(CIP) : /. :,2004 ( ) ISBN 7-313 - 03701-5.......... V4-49 CI P ( 2004 )032364 ( 877 200030) : 64071208 : : 880mm1230mm 1/ 32 : 7.25 :202 2004 7 1 2004 7 1 :1-4 050 ISBN7-313 - 03701-5/ V010 :13.00
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8,, ;,,,,,, 1842,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,1868,, 46.5 ; 1912, 200 ;1914,, 600 ;1917,,, 1923 : 600, 1929,,,,,
,,,,, 6 371, 200, 60,,, 9,,,,, 16, 14, 6 371, 700 000,, 130,,, 33, 2 680 10,,, 99.865%
10,,,?,?, 7 000,,,,,, 60, 2 000, 5, 20,, 5, 1 500, 200,,,,,,?,, 1 500,,, 8, 3,,,,,,,, 40,,,,
, :, 384 000,, 100, 3 840, 158, 150 000 000,, 6, 170,,,,??, 1 0,, :!,,, 46.5, 167 400 /,,,, 68,, 54 000 000 000; 6 622 000 000 000 000 000; 2 260 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ; 4 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 200, 123 000 000 000 000 000, 3 940 000 000 000 000, 50 000 000 000,, 0.000 000 000 001 2 / 3 ; 200,, 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 025 5 ;,, 0.000 000 000 000 056,,,? 11
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14,,,,, 1, 1,,, ( ),,,,??,, 1 000 500,, 14.44 28.88, 1,,,,,,,,?, :,,,,,,,,,,,,
12,, 12, 12 756 67, 12 756, 8.8, 57 2.6 1.496, 38.4,,,,?,,,,,,, 1.5, 2 1.5, 3,,,,, 19,, 0.01,, 18381840, 1838 12, 61 0.31 ; 1839 2, 0.91 ; 1840, 0.26,, : 610.292, 0.75, 0.12,, 3, 1,, 3.26, 1, 10 15
16, 1/ 10,, 103.26 = 32.6?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 000,, 1, 2, 3 4 5, 6,,,,
17 1,,,, 0, - 1, - 2-4.4, - 12.7, - 26.7,, 6,, 6, 7 8 5 24,, 15.8 24,,,,,,,, 1.99, - 26.7, 5 900, 1.5,
18, 1 900,!?,,, 10, 32.6,,,, 5, 2.3 0.5,, 10.3 53.9-6.2, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60,,,, 1/ 10,,,?
,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.510 4 410 4 K, 40 000K, 10 19, 1 500K,,, 1979,, 8.7,, 85 000 1986,, 167 000, 2 700, 2 700!,,,? 300,,,24,,,,,,,,
20,,,, 1665,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 1857,,,
19 80,, 28, 20, 1857,,,,,,, : ( ) ;, ( ),,,,,,,,, 2, 69,,,, 98.2 %, 67 1.8%, 2%,, 98%, 3 1,,,,,, 650760, 570500, 430402,, 21
22,,,,, 760402,,,,,,,,,, 20 50,,,, 30,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 50,,, 35 O,,,, 10,,,,,,,, 20 50, : ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 100, 23
24 10,,,,,,, 10 7 10 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,, 25 -, H- H,, H- H,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15, 6,, 8, 0.2 17,,,,, 100, 90%, 90 %,
26,,,,, 50, 10, 50, 10 3,, 3, 75,,,, 100, 0.2,, 2 000,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,, 0.5, 110 8 K,,, 0.51, 110 8 K,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,? 27
28,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, ; 2010 8 K,, ; 3010 8 K,,,, 4010 8 K,,,,,,,,, 10,, 10,,, 10,,
1, 110 4, 0.034.3 1 0.4, 50,, ;,,,, 29 1992 10, :,,,??,,,,,,,,, 18, 20, 20 50,
30,,,,,,,,, 4, :,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 31
32, 19,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1898,,,?, 21,,,,?,,,, :??,,,,,,,
:,,,,,,, 75%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33
34 5%, 1%,,,,, 40, 40, 100,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,
,,,, 1971 :,, 3040,,,,,, 1998 10, 569, 3, 10,, 1,,,,, 10,, 1950,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 35
36,,,,,, 1870,, 1877,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 20 60,,, 1962 1973,, 4 5 6 7 9,,,, 9 1971 5 31, 9, 9,,,, 2,, 9, 7 000,, 1 500,
37 1960 1973,, 10,, 19751976,,,,, ; ; :, ( ) ()
38,, 1996,,,,,,,10 30,, 100,,,,,,,,,, 1986, 10,,,, ;
,,,, 20,,,,, 39 1996,,, 400,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, 1972 1973 1977, 10 11 1 2
40, 1972 3 2 1973 4 5, 10 11,,,, 15, 23,,, 14, 14,,, :, 1977 8 20 9 5,,,,,,, 30.5, 2 B, 116,,, A,,, 27,, 55,,, :?
