( GB50203 1998 ) ( CIP ) /. : 2001 5 ISBN 7 111 08777 1,.... TU522 3-62 CIP (2001 ) 09949 ( 22 100037 ) : : : : : 2001 5 1 1 1000 mm 1400mm B6 2 6875 2 89 0 001 3000 : 10 00,, ( 010) 68993821 68326677-2527
21,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, LM
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 5 1 1 4 8 1 1 5 11 1 1 6 12 1 2 14 1 2 1 14 1 2 2 16 1 3 19 1 4 21 1 4 1 21 1 4 2 23 1 4 3 25 1 4 4 30
1 4 5 31 1 4 6 32 2 34 2 1 34 2 1 1 34 2 1 2 35 2 2 40 2 2 1 40 2 2 2 41 2 2 3 54 2 3 56 2 3 1 56 2 3 2 57 2 4 59 2 5 61 2 6 64 2 7 69 2 8 71 2 8 1 71 2 8 2 72 2 8 3 75 2 8 4 76 2 8 5 77
2 8 6 79 2 8 7 84 2 9 85 2 9 1 85 2 9 2 89 2 10 91 3 93 3 1 93 3 1 1 93 3 1 2 98 3 1 3 100 3 1 4 105 3 2 106 3 2 1 106 3 2 2 110 4 113 4 1 113 4 1 1 113 4 1 2 115 4 2 119 4 2 1 120 4 2 2 121 4 2 3 123
4 3 126 5 128 5 1 128 5 2 129 5 2 1 129 5 2 2 132 5 2 3 133 5 2 4 134 6 136 6 1 136 6 2 137 6 3 140 6 4 144 7 147 7 1 147 7 1 1 ( ) 147 7 1 2 148 7 1 3 151 7 1 4 153 7 1 5 153 7 1 6 154
7 1 7 154 7 2 155 7 3 161 7 4 162
1 1 1 1 1 1,, 15%, ;, 240mm, 115mm, 53mm MU7 5 MU10 MU15 MU20 1 1
2 1 1 / M Pa / M Pa MU20 20 14 4 2 6 MU15 15 10 3 1 2 0 MU10 10 6 2 3 1 3 MU7 5 7 5 4 5 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 2, 15 10 7 5 ( 1) / mm ( 2 ) / mm ( 3) / mm ( 4 ) / mm ( 5 ) / mm ( 6) / mm a. 4 3 2 2 2 2 20 70 5 4 3 3 3 3 20 70 6 5 3 5 5 5 30 110
3 ( ), 15 10 7 5 b. ( 7) ( ) ( 8) (9 ) ( ) ( % ) 100 5 100 10 150 : : 1 mm 30mm, 10mm 20mm 1 1 2,, 200 240mm, 115mm, 53mm MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 15
4 1 3 1 3 / M Pa / M Pa MU25 25 0 20 0 5 0 4 0 MU20 20 0 16 0 4 0 3 2 MU15 15 0 12 0 3 3 2 6 MU10 10 0 8 0 2 5 2 0 : M U15 1 4 1 4
5 / mm ( 1 ) 2 2 1 2 3 ( 2 ) 1 2 3 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 10 15 25 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
6 ( ) / mm ( 5 ) a. b. 30 50 50 70 70 100 :, : 1. 8mm; 2. 10mm 20mm ; 3. 1 1 3,,, 1 5 1 5 / mm / mm / mm M 190 190 90 P 240 115 90
7 1 6 1 6 ( mm) 22 15 ( 30 40 ) (75 85) MU30 MU25 MU20 MU15 MU10 MU7 5 1 7 1 7 / MPa / kn M U30 30 0 22 0 13 5 9 0 M U25 25 0 18 0 11 5 7 5 M U20 20 0 14 0 9 5 6 0 M U15 M U10 15 0 10 0 10 0 6 0 7 5 5 5 4 5 3 0 7 5 7 5 4 5 4 5 2 5 1 8
8 1 9
9 1 8 ( mm) 1. ( ) 2. 3. 15 20 4. a. 15 mm b. 15mm 80 80 100 120 30 120 140 c. 100 120 140 5. 6. :, : 1. 20 mm 30 mm 2. 1mm, 70mm 3. 2 mm, 20 mm 30 mm 3 4 5 1 9 ( mm) 240, 190 4 5 7 115 3 4 5 90 3 4 4
10 1 1 4,,,, 1mm : 1. 290mm, 190mm, 140mm, 90mm; 2. 240mm, 180 ( 175) mm, 115mm 100mm, 7mm, 800 900 1100 1 10 1 10 / ( kg/ m 3 ) 800 800 900 801 900 1100 901 1100
