2003 8 Aug12003 3 Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,, (1748), [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0030 - 13 The Demand for Grain and the Rise of Agriculture in Inner Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty This essay focuses on factors that led to the origins and development of agriculture in Inner Mongolia in the early Qing dynasty as well as the relevant agriculture policies practiced by the Qing monarchs1 Government support and encour2 agement was an essential element contributing to the rise of agriculture in Inner Mongolia1 Although the Shunzhi emperor promulgated a ban on opening new land, this policy was quickly abandoned1for over 80 years, from the beginning of the Kangxi reign until the Qianlong emperor once again banned land reclamation in 1748, the government pursued a policy of developing Inner Mongolian agriculture1according to the author, it was the positive government policy that created a solid foundation for the development of agriculture in Inner Mongolia1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ] 2002-10 - 15 [ ] (1963 ),,, ; 100872 30
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,,,, :,, :,,,,, 1550 :, :,,?, :,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ,,,,,, gλω,,, ( ),,,,, gλξ,,,,,,,, gλψ (), 32 (),,,,, gλζ,,,,,, (1622),, ( ),, gλ{,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλ (1596 ) :,,,, gλ},,,,,,,,,, gλ,,, gµυ, (1688),,,,,, gµϖ, :,,,,,
,,,,,,,,, gµω,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµξ, :,,,,,,,,, gµψ,,,,,,,,,,, gµζ,,,,,, gµ{,,,,,,, gµ,,,,,,,,,,,, gµ},,,,,,,,,,, gµ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνυ,,,, : 1659 50 33
1671 1671 8 1671 15, 000 1680 8 1681 1682, 1685 1, 000 1688 5, 000 1, 000 1689 1689 1691 1692 1695, 1699 1, 000, 1712 7 1715 14, 64, 900, 10 1716 7 7, 900, 31, 000 1718 1718 1720 1723 3, 2 1723 8 7 1723 7 1724 2 4 1723 5 3, 000, 1723 6, 000 ; 5 11 1727 5, 000 1732 1732 1733 5, 000, 1733 1733 7, 240 1733 3 1733 1735 1735 7 34
1737 7 5, 490, 1738 7 1739 7 6, 840 1741 1746 1746 6 1747 6 2, 270 5, 680,, 2 4, 1747 1178 3138 4 10 1757 3 40, 000 1762, 2000 1762 1763 1, 000 1763 1, 840 1764 3, 1766 2500, 1776 5, 1786 5, 1786 8, 1787 6 1791, ( 1644-1795) 150 gνϖ,, : gνω,,, gνξ, 4 20, 8 6 3 3,,, 380,,,,,,,,,,,, 150 340, 82, 840, 45, 680 380, 340 35
,,,,, 1718,,,, gνψ 1712 1739,,,,,,, 2, 400 4 3, 161 gνζ,,,, :,, gν{ (1696),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gν,,,, : gν} :,,, gν,, ( ),,,, 36,,,,,,, gου,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gοϖ,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,, gοω,,, :,,,,, gοξ :,, : 1 2 gπψ 3 4 11,,,, :, gοψ, :,,,, gοζ, 132 gο{,,, gο :, gπ{,,,,,,,,, gο},,,,,,, gο,, gπυ, (1695), 13,,,,,,, : gπϖ (1718) 15 gπω,,,, gπξ, 21 (1671 ) :,,, gπζ, ( 1698),, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, gπ (1699), :,,,,,,,,, gπ} (1700),,, 37
:,,,,,,, gπ, (1701),,, gθυ, :,,, gθϖ, (1704), gθω,,,, :,,,,,,, :,, gθξ,,,, gθψ 31,,,,,,,,,,, gθζ,,,,, (1683), 38 gθ{, 1683, :,,, :,, gθ,,, gθ} 41,,,,, (1692 ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gθ,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρυ,,
,,,,,,,,,,, gρϖ, ( ) ( ),, 18, 465, 12, 40814, 2, 30612, 18, 37217, 3, 80414, 10, 78615, 13, 09514, 1, 00413, 18, 18819,,, 9, 171, 48, 82114, 63, 91213, 74, 51616, 22, 22912, 49, 65713, 4, 44316, 10, 38518, 21, 34412, 18, 37011, 19, 71916, 9, 33516, 17, 54211, 37418,, 2, 81517, 1, 03617 26 445, 269180 gρω, 8, 216,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρξ,,, ;, gρψ,,,, :, (1692),, gρζ, gρ{,,,,, gρ,,,,,,,,,, gρ} 1, 000 gρ,,,,,, gσυ,,, gσϖ, 11,, (1723), 39
, ( ), (1884) :,,,, gσω (1724),,,,,,,,,,, gσξ,,,,,,,,, gσψ, () gσζ,, : (1729),,, (1734),, (1732),, ( ), ( ),, 40 21 1723,,,,,, gσ{,,, gσ,,, ;, gσ},,,,,,,,, gσ 104, 200, gτυ,, 4, gτϖ,,, gτω 31, :, ; ; ;,, gτξ,,,,,,,, gτψ,,,,,,,,,
,,, gτζ, :,,,,,,, gτ{,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, gτ,,,,,, gτ},,,,,,,, (1748),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 1956,, 1957,, 1986,, 1993,, 1924 ( ),, 1954, 1964 2,, 1998,, 1999 :,,, 1977 0 : 00 : : gλξ: :, ; gλϖ : gλω : gλψ: gλζ gµϖ gµξ gµζ gµ} gν{ gοϖ : gλ{ : gλ :, 1991 gλ},, 1979 gλ : 41
gµυ gσψ gτξ gµωgµ : gµψ : gµ{ :, 18 12 1938 gµ : gνυ () gνϖ :, :,, 1990 gνω, gνξ :, 132, 1967 gνψ, gνζ, gν : gν} : 1984 gν : gου: gοωgπωgσ} (),,, gοξ, :, 288, 1991 gοψ, gοζ gο gσ gο{ gο ; gο} : () () gπυ :, 261, 1984 gπϖ :, 233, 1999 gπξ :,, gπψ : gπζ :, gπ{, gπ gπ}, gπ, gθυ, gθϖ, gθωgθψ gρϖ gρξ gσξ,, 1988 gθξ, gθζ, gθ{ () gθ, gθ}, gθ, gρυ, gρω () gρψ, gρζ, gρ{, gρ : gρ}, gρ, gσυ, gσϖ, gσω :,, 1996 gσζ () : gσ{, gσ gσ, gτυ, gτϖ gτω :,, gτψ, gτζ, gτ{, gτ, gτ}, 42