! :,,? :! :, :, 147,,,,,, : 40,, 2 4,, 10,,,,,,,, 30,,,, 1974, 305, M13 3,, 10, 1 : 3,,, 01,, 41
42 : 1 10 ; : ;, : ;,, 43 ; ( ),, 14 (1.76 )5 9.5 ;, 40 ;,, ;, 2430 305 M13 30,,, 24 000,,,,, 48 000,,,, 1899,, ;,,,, 1960 4 8, 11.9,,
,,, 10.7 200, 1972,, 384, 80,, 10, 1973,,,,,, 1977 8 15,, 1,, WOW,,, 1,,, 1985,,,, 2.4, 2.4,,, 43
44 1992, 20, 50,,,, :,, 500,, 500 35,, 70 30,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,?! 1783,,,,,,, (1798 ), :,, 250,,,,,,,,,,, 7.9 /,,,,, 30 /,,,,,,, 1939,,, 3.2,, 45
46,,,,,, :,,,,, ; 7, ; 3,,, 8.9, 10,,,,, 30,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 47,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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50, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 1, 11,,,, 1 10 59 58 10 59 59, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,?,,,,,,,?,,,?,,,?,,, X,, 1965, X, X1 X?,,,,, X,,, X1, 6,, 51
52,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 3,,, 1 830 / 3,, 1 000 / 3, 1 000?,, M82 1 200 M82,, M82, 1997, X M82, X, 3 000X,
,,,, 1999,,,,,, 1 000,, X 100, M82 X 10, 460 1 2000 1 13, 5 1,, 5 1,,, 100,,,,, 1 00010 NGC4261 M84 M87,,, NGC4261 300, 53
54 20 ; M84 30, 3 ; M87 15, 30 10 10, 1?,,,, 1995,,,,, 1 0001,,,,?,,,,
,,,,,,,, : () ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) ( )( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 55
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58 1755,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 391,, 415,,,,,, :,, :,, 535,, :
, ;, ;, 59,,,,,, 1694,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,!,,
60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,
,, 1905,,,,, ;,,, 1915,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,?,,,,,,,, 61
62,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1868, 1912, 200,,, 1929,,,, 192 000 /, 2, : :,,,?,,,
63,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,!,,, 1946,,,,,,,,
,?,,,,,, 64,,, ;,,, :, 100200,,,, 47
, 100150, 65,,,, 1, 10010 8 K,,,,,,, 16 100, 1010 8 K,,,,,,,,
66 3, 75% 25 %, 70, 3 000K,,,,,,,, Mz3,, 1948, :, - 273,,, 1,,
, 1965,,,, 20, 1989,,, 0.55, 2.7350.06K, 3K,,,,,,, : 1/ 10 44,,,, ; 1/ 10 3 3,,, ;1/ 10 10,,,,,,,,,,,,?, :??,?,,,,,,, 67
68,,?, 100 1, 1 1 100, 1,,? 200??, :?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, : 200?,, :,
,, :,,,, :, 69,,,,,,,,, 200,,,,,,,,,,,, 50, 10 20,, 30,,, 200
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,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 45, 75
76,,,,60, M31,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0.04,
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,,,,,,,,, g, 107K, 10 6 5, 10 18K, 10 9 8 10 1 99,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, 79
, :,, 80
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90,,,,,, 16.7 /,,,,? 1883,, 1903,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7.9 /,, ;,,,,,?