11 1 11 1 12 MU5 MU3 MU2, 1 13 1 14 1 11 ( mm) > 200 4 5 7 200 100 3 4 5 < 100 3 4 4 1 12 ( mm) 1. 3 4 5 2. 3. 15 a. b. 4. a. b. 30 100 120 60 60 40 140 160 80 80
12 ( ) 5. 60 80 6. 7. :, ; 1. 20 mm 30 mm 2. 1mm, 70mm 3. 2 mm, 20mm 30mm 1 13 ( MPa) MU5 5 0 3 7 3 4 2 3 MU3 3 0 2 2 2 2 1 4 MU2 2 0 1 4 1 6 0 9 1 14 / / % / mm / mm 5 2 3 35 10 7
13 1 1 5,,,, 240mm, 115mm, 53mm, MU7 5 MU10 MU15 1 15 1 16 1 15 / mm ( B) ( C) 2 3 2 3 20 30 50 90 10 7 5 : : 10mm 20mm, 1mm
14 1 16 / MPa / MPa MU15 15 0 10 0 2 5 1 5 MU10 10 0 6 0 2 0 1 2 MU7 5 7 5 4 5 1 5 0 9 1 1 6,, (200 ), 240mm, 115mm, 53mm MU20 MU15 MU10 MU7 5, 1 17
15 1 18 1 17 / MPa 10 / MPa 10 MU20 20 0 15 0 4 0 3 0 MU15 15 0 11 0 3 2 2 4 MU10 10 0 7 5 2 5 1 9 MU7 5 7 5 5 6 2 0 1 5 : 1 18 ( mm) : 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 a. ( ) b. : 10 30 50 15 50 70 4 4 3 25 70 100 10 mm 20mm
16 MU15, MU10 1 2 1 2 1, : 390mm, 190mm, 190mm 1 19 20 15 10 7 5 5 3 5 1 20 ( ),,
17 1 19 ( mm) : / mm / mm / mm / mm / mm : 3 3 3 30 25 2 2 20 3 3 + 3-4 30 25 3 2 30 20 30 :, 1 20 / M Pa 20 20 16 15 15 12 10 10 8 7 5 7 5 6 5 5 4 3 5 3 5 2 8 : 390mm, 190mm, 190mm
18 1 19 ( ) 7 5 5 3 5 1 20 ( ) 1 2 2,,,,, : 1. : 600mm : 75mm 100mm 125mm 150mm 175mm 200mm 250mm ( 50mm ) : 200mm 250mm 300mm 2. : 600mm : 60mm 120mm 180mm 240mm ( 60mm )
19 : 240mm 300mm 10 25 35 50 75 ( ) 03 04 05 06 07 08 1 21 1 21 ( A) ( B) ( C) ( mm) 4 2 2 5 3 3 6 4 4 / mm / mm / mm a. b. c. 100, 20 70, 30 5 1/ 2 1/ 3
20 ( ) ( A) ( B) ( C) / mm 30 20mm ( ) 1 22 1 22 ( ) 10 25 35 50 75 / M Pa 1 0 2 5 3 5 5 0 7 5 0 8 2 0 2 8 4 0 6 0 ( ) 03 04 05 05 06 06 07 07 08 : 100 mm 100mm 100mm, 25 % 45 % ( ) 1 23
21 1 23 ( ) 03 04 05 06 07 08 / ( kg/ m 3 ) ( A ) 300 (B) 330 ( C) 350 400 430 450 500 530 550 600 630 650 700 730 750 800 830 850 1 3 ;,, 1 24 1 25 : 1 24 2 mm 10 mm 10 mm 15 mm 20 mm 20 mm 25 mm 20 30mm
22 1 25 / mm / mm / mm 3 5 5 7 10 15 ( M Pa ) 100 80 60 50 40 30 20 15 10 1 26 1 26 / M Pa 100 100 80 80 80 64 60 60 48 50 50 40 40 40 32 30 30 24 20 20 16 15 15 12 10 10 8
23 1 4 1 4 1, : ( ),, 425 ;, 525 ( ), 5 % M2 5, 10%
24,,, ( ) 1., 3mm 3mm, 7d;, 2d, 2.,, 3mm 3mm 3. 0 080mm 15% 4. 20min 70, 5. 6.,, ( )
25 1 4 2 M20 M15 M10 M7 5 M5 M2 5, ( : M Pa) ( 7 07cm 7 07cm 7 07cm ) 20 28d 27 1 1 27 325 425 ( 20 28d 100 % ) / ( % ) / d 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 4 6 8 11 15 19 23 25 3 18 25 30 36 43 48 54 60 7 38 46 54 62 69 73 78 82 10 46 55 64 71 78 84 88 92 14 50 61 71 78 85 90 94 98 21 55 67 76 85 93 96 102 104 28 59 71 81 92 100 104 1 28 1 29
