1 90 199290 (1993) (1999) 2002
2 Carol Benedict, Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth Century China, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1996. 2000Ruth Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-port China, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004. 3 Ralph, C. Croizier, Traditional Medicine in Modern China: Science, Nationalism, and the Tensions of Cultural Change, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. Hsiang-Lin Lei, When Chinese Medicine Encountered the State: 1910-1949, Ph. D. Dissertation, The Faculty of the Division of the Humanities, The University of Chicago, 1999. 39 2001. 4 1923-1926
5 1997 2.2 6.6 6
7 8 1912 5 13-9
10 11 12 13 1992 14
15 16 17 1914 393397 20 1982
18 1903-1911 1989 108-109Zhang Xiaobo, Merchant Associatonal Activism in Early Twentieth-century China: The Tianjin General Chamber of Commerce, 1904-1928, Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1995. 2002 19 Kwan Man Bun, The Salt Merchants of Tianjin: State-Making and Civil Society in Late Imperial China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001. 1999 20 41 1987 Zhang Xiaobo, op. cit., pp. 510-514. 223-239 21 2 1990
22 1991 397 23 76 1997 1903-1911 7476 24 137-174 25 Croizier, op. cit. Benedict, op. cit., pp. 155-163. 26 27 Inspectorate General of Customs, Decennial Reports, 1892-1901, Shanghai, Kelly&Walsh, 1902, p. 219. 28 29 30 31 2931
32 33 1903-19111989 2167 34 35 36 37 38
39 Kwan Man Bun, op. cit., pp. 136-152. 210-240288. 40 41 113 2 2004
刘