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 91,,, : 110 5 Pa( 760 ), 2 000,,, 100, 10,,,,,,,,
92,,,,,,,,, 200, 100, ;,, X,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 93
94,,,,,,,,, - 150 150, 67,, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1979 175, 8 %, 20 %,,,,,,?,
,?,, :,,,,, 95,,, ;, ;, ;,,,?, 2 000,,, 4,,,, 12,
96,,,,,,,2 000,,,,,,,, 1 000,,,, 200,,,,,,, 1903,,,, 12,,,,,,,?,, 10, 1643,,,, 0.013 /, 1/ 77
, 8,,,,,, 160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13,, 14,,,,, 47,, 47,,,,,,,,,,,, 97
98 :,, 20 60,, : 1903,,,, 1929, 1899 17,,, 1926 3 16,,,, 12.3, 2.5 56,, 20 30, 2.4,,,,, V2 1922, 1923,, 1929,,,,,, 10, 1936,,
, 18 A41944, V 214, 1.65, 1.95 13,,,?,,,,,, 3 000 30200,,,,,,, 7.9 /, 2 /, 1.72, 23,,, 39,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 99
100 5, 85.7, 13, 2 930 5 42, 2 600, 3/ 4, 2 200, 2, 60, 2.7 /, 25, 154, 8, 177, 6.7 /,, 17, 100,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,, 1953 11, :,,, ( 1957 7 1958 12 ), 1955 7 29, 1956,,,,,, 1957 10 4, P7, 1, 45,,,,, P7, P7 19,,,,,,,P7 90, 1, 101
102 1, 58, 83.6,,, 227 941 92, 1 400, 1958 1 4,,,,,,, 83.6, 508.3,,,,1948,,, 1958 2 1 1, 8.22,,,,,, 20 50,,1958,, 1965 9,,,, 1960 2 11,
20 60, 1970 4 24, 1 1995, 10,,,,,, 103,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, :????,??? 20 50 60,
104,,,, 1957 11 3 2 1960, ( ), 1961 4 12 6 07, 1, 27,, 1 48, : :?, 1968 3 27, 15! :,,,,
,, 80%, 20%, 576930 ; 1 000,, 1%, 75150,,,, 1825, 1.5,,, 30 % 70%, 400,, 1, 2.3, 2 400,, ; 10 ; ; 4.73,,,,,, 7 000,, 1961 4 1963 6, 1 6, 6,,,,, 105
106, 1961, : 60,,, 1957,,, 1961 5 25, 11, 225, 2 200 80 42, 43 000, :,,,
,,,,, 1 10 10, 1969 7 16, 50 25 11 85 5, 110, 36 107 5,,,,, 20.4, ; 2,, ; 150, 0.9, 1.6,, 4 1683,,,,, 2.4,, 640,,,,,,,, 38, 11,,,,!, :,!,
108 11,,, 5, 6 :,,,,,,,, 20,,,,!,, 19,,, 1969 7,, 21 18,,
109 11, 7 24,, 10, 20, 21, 12,,, 15 000 12 000, 400,,,,,,,,,,
110,,,,,,,,,, 45,,,,,,, ( NASA),, 11,, 23.5, 0.6, 1969 7 16 13 32, 109 7 33 111 39 13, 67 11, 30,, :,,, :, ;,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1979 12,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 75, 1.75,,,, 111
112,,,, 4,,, 16,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,
, :,, 1961 4 12 1,,,,1963 6 16 6, 49, 70 50,,,, 1965 3 18, 2 17,,, 8,,, 1969 7 20 22 56 20, 11 1972 12 7, 17 ;, 75,, 1982 1984 1984 7, 3 35 1984 2 7, 95, ; 19871988 366,,, 113
114, :,, 12 1971, 1985 4 29,,, 1950,, 1986 1, 1989 1992,,, ( ),,1992,, 1994 7,,, 34,,,, ( ) 1961 4 12,
, 108,, ;, 1969 7 21, 11,, 1971,, 20 70, 115,,,,,,,,,,,,
116,,, 1973, 1979 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1969,, 1970,, 1971 4 19, - 1, 200, 222, 51.6, 88.5-1 4 23,
- 10-1,, 6 6, - 11, - 1,,, 6 30,,, 117-1 10 11, 1977 9 29-6,,, 19821991-7, 11 28, 1986 2 20,, 1996 4, 116 ( TM ) 470 21, 13.13, 4.2, 12,, 80, 9, 7,,,,,, 23,,,,,,,,