26 1 28 325 ( 20 28d 100 % )/ ( % ) / d 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 3 4 5 6 8 11 15 18 3 8 10 13 19 30 40 47 52 7 19 25 33 45 59 64 69 74 10 26 34 44 57 69 75 81 88 14 32 43 54 66 79 87 93 98 21 39 48 60 74 90 96 100 102 28 44 53 65 83 100 104 1 29 425 ( 20 28d 100 % )/ ( % ) / d 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 3 4 6 8 11 15 19 22 3 12 18 24 31 39 45 50 56 7 28 37 45 54 61 68 73 77 10 39 47 54 63 72 77 82 86 14 46 55 62 72 82 87 91 95 21 51 61 70 82 92 96 100 104 28 55 66 75 89 100 104
27 : 1 4 3, ( ) fm,0, : fm, 0 = f 2 + 0 645 f m,0 ( MPa ), 0 1MPa; f 2 ( ) ( MPa) ; ( MPa), 0 01M Pa, 1 30 1 30 ( MPa) M2 5 M5 M7 5 M10 M15 0 50 1 00 1 50 2 00 3 00 0 62 1 25 1 88 2 50 3 75 0 75 1 50 2 25 3 00 4 50 ( ) Qc
28, : Qc = 1000 ( f m, 0 - B) A f ce Qc ( kg/ m 3 ) ; f m,0 ( MPa) ; fce ( MPa ), 0 1MPa; A B, 1 31 1 31 A B A B 1 50-4 25 1 03 3 50 : A B, 30 f ce :, f ce = rc f ce, k f ce, k ; rc, rc 1 0 200 kg/ m 3
29, 200kg/ m 3 ( ) QD, : QD = QA - QC QD ( kg/ m 3 ) ;, 1 32 1 32 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 / mm 1 00 0 99 0 97 0 95 0 93 0 92 0 90 0 88 0 87 0 86 ( ) QS, ( 0 5% ), kg/ m 3 ( ) Q W Q W, 1 33
30 1 33 / ( kg/ m 3 ) 250 300 270 330 : 1., 2., 3. 70 mm, 4., ( ),,,,,, 10%,, ( ),, ( JGJ70 90 ),, M7 5
31, 70 100mm : 425 ; :, 1450kg/ m 3, 2 % ; : 110mm; : 1. fm,0 f m, 0 = fm, 0 = f 2 + 0 645 f 2 = 7 5M Pa = 1 88M Pa (7 5 + 0 645 1 88) M Pa = 8 7MPa 2. Qc Qc = 1000 ( f m, 0 - B) A f ce f m,0 = 8 7MPa QC = A = 1 5, B = - 4 25 f ce = 42 5MPa 1000 ( 8 7 + 4 25) 1 5 42 5 3. QD QD = QA kg/ m 3 = 203kg/ m 3 - QC QA = 300kg/ m 3 QC = 203kg/ m 3 Q D = ( 300-203 ) kg/ m 3 = 97kg/ m 3 110mm 120mm:
32 97 0 99kg/ m 3 = 96kg/ m 3 4. QS = 1450 (1 + 0 02 ) kg/ m 3 = 1479 kg/ m 3 5. Q W QW = 300kg/ m 3 6. ( ) = 203 96 1479 300 = 1 0 47 7 28 1 48 1 4 4 2% ; 5%, (120 5) mm,,,,,
33 10%, 1 4 5 200L 400L 200L, :, 2min;, 3min; 3 5min,,,,,,,,, 1 34,,
34 1 34 / mm 70 90 60 90 60 80 50 70 30 50 3h ; 4h 30, 2h 3h 1 4 6, 250m 3,,,
35, 28d : 1. ; 2. 0 75
2 2 1 2 1 1, MU10, M5,,, 1/ 4 ;, 1/ 4, ( 2 1 ),, 1 2 5
37 2 1 2 1 2,,,,, ( 2 2 ),,,,
38 2 2, 2 1 2 1 L B / m / mm L ( B ) 30 5 30 < L ( B ) 60 10 60 < L ( B ) 90 15 L ( B ) > 90 20 1 2d,
39 ( ) 10% 15%,,, T T,,,, 10mm 1/ 4 ( 60mm) (3/ 4 ) 2 3,,, 2 4,,,,
41 2 3 2 4
42, ( 2 5 ) 2 5 60mm,, 1 2 5, 20mm 30 %,,
43,,, 2 2 2 2 1 MU7 5, M2 5, ( 115mm) 3/ 4 ( 180mm ) ( 240mm ) (365mm ) ( 490mm ), ;,,,, 120mm, 240mm ( 2 6 )
44, ;,
45 2 6 2 2 2, 1 2d, 10% 15%,, ( ) T, 15m,
