CIP /. 2005. 8 21 ISBN 7-301 - 09389-6 Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. - - Ⅳ. C95 CIP 2005 080618 ISBN 7-301 - 09389-6 /C 0357 205 100871 http / /cbs. pku. edu. cn ss@pup. pku. edu. cn 62752015 62750672 62753121 82350640 730mm 980mm 16 18. 5 322 2005 8 1 2005 8 1 22. 00
1982 Where did you come from I am an American 20 40 70
2 21 1987 21 20 80 50 60 2004 9 80 49
3 49 17 18 18 2005 5
6-1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 81 7-1 8-1 1975!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 87 1970 1996!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 97 8-2 1980 1992!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 98 8-3 99!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8-4 1950 1995!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 99 8-5 8-6!!!!!!!!!!!! 100!!!!!!!! 101 8-7!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 102 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 9-1 6!!!!!!! 102!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 103 2000!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 104 1990 2000!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 106 1985!!!!!!!!! 108 1992 1993!!!!! 109 35 44 1000 1970!!!!!!! 116 9-2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118 9-3 9-4 9-5 1979 12!!!!!!!!!!! 119 5 25 64 1970!!!!!!!!!!! 121 1970!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 122 9-6!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 122 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 10-1 10-2 10-3 1989. 7 1990. 6!!!!!!!!!!!! 123 1990 2000!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 124 15 2000!!!!!!!!!!! 124 1990!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 125 1994 1997!!!!!! 134 1994 1997!!!! 135 1947 2000!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 137
2 10-4 10-5 11-1 1949 2000!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 138 1956 1999!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 139 1970 1980!!!!!!!!!! 146 11-2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 147 11-3 11-4 11-5 1985!!!!!!!!!!!! 153 1988!!!!!!!!!!!! 153!!!!!!!!!! 154 11-6!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 156 12-1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 162 12-2 1940 1970 10!!!!!!!! 165 12-3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 167 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 12-8 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4!!!!!! 168 1985!!!!!!!! 170 1 4!!!!!!!!!!!! 171 1988!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 173 1988!!!!!!!!!!!! 173 1970 1980!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 179 1959 1970!!!!!! 180 20 50!!!!!!!! 183 1990 2000 185!!!! 13-5!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 187 13-6 13-6 1985!!!!!!!!!! 188 41 1985!!!!! 190 14-1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 195 14-2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 203 14-3 17-1 1926 1966!!!!!!!!!!! 204!!!!!!!!!!!! 251
6-1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82 9-1a 1990!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 113 9-1b 1990!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 114 9-2 13-1 13-2 13-3a 13-3b!!!!!! 117 176!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 177!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 191!!!!!!!!!!!!! 191 14-1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 194 14-2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 194 14-3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 197
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2!!!!!!!!!!! 3!!!!!!!!!! 4!!!!!!!!!! 5!!!!!!!!! 6!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14!!!! 14!!!!!!!!!!! 16!!!!!!!!! 19!!!!!!!!!!! 22!!!!!!!!!!!! 24!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 27!!!!!!!!! 28!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 34!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 38!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 41!!!!!!!!! 41!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 43!!!!!!!!! 47!!!!!!!!! 50
2!!!!!! 52!!!!! 53!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 56 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 58!!!!!!!!!!!!! 59!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 63!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 67 2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 71!!!!!!!!!!!! 71!!!!!!!!!!!!! 74!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 77!!!!!!!!!!!! 80!!!!!!!!!!! 83 1964!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 84 1975!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 85!!!!!!!! 87!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 93!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 95!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 96!!!!!!!!! 101!!!!!!! 107!!!!!!!!!!!!! 111!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 112!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 113!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 115!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 116!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 118!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 120!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 122!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 127!!!!!!!!!!! 127
3!!!!!!!!! 130!!!!!!!!!!! 136!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 142!!!!!!!!!!! 142!!!!!!!!!!! 144!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 146!!!!!!!!!!!! 150!!!!!!!!!!!! 152!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 155!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 160!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 161!!!!!!!!!!! 162!!!!!!!!!!!!! 164!!!!!!!!!!! 166!!!!!!!!!!! 169!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 172!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 175!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 175!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 177!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 178!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 182!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 182!!!!!!!!!! 184!!!!!!!!!!!!! 187!!!!!!!!!!!!! 192!!!!!!!!!! 192!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 193!!!!!!! 195!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 197!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 202
4!!!!!!!!!! 207!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 208!!!!!!!!!!!!! 211!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 216!!!!!!!!!!!!! 220 221!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 225!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 226!!!!!!!!!!!!! 229!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 230!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 231!!!!!! 233!!!!!!!!!!!! 236!!!!!!!! 237!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 239!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 240!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 244!!!!!!!! 247!!!!!!!!! 248!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 253!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 253!!!!!!!!!!!!! 254!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 258!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 260!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 263 265!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 268!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 275
race ethnic group nation nationality ethnicity volk volkerschaft nation
2 21 20 50 60 20 50 70 50 1 2000 8. 4% 64%
3 20 50 1988 90 19 20 20 80 21
4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5 6 1952 1 2 1949 20 80
6 3 10 1. 2. 3. 4.
