: Robert O Keefe, SEPA-USEPA :
1980 ) (28 ) CARB Hewlett ( :, ) 250,,,,,,, 400 350 300 : : (2000-2001) SPM Limit = 90 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1979) PM 10 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (USEPA, 1997) SO 2 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) 250 µg/m 3 NO 2 Limit = 40 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) 200 150 100 50 0 Bangkok Busan Chongqing Colombo Hong Kong Jakarta Kolkata Manila Mumbai New Delhi Osaka Pune Singapore Seoul Shanghai Tokyo Source: Benchmarking Report on Air Quality in Asian cities Stage 2, 2004 (forthcoming) SO2 NO2 SPM PM10
1 730 000 730 000 42% 799 000 487 000 65% 1 619 000 1 025 000 63% 234 000 88 000 37% : (, )
: ( : ) Relativiity between GDP and Number of Motor Vehicle in Shanghai GDP per Capita (US$) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 y = 6.5084x - 570.5 R 2 = 0.9884 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Number of motorvehicle (*1000) (data from UN/UN Centre for Human Settlements 1995-2002)
/ ( ) (PM) (NOx) (HC) 1,3- ( ) -,,, -,,
1.5 ( 2% 5%) PAPA (PAPA)
PAPA : 1980-2003 140 ( 60 ) 28 1980 2003
( 500 µg/m 3 ) 1952 ( ) : ( ) PM 2.5 (APHEA) ( )
PAPA 18 PM10 0.7 0.6 0.5 Percent 0.4 Increase 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 PAPA : Percent Increase in Mortality per 10 micrograms of Exposure 0.46 0.62 0.49 US(90 Cities)* Eur(21 Cities)* Asia (4 Cities) * Estimates Using Pre-GAM Results (without revision)
(Lancet 2002) : SO2 PAPA 37 SO2
: HEI (Krewski 2000) Relative risk of s(sulfate) mortality (residuals) -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 sulfate Sulfate(µg/m 3 ) : CO CO2 ( ) : ( )
(Brunekreef 24 ) Increased Symptoms comparing High Truck Traffic (>10,000) to Low Truck Traffic 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 asthma hayfever phlegm HD allergy pet allergy wheeze last year
: 360 ppm 30 ppm 360ppm SO 2 NO X VOCs CO 2005-7-15 26
( ) 30 ppm 2001 2020 2,100 2,400 6,800 7,600 93,000 1.6 3.3, 11 2005-7-15 27 : 2006 500 ppm 15ppm 2007, 2010 2000
( : RIA, 2000) 8,300 5,600 2,100 5,500 2030 17,600 361,400 386,000 9.5-1999 7 1 0.05% ( ) - ( ) - - SO2 -
1988 1995 ug/m3 0 20 40 60 80 PM 10 NO 2 SO 2 O 3 SO 2 50% 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 % -6-5 -4-3 -2-1 0-1.8% -2.8% -1.6% -2.4% -4.8% -4.2% 15-64 65+ 15-64 65+ 15-64 65+
: PAPA WHO! Robert O Keefe rokeefe@healtheffects.org www.healtheffects.org