46 :, 750mm; 30, 500mm ( 2 7 ) 2 7
47,,,,,, 3/ 4 ( 2 8 ) 2 8, 1/ 4 1/ 2
48,, 1m, 10mm, 8mm, 12mm 80% ;,, 500mm,,,, 2 9 2 9
49 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 10 2 11
50 2 12 T, 2 13 T 2 14 T 2 15 T
2 51
52 2 13 T 2 14 T 2 15 T 16 T 2 1 7
53 2 16 T 2 17
54 2 18 2 19 2 20 2 18 2 19
55 2 20,,, 2/ 3 ( 2 21 ),
56 2 21,,, 120mm 1 6mm ; 500mm;, 500mm; 90 ( 2 22 ),,,,
57 2 22, 2,,,, : 1. ; 2. 1m ; 3. 60 1/ 2 ;
58 ; 4. 200mm 450mm 5. 500mm ; 6.,,, 4m, 1m,,, 2 2, ( ) / mm 2 2 / m > 1600kg/ m 3 1300 1600kg/ m 3 0 3 / ( kn/ m 2 ) / ( k N/ m 2 ) 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 4 0 6 ( ( ( ( ( ( 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 190 1 4 1 1 0 7 240 2 8 2 1 1 4 2 2 1 7 1 1
59 370 5 2 3 9 2 6 4 2 3 2 2 1 ( ) / mm / m ( ) > 1600kg/ m 3 1300 1600kg/ m 3 0 3 / ( kn/ m 2 ) / ( k N/ m 2 ) 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 4 0 6 ( ( ( ( ( ( 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 7 ) 8 ) 9 ) 490 8 6 6 5 4 3 7 0 5 2 3 5 620 14 0 10 5 7 0 11 4 8 6 5 7 : 1. ( H ) 10 m 10 m < H 15 m, 15 m < H 20m H > 20 m, 0 9 0 8 0 75 ; 2., 2,,,, 2 2 3 MU1 0 M 5 (120mm ), ( 240mm)
60,,, 1/ 4 ( 60mm ),, 2 23 2 24 2 23
61 2 24 2 3 2 3 1 MU10; M5,
62 240mm 365mm 490mm; 490mm ;, 2 3 2, 1 2d, 10% 15 % MU10 M5,,,,,,,,, 1/ 4, ( ),,,,
63,, 2 25 2 25 2 26, 10mm, 8mm, 12mm 80% ;,,
64 2 26,, 1 8m,, 2 2 2 4,
65,, 1%,,, ( ) ;, 20mm, 60 ( 2 27) 2 27,, : 5mm; 15mm, 50%,
66,, 20mm; 5mm ( 2 28 ) 2 28, 2 5,,
67, 1 2 ( 2 29) 2 29 ;
68 ;, MU10 M5,,,, ( 2 30 ) 2 30 10mm, 7mm, 13mm
69, ( ) : 1. 2. 3. 3 4. 5. 2 4 6. 7. 240mm 8. 2 9. 10., 11.,, 2 6 M P M2 5
70 1 2d, 10 % 15 % M 190mm; 115mm 240mm 365mm P : M, 1/ 2 ( 100mm ), ( 2 31 ) P, 1/ 4 (60mm) ( 2 32 ) 2 31 M ( ) 10mm, 8mm, 12mm 80%,, T,
72 2 32 P 2 33 M T 2 33 M T
73 2 34 P T 2 34 P T,, M ; P 2/ 3 ( 2 35),
74 2 35 : 1. P 2. 60 1/ 2 3. 1m 4. 200mm 450mm 5. 500mm 1 8m
75 2 7, M2 5,,, 1/ 3 3, ( 2 36), 10mm, 8mm 12mm 2 36
76 80%,,,, ( 240mm ),, 2, 2 6mm, ( 2 37 2 37), 370mm
77 1 2m 2 8 2 8 1, ( 2 38) 2 38, MU10,
78 M5, 3 4mm;, 8mm, 120mm, 80mm, 5, 400mm, 0 1%, 1%, 2mm,,,,,, 2 8 2,, 2 39 : 1. C15 C20 M7 5
79 M5, MU10 2., 2 3,, 5mm
80 2 39 2 3 ( mm) 15 25 25 35
81 3., 30 45mm 45mm, 4.,,,, 0 1% ;, 0 2%, 0 1% 8mm, 30mm 5., 4mm 0 2, 6mm, 20 500mm, 120mm 6. 4, 7.,, 500mm 8.,,,,,, 50%,
82,,,,, 30%, 2 8 3 4 6, 6 6mm, 120mm, ( 2 40 ) MU10 M5, 2 40 ;
83, 2, 1m ( 2 41 ) 2 41,,,, 2mm, 10mm, 2 8 4 5mm, 120mm, 240mm 30mm, 1/ 3
84, ( 2 42 ),
85 2 42 20mm 30mm,,,,, MU7 5, M2 5 2m, 50 %, 2 8 5,,,
86 ( 2 43 ) 2 43 : 600mm,,,