7 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 10 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 20 80 1. 2. Milton M. Gordon Michael Hechter
9 Nation-state Nationalism 3. 1917 1990 2000
11 6 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
12 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5. 6. 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
13 14 15 1995 1 2 3
ethnic groups ethnicity 1. 55
20 nation ethnic groups 56 nation ethnic groups 2.
16 3. 1.
17 121 4 1901 1903 1985 33 20 20 1904 67 1912 2. 1924 nation 2000 2 nationalism 20 90 nation nationality ethnic groups 56 1995 5 Anthony Giddens nation
18 nation nationalism 1998 141 nation nation-state nationalism nationalism nation nationalism regional nationalism ethnolism Ethnic groups nation nationalism Chinese nation Chinese nationalism 56 ethnic group 56 56
19 1. 1913 1913 294 1913 300 1913 294 1913 295 20
20 1913 291 ethnic groups ethnic groups nation 2. 1982 1
21 1 2 3 4 5 6 1995 16 20 20 3. 1995 160 20
22 1. 4 1 race Race 3 the Caucasoid the Mongoloid the Negroid Brewton Berry 8 3 7 Berry 1965 39 41 2 ethnicity 1972 Supplement American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1973 David Riesman 1953 ethnicity ethnic groups ethnicity Class status group
23 3 nationality 20 50 60 60 nationality nationalities nationality minority nationalities nationality nationality 4 nation nationalism nationstate nation 1 primordialism boundary approach 2 expressivism instrumentalism 3 historicism modernism 2004 25 2. nation nation nationalism nation nation the rational state the territorial nation Smith 1991 9 ethnic group nation 1914 413 nation
24 nation nation ethnicity nation 1913 294 nation ethnicity ethnic groups nation nation 1. ethnicity 20 50 nation nation ethnic groups ethnic groups nation
25 nation nation nation 1 2 3 4 5 2. Chinese nation nation ethnic minorities ethnic groups 56 56 a nation-state a multi-ethnic nation-state nationalism nation
26 20 nation ethnic group nation ethnicity
28 1. 2. 3. 1989 5 Immanuel Wallerstein social definition Thomas Hylland Eriksen the ethnic group
30 Nation-culture Nation-state 2003 32 20 50 56 14 13 20 40 7. 20 56 20 50
31 Negro 20 60 Black 80 Afro-American 8. 1922 43 1988 173 1926 194 1959 109 1970 1979 104 9. 18 16 1993 59
32 F. Barth 1. Ethnic affinity 1998 114 the belief in common ethnicity Weber 1978a 394 1988 174
33 2. 3. Milton Gordon Prejudice Discrimination 1 2 4. 1 2 3 4
34 40% 40% 1. Donald L. Horowitz Criteria of identity Indicia of i- dentity Horowitz 1975 119
35 2. 1970 Hispanic Latinos 47% 3. 20 50 20 50 1 2 1949
36 1953 400 260 4 1 2 3 4 4 20 50
37 6 1964 718 4. 20 50 1952 1953 7 1987 216 217 20 50
38 20 50 56 1. Ethnic stratification 2.
39 3.
40
20 Nation the Chinese nation 20 50 56 1988 1. 1
42 2 3 4 1989 4 5 5 6 2.
43 1989 1 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1989 16 18 1934 1939 1. 1934 1 1993a 40
44 1989 11 20 30 1934 19 2. 3 1 1934 2 2 1934 3 3 1934 36
45 1934 115 116 3. 1934 20 21 4. 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5.
46 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 6 7 4 3 1964 1934 6. 1 1990 1994 1996 2001
47 20 30 1987 2 3 1997 1 56 56 56 2 3
48 1997 10 1. 1989 1 2.