118,, 1986 5 5 6 25, 7 1993, T 17 TM, M,, 35, 70,, 1987 12 29,, 326 1988 12 21,,,, 402,,
20 60, 1969, :,,,, 1970 3, 70,,,, 70,, - 5, 25 1973 5 14, 435, 28 59 84 36, 6.7, 77.5,, 360 1973 5 25 7 28 11 16,, 58 270,, 1974 2,, 1979 7 12 2 249, 14 20,,, 119
120,,,,,,,,1993,, 11 16, 1 000 1998,, 2003 :, 19941997,,,,,,,,,,, 454, 88, 109, 44,
747, 350, 51.6 121,,, 85 %, 95%,, 2000 10 31,T M - 31,, 2, : (1 ), ; (2 ),
122 ; (3 ), 1972 1981,, 10 1986 1, 4 24, 29, 2, 2, 4,, 1972 1981 4,, 1982 11, 1986 1 28, 1988 11,, 1985 1, 1992 1987, 1999,,
,,,,,,1986,, 65.14, : (1 ),,,, 47, 300, 29.5, 14.5 730, 100 (2 ),, 1 300,, 20 (3 ),,,,,, 123
124,, 20 60,, 1975,, 24,1988 11 15 6,, 47 250 3, 12 4.5 84, 100, 24, 40, 16, 5.6, 24, 4.7, 18.3, 30, 20 70, 24, 6, 2, 1, 23 105, 82 3 550, 160,,,,,, 260 340 /, 1 1002 000 50,, 38 040,,
,,,! 2003 2 1, 8 53,, 5,, 9,,,,! 6 1, 2 7 4 :,45,, 1994, 1999 10,48,,, 1998, 41, 3, 125
,,,43,, 1998,46,, 1996, (), 41, 20 80, 1997, 126 7 (), 41, 8,, 7 1986,, 2002 10 15 2002 10 15 22 20, 10 16
2 20, - M - U,,, 29, 1,8 11,,,,,,, - U, 11,,,, 9, - M,, 1986 1986 1 28,,, 19,,,,,, 15, ;, 127
128,,,,,,, :,,,,, 15 46 ; 40 ; 36 ; 35 ; 39 ; 41,, 1 22,, 1 28,, 1 26 25,, 1 27,,, 1,,,,,, 1 28,,,!,,, :
,, :,,,,,, 256, 4.8, 2.2, 6,,,,,,,, 15,, - 129
130,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 73,,,,,,,,, 3 000,,,,,, :,,,,, 1971 6 6,- 11,
24,, 140,,,,, 6 28, 6 30,,,, :,, 131?,,,12,, 30, 12,, 5 000,, 168,,,,,
132,,,, 10, 1520, 3 3.5, 120,,,,, ;, ; ; 1975 4 5,- 8A,,, 144,,,,,,, 1960 10, 11,, 10 23,,,,,,,,
5, 40,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1 700,, 80 4 :,,,,, 133
! 134, ;,,,,,,, 20 50, ;1958, ; 1965 9,,,,,,,, 1960 2 11, 20 60,,,,, 1,,, 1,,,,
5 1970 4 24 21 35,, 21 50,, 1 135,, :,,,, 1 172.82, 2, 1, 114, 120 20.009, 1,
136,, 13,,,, 1970 1 2001, 48,, 73%, 17 10 5 2 2,,,,, 1970 1 1, 2001 1, 65,, : 1 2 3 4,, 1 ;2 ;3 36 000 ; 4 12, 1 2 2 2 2 ( 2 )
2 2 3 3 3 4 4,,, 5 000 36 000,,,,,,,, 1956 137
138 1986 30, ( ) 126, 2 200, 3 700, 201, 62, 1 17,,, 1999 11 20 6 30 03 500, 1 14, 3 41,,, 20, 1 2 3 4 21,
!!!!! 2,, (),,! 10,1!!1 2! 2!2,,, 4!, 4,4!, 3 3! 3!!!!,, 19 139
140, 98, 59%,,,,, 30, 1961 4 12,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,
,,,,, 1992 1,,, 141 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,, 8, 900
160,,,,,,,,, 142 2001 1 10 2002 3 25, 2 3 2,, 10 64, 15, 12, 37,, 1 2,3, 2002 3 25 3, 1, 42.4 375 34,,, 3 180, 4 2002 12 30,, 1 5
,,,,,,, 143,,,,, 21,,,,,,, ;,,?,,,,,,,,, :,
144,, 20,, 14 14, 1968,, 1970, 19,,,, 14,,,, :, :,,,, 2001 2005, 2003 10 15 9 2003 10 15 9,5 10 16 6 23, 5,, :,
,,, :,, ;, ;, 13 145 ;,, 10 15 9, 5, 9 0 47 5, 10, 13 ;, 9 2 23,, 10 16 5 ;, 9 3 6, 1 10 5 5,,,,,,,,, 5
146 5 :, 5 : :,,, 5 :,,,, :! :,, 5,, : 5 10 16 6 23, 5,, 10,, : 20,, 5 :,,