87,,, :, 3m,,,,, ( 3d),,, 2 8 6, 2 4,, 2 4,,, 500mm 2 6,
88 1m 2 4 6 7 8 9 :,,, 7 8, ( ), 7 9, ( ), 7 9, 8 9 ( ), MU7 5; M2 5 ; M5 C15
89 240mm 180mm 4 12mm; 4mm 6mm 250mm 7, ; 8 9, 4 14mm; 200mm, 450mm 1/ 6, 100mm, 300mm, 500mm 2 6mm, 1 0m ( 2 44 ) 500mm :,,, ( )
90, 2,
92 20mm 50 70mm, 1 1 2 h, 2 0m,,,, 1 25,, 80% 20mm, 15mm,, 2 5 2 5 / mm 1 10 2 8 10 3 10 m 15 10 m 20
93 2 8 7,, 240mm;, 120mm 60mm,, 6mm,, 500mm, 1000mm, 60mm 2 6mm, 500mm ( 2 45 ) 2 45
94 MU10, 1,, 6mm, 300mm 240mm,,,,,, MU10; M5, 1 1,, 10mm, 30% 2 9 2 9 1
95 MU7 5, M2 5,,, 77mm 80 100mm,, 10% 15%,, 1 2, 20mm, 30mm 5m, 365mm ( ),, 120mm; 60mm ( 1/ 2) 10mm 5m 2 10, 5 5mm, 80%,
96, ;, 1 25m,,,,, ( 2 46), 2 6,,, 2 46,, ( 2 47 )
97 2 6 / m / mm 1 20 35 2 40 50 3 60 65 4 80 75 5 100 85 : 1. 2., 5m,, 28d, 40 %,,, 1 1 5 ( ), 2 47
98 2 9 2,, : 1. 400, MU7 5 M2 5 ; 2. 400 500, MU7 5 ; 3. 500, ; 4., 2 7 2 7 425 5mm / % 16 12 12 60 17 5
99 1 2, 20mm,, ; 1,, 1/ 4 ( 1/ 2) : 80% ; 90%,, 2 8 2 8 / mm / mm 5m 2 10 ( ) 1 8 + 4 7 2 4 + 2 5,
100, 10,,, 30mm, 2 10, : 1., 2., 3., 1 1 5, 4 5mm; ( 2 48 ),,
2 48 101
3 3 1 3 1 1 ;, 1 2, 190mm 190mm,, 190mm ( 3 1),, : 1., M5
103 3 1 2., MU5 M5 3.,,, 1 2, C15 : 1. ; 2. ; 3.,
104 600mm, ; 4. 1 2m,, 3, 3, 600mm 2 6mm, 600mm ( 3 2) 3 2 : 1., ;
105 2.,, 120mm 120mm, C15 1 10mm, 500mm, ( 3 3 ), ( 3 4 ), 60 0 mm 3 3
106 3 4 4mm, 600mm ( 3 5) 3 5
107 3 1 2 MU5 M5 6 8, 3 1 ;,, 3 1, : 1.,, 5 7 ;, 4 5, 2 ; 1 2 8,, 1 16mm 2., 6 7 8, 2 0m 1 6m 1 2m 3., 40mm, 2 8mm, C15 3 1,
108, ; 8, 2 4m 3 1 6 7 8, 3 ;, 4,, ( ), 5 ;, ( ) 4 ; ; 8,, 4 5 ( ) ; 1 500mm 500mm, 600mm, 4mm, 1m : 1. ; 1 12mm;
109 2.,,, 3 6 3 6 3 1 3 : 1., 28d 2. ;, ;
110, 3.,, 3 2 3 2 L, B / m / mm L ( B ) 30 5 30 < L ( B ) 60 10 60 < L ( B ) 90 15 L ( B ) > 90 20 4., 15m 5., 6.,, : 50mm, 70mm 7.,,,, 90mm,
111 120mm,, ( 3 7 ) 3 7,, 2/ 3 ( ),,, 200mm, ( 600mm ) ( 3
112 8) 3 8, ; 90% ; 80% ; 8 12mm, 800mm,,,
113,,,,,, 190mm 190mm 190mm,, C15 : 1., 60 1/ 2 ; 2. 800mm ; 3. 500mm ; 4. 200mm 400mm ; 5., 600mm,
114 ;, 1 8m ; 2 4m 4m, 1 1 5, 3 1 4,, ( ),, ( U ),,,,, 40d ( d ) 1 0M Pa ;
115 ;,, 400 500mm,,, 50mm 50mm,,,, 3 2 3 2 1,,, 500mm, 4mm 6mm, 8
116 600mm ( 3 9) 3 9 T, 1000mm,, 3 6mm ( 2 6mm), 1000mm ( 700mm ), ( 3 10 )
117, 3 6mm, 500mm ( 3 11 ) 3 10
118 1800mm,, 3 6mm, 500mm ( 3 12 ) 3 12 2 6mm,, 400mm ( 3 13 ) 3 13
119 3 2 2 15%,, T, 15m,, ( 3 14) 3 14, 1/ 3, 150mm, 2 6mm 4mm
120, 500mm, 15mm; 20mm, ( ) ( 3 15 ) 3 15,, ( 3 16),,
121 1/ 3 ( 3 17) 3 16
3 17 4 4 1, ;, 150mm
123 4 1 1 MU20, M5 ( 4 1),,,, 4 1,,
