3
l 4
5
6 ptk py mm l 500 0 gt ε pk A
η a ε apu η a ε apu F Fapu ηpfpm apu Fpm ηp ηp ηp pm A p ptk
3
tk tk tk tk tk tk tk 4
5
6
pe = pe con 5 n= ln con ln l5 l4 l 5..4 l 7
a l = E p l a l E p l l l l l = con kx+µθ e kx + µθ l ) com ( l = kx+ µθ k µ x θ l l 8
k µ 4 con 0.7 ptk com l4 = 0.5( 0.5) con ptk < 0. 8 ptk con ptk con l4 = 0.0( 0.575) con con 0.5 ptk ptk ' 5 5 pc 35 + 80 ' cu l5 = + 5ρ' ' pc 35 + 80 ' cu ' l 5 = + 5ρ' pc ' pc ' cu ρ ρ' ρ ρ' A' ' A ρ ρ' ' pc pc 9
l l pc ' pc ' ' cu pc ' pc pc ' pc ' 5 5 α E pci α E pci α E pc pu = + pu pe p h p = (40 335ξ0)(0.45 + 5.5 ) ι pea p + y As ξ = bh c pu p 0 con con pe pu py pe p ξ 0 0
l 0 h h p ξ ξ 0 pea p + yas c( b' b) h' = cbhp h' b' M = M r M M = N p e pn N = A + A ' A ' A' e = pn p pe A p y pe p pn ' pe pe A' + ' ' pe p l5 s l 5 p pe y' pn A' p l5 l5 A s A s y sn ' l5 s + ' l5 A' A' s s y' sn N p epn M N r p M N pe p ' pe A p A' p A s A' s
l5 ' l5 ypn y' pn ysny' sn A' = 0 a' 5 = 0 P ω ( mm ) d sk ω = max acrψ.9c + 0. 08 Es ρ tk cq te ptk max l ptk ψ =. 0. 65 ρ te sk As d eq = A a cr a cr te ψ sk c c c c c ρte ρ < 0. 0 ρ = 0. 0 A te te te
A te ( b b) h = 0. 5bh + b h A s d eq di n i u i u i u i M k ± M 0.75M sk = 0.87h 0.3A + A 0 cr ( ) p s M cr ( pc + γtk ) W 0 = A s A p M K M M cr pc γ 3
B = M k ( ) s q M θ + M k B M K M q θ B s B = s 0.85Ec I0 B s = K cr 0.85EcI0 + ( K )ω cr M cr K cr = M k ( 0. γ ) 0. ω =.0 + 0.8λ + + 45 aeρ γ = ( b ) bh 0 b h I O αe ρ ρ = Ap + As / bh 0 ( ) ( ) λ λ pc A pc p A + p y A s M cr 4
γ b h k cr M cr M k k cr k cr E c I 0 A 0.005bh S b h ( b ' b) h' y As hs 0. 5 A h A h y s s + pu p p 5
A 0.003bh S M M u cr M u M cr b = l + b y ( ) x d 3 b y = l y 4 b y y l x l y b d 6
7 A s 00075hl 0. l h h bh A s 005 0.
( ) 0 Fl, eq = 0.7 t + 0. 5 pc, m ηumh η 8
η. = 0.4 + β s ash0 η = 0.5 + 4u m F l, eq F l, eq = Fl t pc um h 0 η η βs β s β s β s β s α s α s α s α s Fl, eq. 05 tηumh 0 h0 Fl, eq ( 0.35 t + 0.5 pc, m ) ηumh0 + 0. 9 yvasv s s yv A sv 9
( ) 0 Fl, eq 0.7 t + 0. 5 pc, m ηumh u m h / 0 d d d s s0 h 0 s h 0 0 h 0 h 0 α a α a EaI a αa = E I c 0, cr I a I 0, cr 0
I 0, cr um, dc bc la = 3 6 Fl, cq um, de 0.6 ηh u m, de F l, cq t 0 F l, cq F l b c h 0 η
l, eq c M = h + α l de F n a a a h M de a W h a hc n a F. ηu h l, eq t m 0 h 0
um l d ( l + ) ( l + l + l ) ( l + ) a l b ( l l + l + l ) a b a c c b c + a l b l d l > l l l l F l, eq 3
pu ξ 0 b b b c b h b c h a A b B a A b B 4
α b R c : d 5
6
0.6 0.4 con 0.05 ptk pu + 00 pu = pe pu ptk pu py ptk 7
8
9 φ φ
con l c p ptk Fpml c p l p = A E p p F pm l p A p E p 0 0 l = l l p l 0 p l c p p + p l c l c 30
3 0 l P
.6 A p A p 3
33
N pe Ap = A p con con l, tot l, tot N pe βm k N W pe = e p + A W βm k N W pe = e p + A W [ ] ctk,lim [ ] ctq,lim M k M q ctk,lim ctq, lim W A e p β β β β 34
l l l con µ x l + k rc l l l ae p l = 000 µ + k con rc 35
con r c µ k x l θ 0 l x l 0 = i l l + i l l ( ) ( ) l 0 l l0 < x l ( l x) + i ( l ) l = i l l < x l ( ) i l x l = l ( ) αe p i l l0 l = + l 000i i µ i = + a k rc µ i = b k + rc l i i rc c r 36
a b l x l 0 = + i l l + + i l l l0 < x l ( ) ( ) l 0 ( ) ( ) = i + i l x + + i l l l < x l l ( ) l i l x l = l l ae i ( l l ) + i l ( l l ) + l + l p 0 0 0 0 = + l 000i i i = con ( µθ )k [ ( )]( ) k i = k l l µθ con 0 = coµθ [ ( )]( )µθ = k l µθ con l0 i i l 37
38 l l l
k 4EccI c k c = H E cc c I c H c k c k t 9EcsC kt = ( l ) 3 c l c 39
x x 3 y C = 0.63 y 3 E cs c l l l C l x y x = h y = c I k ec ec I = I k / k ) ec c ( ec c 40
k ec = k /( + kc / kt) c l ( c l ) / 4
4
L ' ' ' L L L L L 43
44
45 s M l M k M q M b b
46
47
48
49 0 ξ
ξ N M M M M M M r M M p e pn r con ptk A p A η A 0 p η 0 ψ ψ ψ ψ sk sk 0 P 50
5 p A k M cr M M cr M + = 0.6 0.6 0 0.4 0.6 β β β cr k cr c s M M I E B k cr M M 0.6 β ( ) E γ ρ α λ β 45 0.07 0.3.6 0.6 + + + =.6 0 β k cr M M
5 y t /
53
54 / a b c l de m u, / 0 h 0,, 6. 0 h u F de m t eq l η 0, 0.6, h F de m t eq l u η eq l F, / 0 h de m u, η
55 =, c a cq l a ua h l n F M φα φ ua M de M
56
57 ib
58 con
59
60 l l µθ + kx 0 l l 0 l b s l, l ) / ( l c c l C H C I EC I