,5 :5,,, 50, 147,,,,,,,,, CNN CN N? 3,81%,15,, 16,,,, 5, 5,, 1992,
148,, : 12 ; 42,, 5,, 1,,,,,,,,, :,,, 2008, 22 : 10, 14 :33,,,,,,,,, 1998 1 5, 1 500 14,, 800,
, 32.8, 14,14,, 2003 7 3, : 5 6 3 000,14,, 8 58, 58,,,, 5, 3, 8, 40, 14,, 15, 5 000, 30, 15, 70,,,, 30,,,,,,, 149
,,,14, 58 : 150,, 40,? 100, : ;,, 10-2,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,, 151,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 700,, - 3, 100500 30,,, 1 500-3, - 3,,, - 3, 6 300 700 1 600,,, 1996,
152 500, 300,, 1 10, 1,,,, 10 000,,,,,,, 81, 1, 500,,,, 24,,,,,, 2, 45, 810,,, 2020 70,, 2.5%, 80%,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 100 153
154,,,,,, 80%,, 20% 30%,, 150,,,,,,,,,, 450,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
155,,, ;,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
156,, 9 9, 99.999 9% 99.999 999%,,,,,, :,,,,,
,, 1987 8 5, 10,,, 1996 10 20, 17,, 20 40,,,,, 1987,,,, 1988,,, 19921994 10 48, 1992 15,,,, 100,, 1,,, 0.1,, 157
,,,, X,,, 158, 2000 10, 50 300,,,,, 200400,,,, :,,,,
, 30, 19571988 109, 33, 30.3 %, ; ; : 159 ; ; ; ;, 200400 516,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 34%,, 34%,,,,,, 20%,, 10% 15%,,,
160 90 160, 30%, 122%,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2001 4 28 11 37, TM - 32, 4 30 13 28, TM - 32, 2 000, 40 5 4, T, T, :?:,,,,,,
;, 2 000,, ;,,, :!!,,, 2002 4 27, TM - 34,, 5 5,,,,,,,,,,, 36 000, 14, 18, 161
162,, 2030, 1, 23, 18,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,, 1962, 30, 1962 11, 1 1
,, 1965 7, 4, 1 21,, 1% 1965, 2, 1969, 5 6 200,, 95%, 7 126 1971, 2, 3, 22 1972, 9, 7 329 1974, 5, 6 7 1975, 1 2 1976 7 8, 163
164 1989, 1 2 1992 9,, 1993 8 1996, - 96 1996 11,, 1997 1996 12,,1997 7 4 1998 7,, 1999 10, ; 2003 12 1998 12,, 1999 9 1999 1,, 2001 4, 2002,, 2003,,,, 5, 2003 6 2, 2 2003 6 10, 2003 7 7, 2003 12 19,
2, 25 2 54 ( 10 54 ), 2, 2 2003 12 25,,, 2004 1 3, 3 20 35 ( 4 12 35 ),, 20 52, 10, 2004 1 14,, 2015, 2004 1 15, 12,, 1,, 2004 1 22, : 30, 2004 1 23,, 2004 1 23,,,, 2004 1 24,? 2007 2002 9 7,, 165
166, 1015, 1015,, 1999 : 2001, ; 2003,, ; 2005,, 2008 2001 4 7 11 02,, 758, 2003, 2003,,, 2020,,,,, 100 2005, 4,
2008 2009,, 14 ( 687 ), 2002 8 27 :,,,,, :,,,, 14 300, 2019 3 5,, 24, 2019 3 6,,, 2019 3 7 12 12, 2040,,,, 2019 3 8 167
168,,,,,,,,, 2019 7 11,,, ( ), : 2019 7 12,, 37, :? 1975,,,, 2019 7 13, 95.3%,,,, 1 50% 2019 7 19
! 200,, 100 400 : 1,, 1, 4 26, 2019 8 30 169,,,,, 2019 9 19 1960 31, 13,,, (1990 ), 2019 10 7?, 180,,,, 1971 9 2019 11 8,,
170 :,, 120, 1996,,, 2019 12 15,,,,,,,, 2020 1 10, 1976,,,,,,,,, :
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.7g, 1.7 10 4.3,,,,, 10, 0.5,,, 0.75, 1.5,,,,,, 171
172,,,,, 1960,,,, 400, 20 20 1924,,,,,,,, 0.9,,,, 1 530.93, 255 300, 70 686, 0.034, 0.5 200 2 000, 1.5 5,
24 46, 6, 4,,,,, 3.6,,,, 3.075,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 173