4 2 124 ;,,,,,,, 1/ 2, ( 4 2 ),, 2m : 400mm, ; 400mm,, 150mm, 2/ 3 20 30mm,,, 1 2m
125, 4 1 2 ( ), MU10, M2 5,, ;,,,, ;,, ; ( ) ( ) ( 4 3)
126 4 3,,,, 0 7m 2, 2m : 400mm, ; 400mm,, 150mm, 2/ 3 20 30mm,,
127, 1 2m, ( ) 4 6 120mm ( ) ( 4 4)
128 4 4
129 4 6 120mm ( 4 5 ) 4 5,, 4 6 2 3, ( 4 6 ), 1 1 5,,
130 4 6 4 2 200mm, 4
131 4 2 1 MU20, M5 ( 4 7) 4 7,,,
132,,,,, 1/ 3 ( 4 8 ) 20mm ( ) 4 8, 6 8mm 1 5m, 4 2 2
133 ( ) MU10, M2 5,,,,,,,, 1/ 2,, 1/ 2 ( 4 9) 4 9, :
134 5mm; 10mm; 20mm,, : 3 5mm; 6 8mm,, 2 3 ( 4 10) 1 5m 4 10, 1 1 5 ( ), 4 2 3
135 200 450mm, 1 2m 250mm,,, 1/ 3, 2/ 3 ( 4 11) 4 11,, ( ), 60 ;,,,, M10, 5mm
136 ( 4 12 ) 70 %,,
137 4 12,,,, M10, 4 13
138 4 3 : 1. 200mm 2. 3 4, 3. 40mm, 80mm ( 4 14) 4 14, ( ), 200mm,,
139, 2m, 300mm 200mm, 300mm,
5 5 1 5 5, - 3,, : 1., 2. 3., 4., 10mm 40 5. 80 6., :
141 1., 0, ; 0,, 9,, 2. 3. 4., ;,, 5.,,, 5 2, 5 2 1 ( ),
142 ; - 15 5 1 5 2 5 1 ( ) - 10 / - 11-16 - 20-15 - 20 3 5 7 4 7 10 :, - - - - 5 2 7 3 5 2 15 / kg 15 / kg 1dm 1kg 1dm 1kg 1.02 0.029 0.029 1.02 0.025 0.025 1.03 0.044 0.043 1.03 0.037 0.036 1.04 0.058 0.056 1.04 0.050 0.048 1.05 0.073 0.070 1.05 0.062 0.059 1.06 0.088 0.083 1.06 0.075 0.071 1.07 0.103 0.096 1.07 0.089 0.084 1.08 0.119 0.110 1.08 0.102 0.094
143 ( ) 15 / kg 15 / kg 1dm 3 1kg 1dm 3 1kg 1.09 0.134 0.122 1.09 0.114 0.105 1.10 0.149 0.136 1.10 0.126 0.115 1.11 0.165 0.149 1.11 0.140 0.126 1.12 0.181 0.162 1.12 0.153 0.137 1.13 0.198 0.175 1.13 0.166 0.147 1.14 0.214 0.188 1.14 0.180 0.158 1.15 0.230 0.200 1.15 0.193 0.168 1.16 0.246 0.212 1.16 0.206 0.178 1.17 0.263 0.224 1.17 0.221 0.189 1.175 0.271 0.231 1.18 0.236 0.199 1.19 0.249 0.209 1.20 0.263 0.219 1.21 0.276 0.228 1.22 0.290 0.238 + 5-15,,,,, 1 2m : 1. ;
144 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5., 5 2 2,,,,,,, - 25, ; - 25, + 10, : 1., 1 2m 2. 0 7m,
145 3., : 5mm; 3mm 4. 10mm 5., 6.,,,,, : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5 2 3,,
146 8% ; 4% ; 10 % 20% : 1. 2., 3., 4. - 5,, 65,, - 10,, 65 5.,, 50% 6. + 10 7. 5 2 4,,
147 + 5, 0 5m + 5, 5 3 5 3 / 5 10 15 20 / d 6 5 4 3 30%,,,,
6 6 1, A B C, 6 1 6 1 A B C,, ; ; ;, ; ; ;,,
149 ( ) A B C,,,, ; ; ;, 70 % 20 % 6 2 : 1. 2., : (1 )
150 ; (2 ) 0 75 3., 80% 4., 5. ; ; ( ) 4 6 3 6.,, 5mm 10 7., 3 8., ; 9.,, 10. 6 2
151 6 2 / mm 10 10 10 15 15 15 5 5 2m 10 m 10 m 10 10 20 20 5 5 8 8 2 m 7 10m 10 ( 10 8, ) 20, 20, ( ) 5 11. 6 3
152 6 3 1 0 15 % 1 %, 2 30 mm 3 1 %, ( ) 30 mm 4 15 mm 5 20 mm 6 + 30mm, - 20mm 6 3 : 1. 2., : (1 ) ; (2 ) 0 75
153 3. ; 90%, 80% ; 4.,,, 5.,, 90mm, 120mm,, 6., 7., ; 8.,, 9., 10. 6 4 : 1.
