84 16.46 1.69 5 17.65 1.86 17.18 1.77 6 19.25 2.10 18.67 2.03 7 21.01 2.44 20.35 2.40 : (1 ) (2 ) 1985, 5 7 ( kg) ( cm ) ( kg ) (cm) 1 3.21 0.37 50.2 1.7 3.12 0.34 49.6 1.6 1 4.90 0.61 56.5 2.3 4.60 0.56 55.6 2.2 2 6.02 0.73 60.1 2.4 5.54 0.66 58.8 2.3 3 6.74 0.77 62.4 2.4 6.22 0.70 61.1 2.1 4 7.36 0.80 64.5 2.4 6.78 0.75 63.1 2.3 5 7.79 0.83 66.3 2.3 7.24 0.79 64.8 2.2 6 8.39 0.94 68.6 2.6 7.78 0.89 67.0 2.5 8 9.00 0.98 71.3 2.6 8.36 0.93 69.7 2.5 10 9.44 1.04 73.8 2.7 8.80 0.97 72.3 2.6 12 9.87 1.04 76.5 2.8 9.24 1.03 75.1 2.7 15 10.38 1.12 79.2 2.9 9.78 1.05 77.9 3.0 18 10.38 1.14 81.6 3.2 10.33 1.09 80.4 3.0 21 11.42 1.23 84.4 3.2 10.87 1.15 83.1 3.1 2 12.24 1.23 87.9 3.5 11.66 1.21 86.6 3.5 141
( kg) ( cm ) ( kg ) (cm) 2.5 13.13 1.34 91.7 3.7 12.55 1.32 90.3 3.6 3 13.95 1.51 95.1 3.7 13.44 1.42 94.2 3.7 3.5 14.75 1.58 98.5 3.9 14.26 1.47 97.3 3.8 4 15.61 1.75 102.1 4.2 15.21 1.74 101.2 4.1 4.5 16.49 1.84 105.3 4.3 16.12 1.84 104.5 4.2 5 17.39 2.05 108.6 4.5 16.79 1.82 107.6 4.2 5.5 18.30 2.13 111.6 4.5 17.72 2.17 110.8 4.6 67 19.81 2.56 116.2 4.9 19.08 2.42 115.1 4.9 : 1985 7 : 6 10 % 20 % 10 % 20 % 21 2,, 15 2 20 1 % 3 % 30, 3 % 4 6 20 3 % 30 0.4 0.7 kgm 2 12 24 1gm 2 1 ( ) 0.3 1 3 % 1 % 3 % 0.5 % 3 % 0.2 % 12 3 % 3 % 3 % 2 m,, 3 %,, 1 142
7 0.5 % 1 % 0.75 1 gm 3 0.2 3 % 1 % 0.2 % 15 ( ) 0.5 % 1 % 30 5 % 21 5 % 300 mlm 2 1 1,, 4 6 15 3 % 30 0.4 0.7 kgm 3 12 24 : 6 7,,,1978 8 ( ) 10 6 18 5 21 1317 11 24 21 12 4 24 3 18 14 21 21 ( ) 1442 40, 42 14 4 21 514 3 35 40 21 12 7 710 2 21 14 1 7 37 1 12, 2,, 40 30 3, 7 2 1, 7 21 7 12 143
4 ( ) [ (88) 108 ] (1988 7 14 ),,,,,, 6 9 12, 180 270 360,,, (), 90 m 2, 54 m 2 (), 15 m 2,, ( ) ( ), 9 m 2, (), 120 m 2 140 m 2 160 m 2, (), 75 m 2 112 m 2 139 m 2, (),, 20 m 2 25 m 2 30 m 2,, 144
(), 12 m 2 15 m 2 20 m 2, (), 14 m 2 16 m 2 18 m 2, (), 18 m 2 21 m 2 24 m 2, ( ), 12 m 2,, () 36 m 2 42 m 2 48 m 2, () 10 m 2, () 12 m 2, () 54 m 2 61 m 2 67 m 2, 15 m 2 20 m 2 30 m 2, 8 m 2 9 m 2 10 m 2 () 8 m 2 10 m 2 12 m 2, () 13 m 2 18 m 2 23 m 2, () ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) 6 ( 180 ) 1 773 9.9 9 ( 270 ) 2 481 9.2 12 (360 ) 3 182 8.8, 30%, 2 m 2 ; 30 m, 2 m 2 2 m 2,, 145
( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) 6 2 700 15 9 3 780 14 12 4 680 13 (),, 240 mm, 240 mm, : ( m 2 ) 6 ( 180 ) 9 (270 ) 12 (360 ) ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) 90 6 540 9 810 12 1 080 15 6 90 9 135 12 180 9 6 54 9 81 12 108 1 120 1 140 1 160 804 1 166 1 528 ( m 2 ) 4.47 4.32 4.24 75 112 139 1 20 1 25 1 30 1 12 1 15 1 20 1 14 1 16 1 18 146
( m 2 ) 6 ( 180 ) 9 (270 ) 12 (360 ) ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) ( m 2 ) 1 18 1 21 1 24 12 1 12 1 12 1 12 3 36 4 42 4 48 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 12 12 12 209 265 313 ( m 2 ) 1.16 0.98 0.87 ( ) 54 61 67 15 20 30 8 9 10 8 10 12 13 18 23 98 118 142 ( m 2 ) 0.54 0.43 0.39 1 111 1 549 1 983 ( m 2 ) 6.17 5.74 5.51 ( ) K = 0.61 9851 615 1 4002 295 1 8072 962 ( ) K = 0.80 126 158 149186 176220 ( m 2 ) 1 773 2 481 3 182 ( m 2 ) 9.9 9.2 8.8 : 1. : (1 ), 54 m 2 ( 90 m 2 36 m 2 ) (2 ) 6 9 12 10 m 2 13 m 2 16 m 2, (3 ) 6 9 12 20 m 2 30 m 2 40 m 2, (4 ) 6 9 12 15 m 2 24 m 2 30 m 2, (5 ), 2 m 2 2.5 m 2 (6 ) 6 m 2 (7 ) 4 m 2 (8 ) 6 m 2, 2 m 2 (9 )K 2., 6, 6 147