174,,,,,,,,, 9,,,,,,,,,, 1 000,,, 1 000!, 1 000,,, : 1 000, 1 000,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,, 1 000g, 175,,,,,,,,,, 1,,??,,,,,,,,,, 3,,, 50,,,
,,,,,, 1997 11 5, 5.5 15, 12, 4.9 20, 176,,,,,,!,,,,, :,,, 1 000,,,,,, 2018,,,,
,,,, 100 1 000 0.1, 9,,, 10 10 0.1 ( ),,,,10 100,100,,,,,,,,,, 1996 1,,,,,,, 40 ( 1 ), 1, 9, 10, 1, 9, 90 90, 177
,,, 178
1 19571998 ( : ) ( ) 1957 ( 1991 ) 3 000 20, 6 1958 6 5, 19611965 23, 1962 10 7, 1958 10 1 1959 21 4 2, 7 9 9, D, 1960 1,, 5 15, 1,,,, 1962 5 181
182, 7 23,, 7 29, D 1, 8 19, 2, 42 18, 8 20 11 21, MR1, 12 1, 3 24,, 12 19, MR1A, 12 22,,, 1961 1 31, M R2 2 21, 2, 3 9, 4,,, 3 23, 10,,,,,,10, 3 24, MR - BD,
3 25, 5, 4 12, 1 1 108, 4 25, 3 43.3,,,,,, ;,, 5 5, MR3 B 15 22 ( 5 4 ) 5 2, 5 25, : 60,,, 7 21, MR4,, 15 37,,,,,,, 5, 8 12, 2,, 17, 25 18, 70,,, 13, 9 13, 4, 11 29, 5,,,, 183
1962 184 2 20, 6, H, 3, 4 55 23,,,,,, 5 24, MS7,, 4 56,,,,,,, 400, 3 8 11, 3 64, 94 22, 264 8 12, 4 3, 5, 8 15, 10 3, 8,, 9 13, 24.8,, 23 32,, 22 1963 5 15, 9, 22, 34 19, 94 16,,, 6 16, 5 81, 119 6, 330, 19 6 16,
6 48, 70 50,19 5 1964 4 8, 1 10 6, 47, 10 12, 3 1 16, 24 17, 3 12 8, 2, 1,,, 1965 1 1965 1 19, 2 2 22, 57, 2 3 18, 2,,, 5, 12,,,,, 800, 3 23, 3,, 4 53 6 3, 4, 62 21, 7 185
186 8 21, 5,, 120, 190 55 29 12 4, 7, 206, 330 35 6, 18 12 12, 6, 1.2,,,,,, 12 15, 6, 16, 25 51 7,, 0.3 16 1966 3 16, 8, 6.5, 10 41,,,,, 6 3, 9, 45, 72 20,,,,,,,, 6 9, 5 17, 7 18, 10, 43, 70
46 763 8, 49 21 9 12, 11, 44, 15, 1 368 11 11, 12, 59 15 11 28, 133 1967 1 27, 4A,,,,,,, 2 7, 140 3 10, 146 4 8, 154 4 23, 1 4 24,, 16 17 18,,,, 9, 100, 187
188 5 16, 159 10 27, 186 10 30, 188 49 186 3.5, 10 31 11 2 11 9, 4B, 1968 1 22, 5 4 4, 6, 4 14, 212 213 4 15, 213, 212 8 28, 238, 10 11, 7 163, 260 9, 22 10 25, 2 28 10 26, 3, 61, 94 51 2, 2 30 12 21, 8 112 10, 20 6, 27
1969 1 14, 4 1 16 5, 17 1 15, 5, 4, 4 35, 5 1, 4 18 5 3 3, 9, 151, 241,, 13 5 18, 10,, 192 3 23 26 7 16, 11,, 75 50, 7 21 2 56,, 19,,, 22, 2 31 40 24 10 11, 6 7 8, 16 10 12, 7 6 8, 17 189
190 10 13, 8 6 7 31, 7 18 11 14, 12, 3,, 33.9, 3 32 30 10 4 36,24 1970 4 11, 13 56, 33,,,,,,,,,, 4 17, 6 1, 9 268, 424 59, 19 11 24, 379, 1971 1 31, 14,, 4 48 4 35
, 44.5, 2 9 2 26, 398, 4 19, 1 1 13.5, 18.6 1971 10 11,, 175 10, 11 4 23, 10 1, 5.5, 1,,, 25 6 6, 11 1, 24, 6 29,,,,,,, 7 26, 15 7 30,, 78.6 66 55,,,, 100 8 12, 434, 1972 4 16, 16 21,, 191
192,, 71 21 64, 27 6 26, 496, 11 12 7, 17 11, 75, 19, 1973 4 3, 2,,,, 25 5 14, V 1 63,,,,,,,,, 1982,, 1979 7 11, 7 12 0 34 108 55 41 307 12 0 30, 5 25, 1B, 2, 1,, 404, 672 49, 6 22 6 15, 573, 11
7 28, 3, 1, 1, 9 25 9 27, 12 11 1971 6 29,, 29 11 16,, 4, 1,,, 1974 2 8 11 30, 613, (60 ) 12 18, 13,, 128, 188 55 26 1974 4 3, 638, 5 27, 656 6 25, 3,, 14 16 15, 7 3, 14 5 3, 353 33 19 8 6, 670, T 8 17, 672, 193