49 1989 5 1989 5 3. 1 2 3
50 4 1989 16 1. 2.
51 2004 19 3. 1949 1997 1999
52 1. 2.
53 3.
54 20 60 1. 2.
55 20 50 3.
56 1 2 3 4 5
57
1
59 1 1 2 3 1. 4000
60 2. 1999 285 3. 1998 83
61 1 4. 1 2 3 4 5.
62 Joseph R. Levenson 19 2003 45 6. 2003 47
63 1 2003 66 67 1. 1913 10 1 2 3 4 2 4 1913 5 6 7
64 8 9 10 1913a 236 244 1913b 502 2. 1914b 28 1917 1917a 439
65 1 12 1917b 338 1920 1920 126 1922 12 2000 151 3. 1 2 3 1950 557 558
66 1929 299 300 1913c 330 334 1913a 241 4. 1916 140 1916 141 1913d 12
67 1 5. 1922 628 1919 102 103 1. 1917 1938 10
68 1944 3 2 19
69 1 2. 1947 1949 4 30 120 1992 525 526 1 2 3 4 5 20 50
70
2 1.
72 Nationstate 11 13 2.
73 2 1 2 3 1999 134 3.
74 Nation-building 1999 1 2 3 4 Milton M. Gordon 1964 Assimilation in American Life
75 2 1. 13 A + B + C + = A A 2. 20 50 60 1918 A + B + C + = E A B C E 3. 20 50 60
76 Horace Kallen 1924 60 A + B + C + = E A + E B + E C + 4. 1981 Liberal pluralism Corporate pluralism Gordon 1981 183 20
77 2 20 5. 20 60 John Rex 1995 91 92
78 1. 1999 316 2. 1975 Michael Hechter Diffusion model Internal colonialism 1 1
79 2 2 3 M. Hechter 2
80 Rex 1986 64 J. Milton Yinger
81 2 Yinger 1986 32 37 Donald L. Horowitz 4 6-1 A + B C 6-1 Assimilation Amalgamation Incorporation Division Differentiation Proliferation A + B C A + B A A B + C A A + B A + B A + B + C Horowitz 1975 116 4 1949
82 Henry Tischler and Brewton Berry 5 1 2 3 4 5 6-1 6-1 Tischler and Berry 1985 91
84 1964 Milton M. Gordon 1964 7 7 1. 1 2 3 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
85 7. Civic assimilation 1975 1975 1. 2. 1 2 3 4 5
86 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 1964 7 2. 7 3. 4. 7-1 1975
87 7-1 1975 1. 1. 2. 2. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 5 3. 6 1 2 3 7 3. 4. 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 1997 119 129 1 2 3 1
88 2 3 8 1. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1
89 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6
90 3. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 4.
91 4 Index of dissimilarity 5. 1 2 3 4 6. 97% 99%
92 7. 8. 1 2 3 4 5
93 7 1961 1977 1991
1975 N. Glazer D. P. Moynihan Ethnicity ethnic stratification social stratification 1 2 3 4 5 6 10
96 1. 1982 600 4% 20 20 280 Simpson and Yinger 1985 195 2. 1982 99% 1940 1960 1985 1950
97 3. 1 1930 58. 5% 67% 1992 38% 30. 8% 28. 7% 1990 56% 1995 32% 2 1965 3 4 1980 11% 4% 5% 2% 1% 4. 1 8-1 55. 2% 73. 2% 49. 5% 8-1 1970 1996 % 1970 1996 83. 7 51. 0 92. 8 79. 3 49. 4 79. 0 55. 2 75. 5 41. 5 73. 2 49. 5 96. 7
98 1970 1996 77. 9 48. 5 75. 5 35. 3 90. 4 77. 4 36. 4 90. 8 69. 8 47. 5 91. 1 63. 4 31. 6 73. 8 38. 9 95. 8 1970 Sullivan 1978 167 1996 2002 183 2 8-2 80 90 1978 23. 4% 8. 9% 1995 12% 3% 8-2 1980 1992 % 1980 6. 3 10. 1 14. 3 1988 5. 3 8. 2 11. 7 1990 4. 7 8. 0 11. 3 1992 6. 5 9. 8 14. 1 1999 314 5. 1970 14. 4% 2. 8% 4 8-3 1978 50% 27. 5% 21% 11. 5%