: ( ),,,,,, ( )( ):, 1. ; 2.,,,, 3.,, 4.,,,,,, : 1., ( ),, 54 m 2 2.,,, 3. 3 m 2, 2 m 2 4., ; ;, 148
5.,, 6. 1., 30%,, 2. 30 m, 2 m 2 3.,,,,,,,,, 240 mm,, 240 mm,,,, : 149
5 [ (87) 466 ] (1987 9 3 ), 3, 36 ( ) : :10 12 :6 9 :5 5 : 1. : 1520, 2125 2. : 2025, 2630, 3135, 4, 3,, :,,,,, 150
,,,, : 60 m 2, : m 2 = 180 + 20 ( N - 1 ) : 1. 180 20 1 N ( ) 2. 30 m 0.3 m,,,, ( ) (),,, (m) 2.80 3.60 :, 2.20 m 151
, 3 h( ),,, 15 16 18 :, 2.5 50 db, RW 40 db, L n T, W 75 db m 2 50 50 50 50 50 50 15 15 15 9 9 9 150 120 90 : 1., 80 % 2. ( ) 2 m 2, 3.,,, 6.60 m, :,, 0.50 0.55 m, 0.40 0.45 m, 0.35 0.40 m 1.2 m, 152
0.80 m0.70 m, 0.160.18 m, 0.25 0.30 m, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 4 4 68 2,,,, m 2 50 15 8 10 6,, :,,, ( ) 153
m 2 12 12 10 2 8 8 8 15 12 10,, ; m 2 45 36 30 15 10 15 15 10 8 6 4 18 15 10 12 10 8 15 12 8 :,,,,,,, ; ;, 154
m 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.3,, 112 :,, 0.60 m 0.11 m 0.20 m, 0.15 m, 0.26 m,, 1.20 m, 1.6 m : 0.601.20 m, 0.70 m, : 0.60 m, 1.30 m 1.20 m,, 0.11 m 1.30 m,,, 155
, 70 95,, ( ) 20 1.5 22 3 25 1.5 16 3 18 5 16,, (LX) 150 0.5 m 156
100 0.80 m 75 0.80 m 30 20,, 1.70 m 157
6 ( ) [(1987)32 ] (1987 3 9 ),,, (34 ) : 2025 (45 ) : 2630 (56 ) : 3135 :1617 :1415 :3 1 ; 4 2 ; 10 3 : 22.5 : 0.81 ; 22.2 : 4045 ; : 1, 200 ; 2, 200 :3 1 ; 1, 6 180,, ;,,, 158
7 :cm 3 4 4 5 56 94 103 102109 108117 48 52 56 100 106 106 65 70 70 ( ) 38 24 27 30 28 29 31 29 30 31 27 28 29 25 28 31 3 3 3 30 35 40 140 150 160 : 70 70 70 159
8 () () (), (),, (),,, (),,,, (),, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),, (6 ), (7 ), (),, (),,,, (),,, ;,, () (1 ),, (2 ), 160
(3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,,, (6 ) (7 ) ; (8 ), (9 ), () (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ), :, ; ; (7 ) (8 ), (9 ) () (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ), () 1. (1 ), ; (2 ) (3 ) ( 10 ) ;,, 161
(4 ) 2. (1 ) 5, (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) 3. (1 ), (2 ) (), () (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) ( ), (4 ), (5 ),,,, (),, (1 ) (, ) (2 ), () (), () () (),, (),,, (),,,,, ( ),, () 1. 162
(1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, 2. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), () (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ), (6 ),,,, ( ),, (), (1 ),,,, (2 ) : 23 ; ; ;, ; ; () 1. (1 ), ; (2 ), 2. (1 ), 163
(2 ), () (3 ),, (4 ),,, (),, (),, (1 ),, (2 ), () (), (),,, (), () ( ) (),,, (), ( ), : (), (), () (),, 40 (),,,, (),, ;, (),, (),,,, () (), (), (), 164
: 1., 2.,,,, 3. 4.,,, 5.,, () (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), () (1 ) (, ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) ( 5 ), ( ) (), (), () (), 8,,,, : () (1 ) : ( ),,,,,,,, ( 10 ), ( 1 ) (2 ), (3 ) (4 ), (5 ) 165
(6 ),, () (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),, () (),,, :,, 166