194 8 26, 15,27 3 28 12 2, 16,, 12 26, 4, 17 30, 18B 63 1975 11 17 20, 768 1977 2 2 1975 1 11, 17 4 2 9 4 5, 18A, 4, 144,,,,,,, 22, 5 24, 18B 4 7 26 7 15, 19 7.5, 18 7 17, 18 19, 21, 18 24,
,,,,, 9 29, 772 T 11 17, 20, 4, 90 1976 2 16, 1976 6 22, 5, 21 49,, 8 24 23 24, 5 412 7 6, 21 7 5, 49 6 24,8 24 9 15, 22 127, 7 21 54 23 10 14, 23, 5 16,, 6, 11 29, 869, T 1977 2 7, 24 195
196, 5,,, 17 16 8, 25 7 17, 929 5 8 16 200 1978 2 2 9 29, 6, 1 760 5 14 ( ) 4 T 12 1267 1 16 33, 676, 120, 1 1982 7 29 6,, 10 9, 25,10 6 11 12 10, 26 11 6,,,,, 1978 1 10, 27 11 26-6, 1 16, 26, 27 6 3 16, 3 3 28 1 20, 1 2 300, 6, 22 6 2 7, 3 2, 28, 3 6 3 10 4 4, 1001, T
6 15, 29, 17 6, 11 2 31 6 27, 30,, 6-29 7 5 7 7, 2, 6 600 7 9 6, 8 2 8 8, 3, 6 8 21 8 26, 31, 27 6, 9 3 29 10 4, 4, 6, 6-29 370 4 10 24,26 1979 1 31, 1074, T 2 25, 32, 26 6 8 19, 3 12, 5 14 6, 30,4 5 4 10, 33,,, 6, 12,,,,,, 5 13, 6, 6 2.5 197
198 8, 9 6 6, 34 8 6-32 32, 8 19 34 6 28, 7, 6 7 2 12 16, T1 19 6 1980 3 23 1980 3 27, 8 6, 6, 35 4 25 4 9, 35, 10 6, 10 11 4 27, 9 29 6, 5 22 5 26, 36, 27 6-35 35 6 5, T2, 7 6-36,, 9 T 6 29, 10 7 1 6,,, 7 23, 37, 24 6-36, 7 31 36 9 18, 38, 19 6-37,
26 9 28, 11, 6 11 27 T3, 28 6-37 - 11, 12 10 6 1971 6 29 3 11, 1981 1 24, 12 6 3 12, T4, 13 6-12, 5 26 3 22, 39, 23 6 - T4, 4 25, 13 605 1267, 5 24 56 1981 6 19 6, 458, 1982 7 29, 5 14, 40, 15 6 - T4, 22 6 1982 4 19, 7 3 214, 10 T ( ) 12 3 ( 1443 1669 1686 ) 11 28, 1991 2 7, 1686, 5 13, T5, 199
200, 7 12 10 5 23, 13, 7 6 24, T6, 7, 7 2 7 10, 14, 7 8 19, T7, 7 7,, 9 18, 15, 20 7 10 31, 16, 7 1983 3 2, 20 1443 3 10 7 1443 7, 1983 8 14, 23 9 19 7, 4 20, T8,,, 7-1443,, 6 27, T9, 7,,,, 8 17, 17 7 9 27, T10A,,,,, 4,,,
10 20, 18, 22 7 1984 2 8, TIOB, 10 2, 7 236 22 50 2 21, 19, 23 7 4 3, T11 4 7, 11 4 15, 20, 17 7 5 7, 21, 10 7 5 28, 22, 30 7 7 17, T12, 7 - T10 25,, 7,,,,, 3 35, 8 14, 23, 16 7 1985 6 6, T13 7 7, 1984,,,,,, 47 6 21, 24 7 7 17, 1669, 19 7, 201
202 7-1669 - T13 40, 8 29, 30 9 17, T14 18 7,,,,,, 9 27, 1668, 10 2 7, 7-1686 - T14, T14, 7 1986 2 20,, 7,, 13.13, 4.2, 21 1994, T 20 TM 18 25 M, 20 53 3 13, T15 15, 3 19, 25, 21 4 23, 26, 25 5 5, T15 7 5 6 7, 7,,, 5 21, TM1, 23 6 25, T15 7, 400, 26
7 16 1987 1 16, 27, 18 2 6, TM2, 2 8, 3, 3 40, 7 30, TM3 TM2 3 3, 28, 5 3 31, 4 9 20,,, 4 21, 29 23, - TM2 - - 29 5 19, 30, 21 7 22, TM3 7 24,, TM2 TM3, 30, 50 8 4, 31 9 24, 32 11 21, 33 12 21, TM4, 23 12 29, 326 160, TM3, 203
326 5 200, 600 170, 80, 5 33, 1988 204 1 21, 34 3 24, 35 5 13, 36 6 7, TM5 6 9, 6 17 TM4 7 18, 37 8 29, TM6, 1987 12 21 9 6, T M5,,,, 9 7 4 50, 160 9 9, 38 11 26, T M7, 200 28 12 21, TM6 366,,, 12
12 25, 39 1989 2 11, 40 4 27, TM7,, 8 23, M1, 8 25 9 6, TM8 8, 1989 4 27 1990 1 8 2 5, 1990 1 19 T M8 11 26, 20 2 12 7, 8 12, 4.1, 19.5, 40, 66, 1991 1 26 12 20, M2 1990 2 11, TM9 13, 1989 9 6,,,,, 19 TM8, 205