154 6 4 / mm 1 10 2 15 5 3 10 m > 10 m 10 20 4 5 8 2 m 5 10 m 7 10 m 10 10m 6 ( 5 ) 10 7 ( 5 ) 15 8 ( ) 5 + 15-5 2.,
155 : (1 ) (2 ) 0 75 3., 1/ 3, 150mm,, 2 6mm, 500mm 4., 15mm, 20mm 5., 1m 2 6mm, 500mm 6. 7.,, 8. 6 5
156 6 5 / mm 1 4 2 15 3 5 4 5 10 5 6 2m 6 7 10m 6 4 : 1. 2., : (1 ) ; (2 ) 0 75
157 3., ; 4.,, ; 0 7m 2 1 ; 5. 6. 6 6 6 6 / mm 20 15 20 15 15 10 10 10 25 15 25 15 15 15 10 10 + 30 + 20-10 + 20 + 10 + 30 + 15-10 - 5 + 10-5 + 10-5 20 20 10 7 5 30 30 25 20 15
158 ( ) / mm : 2m 20 20 10 7 5 : 20 20 15 2 m 10 7 5 10 m
7,,, ; (GJD 101 95 ),,,,,,,, 7 1 7 1 1 ( ) ( ), (,
160 ),, ( ) ( ), 300mm,, 300mm, ( 7 1),,, 7 1 7 1 2 = ;
161 T 0 3m 2,, : = ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) 7 1 7 2 7 1 / m 1/ 2 0 137 0 411 0 822 1 369 2 054 2 876 1 0 066 0 197 0 394 0 656 0 984 1 378 1 1 2 0 043 0 129 0 259 0 432 0 647 0 906
162 2 0 032 0 096 0 193 0 321 0 482 0 675
163 ( ) / m 2 1 2 0 026 0 077 0 154 0 256 0 384 0 538 3 0 021 0 064 0 128 0 213 0 319 0 447 0 01575 0 04725 0 0945 0 1575 0 2363 0 3308 ( m 2 ) 7 2 / m 1/ 2 0 137 0 342 0 685 1 096 1 643 2 26 3 013 3 835 4 794 1 0 066 0 164 0 328 0 525 0 788 1 083 1 444 1 838 2 297 1 1 2 0 043 0 108 0 216 0 345 0 518 0 712 0 949 1 208 1 510 2 0 032 0 080 0 161 0 257 0 386 0 530 0 707 0 900 1 125 2 1 2 0 026 0 064 0 128 0 205 0 307 0 419 0 563 0 717 0 896 3 0 021 0 053 0 106 0 17 0 255 0 351 0 468 0 596 0 745 0 01580 03940 07880 12600 18900 26000 3464 0 441 0 5513 ( m 2 )
164 7 1 3 =, ( ) ( ) ; 0 3m 2 ; 3, : ; : 1. : ;, 200mm; 300mm, 600mm ; 2. : ;
165 100mm; ; 3. : 7 3 7 3 1/ 4 1/ 2 3/ 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 / mm 53 115 180 240 365 490 615 740,,,,,,,, ( )
166,, 0 1m 2 7 1 4 = 100mm : 1500mm, 240mm; 1500mm, 365mm = 500mm ; 440mm 7 1 5, =,,
167 =, = 7 1 6,,,, =,,, 7 1 7 ( ),,,
168,, ( ),,,, ;,,,, 7 2 7 4 7 18, (GJD 101 95 ),
169 7 4 10m 3 1/ 2 3/ 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 M5 m 3 2 36 M10 m 3 1 95 2 13 M2 5 m 3 2 25 2 40 2 45 5 236 5 641 5 510 5 314 5 350 5 310 m 3 1 05 1 13 1 10 1 06 1 07 1 06 7 5 10m 3 1/ 4 1/ 2 3/ 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 M10 m 3 1 18 M5 m 3 1 95 2 13 M2 5 m 3 2 25 2 40 2 45 6 158 5 641 5 510 5 314 5 350 5 309 1 23 1 13 1 10 1 06 1 07 1 06 7 6 10m 3 1/ 4 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1 1 M7 5 m 3 1 29 1 50 1 89 M5 m 3 1 33 1 76 1 33
