195 格雷解剖學 一部醫學經典的誕生 文 圖 / 王挺熙 台北市華榮診所 2005 (Gray's Anatomy) 39 (Ruth Richardson) (1) 2008 40 1858 150 Sinclair Lewis Arrowsmith(1925) Henry Gray(1827-1861) Henry Vandyke Carter(1831-1897) 1855-1858 (St George) (Gray's anatomy descriptive and surgical) 1 2008 (The making of Mr. Gray's anatomy bodies, books, fortune, fame) (2) 2010 (3) 格雷 2 18 1845 Kinnerton street Benjamin Brodie 1846 圖 1 格雷解剖學 (2) 圖 2 格雷 ( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) 圖 3 卡特 ( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) 1848 2 (MRCS) (demonstrator) 1852 25 (Royal Society) Astley Cooper 1841 300 1853 350 50 1850 1854 1861 41
196 卡特 3 (Scarborough) Henry Barlow Carter 1848 John Sawyer 1852 5 21 10 (Licentiate of the Apothecaries Company) 1 8 5 3 7 (C ol l e ge Anatomical Studentship) (Hunterian Museum) 4 (M.B.) 1856 11 (M.D.) M.B. M.D. 1826 (Doctor Carter) Grant Grant (Hansen) (chyluria) 1859 10 Madura foot 圖 4 亨特博物館 1854( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) -mycetoma 1882 (spirillum) (BMA) Stewart Prize 1887 1888 1897 1890 書的出版 1855 11 28 24 Jones Quain(1796-1865) (Elements of anatomy 1856) Erasmus William(1809-1884) (Human anatomy) 5 42
197 圖 5 聖喬治學校解剖教室, 格雷坐在中左 1860( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) 圖 6 頸部血管 ( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) 圖 7 胸部及上臂肌肉 ( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) 363 20 (12/1855-7/1857) 6 7 1857 5 Timothy Holmes (Parker and Son) Late Demonstrator 150 1859 3 (Medical Times and Gazette) Quain Lancet (British Medical Journal) 25% 1859 1860 2008 (3) 解剖插圖的演化 1543 (Andrea Vesalius 1514-1564) (De humani corporis fabrica) Mondino de Liuzzi(1270-1326) 1315 (Bologna) (Galen130-201) (4) 43
198 圖 8 維薩留思解剖手臂 圖 9 維薩留思的肌肉人 圖 10 維薩留思的骷髏自掘墳墓 圖 11 托爾普醫生的解剖課,1632 (public anatomy) (memento mori) 8-10 (humoralism) (William Harvey 1578-1657) (Padua) Girolamo Fabricius(1533-1619) 1600 De Visione,Voce, Auditu (5) Fabricius Pieter Pauw(1564-1617) (Leiden) Nicolaas Tulp (1593-1674) 1632 (Rembrant) 11 (6) 圖 12 Bidloo 的解剖圖,1690 (Gideon Harvey) (7) Govard Bidloo(1649-1713) 12 William Cheselden(1688-1752) (camera obscura) 13 44
199 圖 13 Cheselden 利用暗箱畫圖,1733 圖 15 亨特的懷孕解剖圖, 1774 圖 16 Charles Bell 的面部肌肉圖,1806( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) 圖 14 Albinus 以大型動物做背景來顯示真實, 他的人物比較纖細,1749 Albinus(1697-1770) Jan Wandelaar(1690-1759) 14 (William Hunter 1718-1783) Jan Van Rymsdyk (1750-1788) 15 (hyper-realism) Albinus (8) (localism) (solidism) Giovanni Battista Morgagni(1682-1771) (The Seats and causes of diseases investigated by anatomy) 1752 (Murder Act) Mary Shelly (Frankenstein) 1832 (Anatomy Act) (Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832) (9) 1760 Joseph Else Mattew Balli John Abernet Astley Cooper 45
200 John Bell(1763-1820) (detachment) Charles Bell(1774-1842) Charles 16 (10-11) Richard Quain Joseph Maclise (self-evident truth) 17 (10) (with much nausea, loathing, and foetor) (7) Windmill (8) (12) Fabricius (institutionalized) (11) (2,3) (8) (necessary inhumanity) (clinical detachment, dispassion) (8,13) (depersonalization of the body) (dehumanization) (14) 1971 The anatomical basis of medical practice Becker Wilson Gehweiler surface anatomy (15) 結語 圖 17 Quain 的解剖圖,1844( 圖片來源 : 倫敦 Wellcome 圖書館 ) (16) 46
201 (17) Montgomery (18) (19) (professionalism) (20) 參考資料 1. Richardson R: Historical introduction. In: Standring S ed. Gray's Anatomy, 39th ed, London & Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2005: xvii-xx. 2. Richardson R: The Making of Mr. Gray's Anatomy: Bodies, Books, Fortune, Fame. New York, Oxford, 2008. 3. 2010; 3: 62-71 4. Calkins CM, Franciosi JP, Kolesari GL: Human anatomical science and illustration: the origin of two inseparable disciplines. Clin Anat 1999; 12: 120-129. 5. Smith SB: From ars to scientia: the revolution of anatomical illustration. Clin Anat 2006; 19: 382-388. 6. 2009: 227-277 7. Payne L: With much nausea, loathing, and foetor : William Harvey, dissection, and dispassion in early modern medicine. Vesalius 2002; 8: 45-52. 8. Payne L: With Words and Knives: Learning Medical Dispassion in Early Modern England, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007: 101-123. 9. Richardson R, Hurwitz B: Jeremy Bentham's self image: an exemplary bequest for dissection. BMJ 1987; 295: 195-198. 10. Caldwell JM: The strange death of the animated cadaver: changing conventions in nineteenth-century British anatomical illustration. Lit med 2006; 25: 325-357. 11. Kemp M: Style and non-style in anatomical illustration: from Renaissance humanism to Henry Gray. J Anat 2010; 216: 192-208. 12. 2008; 6: 107-152 13. Richardson R: A necessary inhumanity? Med Humanities 2000; 26: 104-106. 14. Barilan YM: The story of the body and the story of the person: towards an ethics of representing human bodies and body-parts. Med Health Care and Philos 2005; 8: 193-205. 15. Halperin EC: The pornographic anatomy book? The curious tale of the Anatomical Basis of Medical Practice. Acad Med 2009; 84: 278-283. 16. Hayes B: The Anatomist: a True Story of Gray's Anatomy. New York, Random House, 2008. 17. Dyer GSM, Thorndike MEL: Quidne Mortui Vivos Docents? The evolving purpose of human dissection in medical education, Acad Med 2000; 75: 969-979. 18. Montgomery K: How Doctors Think: Clinical Judgment and the Practice of Medicine. Oxford, New York, Oxford, 2006. 19. 2008; 12: 59-69 20. Swick HM: Medical professionalism and the clinical anatomist. Clin Anat 2006; 19: 393-402. 47