206 166 2 28, M3, 5 5, 42 5 31,, 20 6 10,,, - - 2 - - TM9 83,, 13.73, 4.35,, 1 000 8 1, TM10 3,, 8 9, 130, T M9, 6 TM10 12 10 8 15, M4 10 6, M5,7, 12 2, TM11, 1991 1 14, M6, 3 19, M7, 5 18, TM12, 19,,
8 20, M9, 10 2, TM13 4 10 10 TM12 10 17, M10,19 207 1992 1 25, M11 3 17, TM14, 19,, 25 TM13 1991 5 18 10 2,,, 15 7.5,, 4 19, M12 6 30, M13 7 27, TM15, 29 TM14 8 16, M14 10 27, M15 1993 1 24, T M16, 26 2 1
208 TM15 2 4, M15,,, 20, 6, 4, 23, 2 21, M16 3 31, M17 5 22, M18 7 1, T M17 3,, 11, 7 22, TM16 1994 1 14, TM17 8 10, M19 10 11, M20 1994 1 8, TM18 10 1994 7 9, TM18 425 1995 3 22, 438 1 28, M21 3 22, M22 5 22, M23 7 1, TM19, 3,
1994 11 4 8 26, M24 8 28 30,, 9 2,, 10 4, TM20 1994 11 4 TM19 1995 3 22, 174 11 11, M25 1995 2 3,,, 2 6, 120,, 11.3 13,, 2 11 2 15, M26 3 14, TM21 16, 115 3 22,, TM20 1994 1 8 TM18, 438 1994 10 4 TM20, 209
210 174 4 9, M27 5 20, 6 1, 1 2, TM21 300 6 27, 6 29,,,, 7 4 7 7 7 20, M28 9 3, TM22 5 6 9 11, 10 18, M29 11 12, 5 16 2, 4.5, 11 20 12 18, M30 1996 2 20, 10 10, 57 157, 25, 78 56,, 679, 438 2 21, TM23
, TM22 3 22,,, 53 23,,, 1, 3 29,,31 4 23, 26,, 1 2, TM23, 120, 400 5 5, M31 7 31, M32 8 17, Y TM24 19,, 9 2, T M23 9 16,, 18, 54, 23 26 188, 11 20, M33 1997 1 12,, 15 211
212, 19, 128 22 2 10, TM25 12, 2 23,, 1,,, 90,,, 57, 4 6, M34, 8, 6 25, M34,,, 300,, 4 29,, 4 57, 5 15,, 16,, 144 1.8, 24 7 5, M35 7 18,,,, 8 5, TM26 7,
, 3, 9 6,,,, 8 5,, 9 2, 6 25 M34 M34,, 9 8 9 26,, 27,, 156 4 10 3,, 10 5, M36, 7 11 6,,, 6 17, 2 12 20, M37, 22, 9 120, 1998 1 23,, 1 28, TM27 ( ) 213
214,31 3 14, M38, 17,, 5 15, M39, 17,, 1999 6 2,, 4, 159,,, 6 8 8 13, TM28, 15, M 450 330 10 25, M40 11 20, K, 20.4 587.6,, 24 404 386 92.3 51.6 12 4,, 5 13 4,, 23, 32 12,,,,, 2000
2 1960 10 24, 100 1961 3 23,,,,,, 10, 1967 1 27,,, 1967 1, 1, 1967 4,, 1971 7, 24, 1980 3 18,, 45, 1989 1986 1 28, 73, 1986 4 18, 34D 8.5 1986 5 3, 5 700 215
216 71, 90 1990 2 22,, 1 40 36 1990 9 7,, 45, 1990 10 4,, 1991 6 18, 10 15 1993 8 2, 4 2 1994 12 1, 70,, 1.5 3 1995 1 26, E 1995 10 23, 14 45 1996 2 15, 708, 1996 5 14, U 49, 1996 6 4, 5, 40 1996 6 20, U 50,
1997 1 17, 2 (G PS ), 13 1997 5 20, 2, 48, 1998 8 12, 4A, 10 1998 8 27, 3, 2.25 1998 9 10, 2 12, 272, 1999 7 5,, 1999 10 27,,, 2003 2 1,,,,,, 2 1 217
3 218 1961 5 5, 7 15 28, ( 1961 4 12 ), 39 897, 1969 5 10 S TS61, 1993 12 10 600, 3 596.41971 7 30 8 1, 15,
678 16 33 16 188 4 14, 1996 3 22, ST S76, 9 26 ST S79, 219 1995 3 14, 13, S TS67,, TM21 1995 6, 10 (, ), 1972 12 7 19, 17 12 13 51, 74 59 21 1996 11 19, 17 15 53 26 ( ),
, 220, 1994 1 8 TM18, 1995 3 22 TM20, 437 17 58 16 1999 3 2, 7.5, 13 1997 4, 24,, 5 000 3 10 1970 4 15, 13,, 254 400 171 1995 13 ( ), 1998 1, ( 2835 ),,,,
, 1998 10 29, S T S95, 77 103 11, 1998 11 7 1998 10 19 1983 1996, 53 1965 1983 34 (), 1986 1998, 52 1992 7 31,,, 1996 2 22, S TS75, 1985 10 30, S TS61A, 1995 7 7 221
S T S71, 222 1969 7, 11, 6 ( 1/ 5)