170 ( 240 mm 115mm 90mm ) ( ) 1/ 4 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1 1 3 413 3 339 3 200 ( 240 mm 2 838 2 720 115mm 115mm) ( 240 mm 1 360 240mm 115mm) 0 363 0 355 0 340 m 3 1 21 1 23 1 17 1 14 1 09 1 03 7 7 10m 3 M5 m 3 1 39 1 28 1 24 1 22 1 41 1 18 4 34 4 14 4 05 3 88 4 13 4 02 m 3 0 87 0 83 0 81 0 78 0 83 0 81 7 8 10m 3 1 2m 1 8m 1 8 m 1 2 m 1 8 m 1 8m M10 m 3 1 96 2 18 2 28 1 96 2 18 2 28 5 68 5 52 5 45 5 68 5 52 5 45 m 3 1 14 1 10 1 09 1 14 1 10 1 09 : 10 m 3 : M10 2 65m 3 ; 7 18 ; 1 44 m 3
171 7 9 10m 3 5 38 5 33 M10 m 3 2 29 2 76 m 3 1 06 1 06 m 3 0 304 0 172 kg 6 60 4 60 10 mm kg 110 00 7 10 10m 3 20m 40 m 40 m M5 m 3 2 46 2 59 2 62 2 71 M5 m 3 2 71 6 39 6 09 5 75 6 02 6 09 5 66 m 3 2 25 m 3 1 28 1 23 1 15 2 20 2 56 1 13 7 11 10m 3 ( 10 m 2 ) M5 m 3 0 55 2 39 1 192 4 59 4 386 5 323 425 kg 289 289 m 3 2 00 1 70 kg 2 00
172 ( 10 m 2 ) ( ) m 3 1 39 1 29 kg 70 00 kg 6 00 10 kg 8 40 m 3 0 23 2 20 2 20 1 07 7 12 10m 3 M5 m 3 2 34 2 28 M5 m 3 2 11 2 28 5 463 5 397 5 514 5 396 m 3 1 10 1 08 1 10 1 07 7 13 10m 3 M10 m 3 0 95 0 80 ( 390 mm 190mm 539 9 190mm ) ( 190 mm 190mm 150 0 190mm ) (90mm 190mm 190 mm ) 115 0 0 276 ( 600 mm 240mm 460 0 150mm ) m 3 0 70 1 00
173 7 14 10m 3 M5 m 3 3 93 1 93 1 19 0 70 m 3 11 22 m 3 10 40 10 40 m 3 10 00 m 3 0 79 0 80 0 60 0 40 7 15 10m 3 M5 m 3 3 93 3 56 1 19 0 70 1 41 m 3 11 22 8 60 m 3 10 40 m 3 10 00 m 3 9 62 1 29 m 3 0 79 0 99 0 70 1 30 0 60 7 16 10m 3 M5 m 3 3 93 1 19 0 70 1 36 m 3 11 22 m 3 10 40 m 3 10 00 m 3 9 64 m 3 0 79 0 70 1 30 0 60
174 7 17 10m 3 ( 10m ) ( 10m ) M10 m 3 3 93 0 17 M5 m 3 1 19 0 70 0 05 m 3 11 22 m 3 3 73 10 40 m 3 10 00 m 3 10 40 m 3 0 79 0 03 0 70 1 30 0 03 7 18 100m 2 M10 m 3 0 87 0 25 0 25 0 53 m 3 5 80 5 80 5 80 5 80 7 3 7 21 1m 3 7 19 7 19 1m 3 M2 5 M5 M7 5 M10 M15 325 kg ( 169 ) ( 246 ) 425 kg 150 210 268 331 445 ( ) m 3 1 02 1 02 1 02 1 02 1 02 m 3 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 0 22 : 325
175 7 20 1m 3 M1 M2 5 M5 M7 5 M10 325 kg 82 ( 147 ) 425 kg 117 194 261 326 ( ) m 3 1 02 1 02 1 02 1 02 1 02 m 3 0 23 0 18 0 14 0 09 0 04 m 3 0 60 0 60 0 40 0 40 0 40 7 21 1m 3 1 3 1 4 1 0 3 4 1 4 m 3 0 34 0 25 0 25 m 3 0 05 0 26 ( ) m 3 0 96 0 98 0 98 1 02 m 3 0 60 0 60 0 80 0 40 7 4, 540m 3, M2 5,? 10m 3 : M2 5 2 25m 3 ; 5 314 ; 1 06m 3
176 540m 3, : M2 5 = 54 2 25m 3 = 121 5m 3 = 54 5 314 = 286 956 = 54 1 06m 3 = 57 24m 3 1m 3 : 425 117kg; 1 02m 3 ; 0 18m 3 ; 0 60m 3 M2 5 121 5m 3, : 425 = 121 5 117kg = 14215 5kg = 14 216t = 121 5 1 02m 3 = 123 93m 3 = 121 5 0 18m 3 = 21 87m 3 = 121 5 0 60m 3 = 72 9m 3 57 24m 3, 72 9m 3, ( 57 24 + 72 9) m 3 = 130 14m 3