99 8-3 % 1978 1980 % 27. 5 36. 6 50. 0 1. 5. 6 10. 9 15. 1 2. 5. 4 4. 5 10. 7 3. 3. 0 2. 7 6. 3 4. 13. 5 18. 5 17. 9 % 49. 9 37. 2 33. 4 1. 14. 6 9. 7 13. 1 2. 21. 0 20. 1 11. 5 3. 4. 5 3. 8 4. 9. 8 7. 4 5. 0 % 16. 5 24. 4 13. 6 % 6. 1 1. 7 3. 0 % 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 266. 5 9 437. 3 Simpson and Yinger 1985 189 1992 92 16 1978 6. 1 8-4 1950 1995 3 54% 61% 8-4 1950 1995 % 1950 3 445 1 869 54. 3 1 576 1960 5 835 3 233 55. 4 2 602 1970 10 236 6 516 63. 7 3 720 1980 21 904 13 843 14 716 63. 2 67. 2 8 061 7 188 1990 36 915 21 423 23 431 58. 0 63. 5 15 492 13 484 1995 42 464 25 970 24 570 60. 9 57. 6 16 676 18 076 2002 184 2
100 3 100 4 8-5 1992 1994 15 141 21 027 1994 30. 6% 11. 7% 8-5 % 1959 18. 1 55. 1 1970 9. 9 33. 5 1975 9. 7 26. 9 31. 3 1980 10. 2 25. 7 32. 5 1987 11. 0 27. 3 31. 1 1989 10. 0 26. 2 30. 7 1992 11. 3 28. 1 32. 7 1999 314 7. 1990 8. 5 14. 3 3. 5 1995 20 29 8. 1967 1968 1969 8-6 35 44 45 64
101 8-6 % 60 45 64 35 44 25 34 54. 7 55. 1 53. 0 54. 5 57. 8 63. 0 69. 6 57. 5 66. 3 61. 4 87. 8 85. 7 86. 2 94. 1 85. 7 49. 5 45. 1 48. 6 48. 6 55. 0 43. 0 36. 1 40. 8 47. 2 50. 5 62. 3 71. 0 56. 2 59. 7 66. 7 50. 6 41. 3 50. 7 46. 6 64. 0 37. 2 41. 2 27. 3 40. 5 45. 5 1997 187 4 1 2 3 4 1. 56 1 1982 12 12 6 1990 15 15 2000 6 8-7 6
102 8-7 1982 1990 2000 1982 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 2000 33. 72 21. 17 7. 7 22. 8 45. 26 28. 53 12. 1 26. 7 18. 48 11. 41 5. 1 27. 6 48. 19 29. 92 10. 7 22. 2 42. 34 33. 11 18. 3 43. 2 11. 54 7. 00 3. 3 28. 6 59. 67 41. 85 20. 5 34. 4 41. 62 30. 15 12. 3 29. 6 43. 57 26. 58 11. 6 26. 6 71. 29 60. 45 33. 0 46. 3 63. 19 49. 71 26. 0 41. 1 45. 69 28. 51 12. 6 27. 6 33. 70 25. 24 11. 2 33. 2 28. 06 12. 34 3. 9 13. 9 29. 81 17. 82 7. 9 26. 5 57. 60 42. 21 19. 2 33. 3 74. 96 69. 39 45. 5 60. 7 31. 03 21. 53 9. 0 29. 0 56. 44 42. 81 20. 3 36. 0 31. 88 22. 21 9. 5 29. 8 1985 244 245 1993a 380 459 2002a 563 564 2000 1928 100 8-7 2000 100 18 1982 18 86% 30% 18 8 10 2 1980 28. 1 2001 268. 3 1980 3 616 2005 26 1982 2000 1982 2000 6 5. 6 18 10 5 5 8-8 6 1982 1990 2000 1982 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 2000 0. 26 0. 65 2. 0 7. 7 0. 24 0. 70 2. 1 8. 8 0. 94 1. 91 4. 8 5. 1 0. 17 0. 60 1. 9 11. 2 0. 80 1. 77 4. 1 5. 1 2. 18 4. 82 8. 6 3. 9
103 1982 1990 2000 1982 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 2000 0. 14 0. 46 1. 4 10. 0 0. 48 1. 23 2. 9 6. 0 0. 39 1. 10 2. 7 6. 9 0. 05 0. 20 0. 7 14. 0 0. 10 0. 30 1. 1 11. 0 0. 19 0. 56 1. 3 6. 8 0. 18 0. 82 2. 3 12. 8 0. 56 1. 52 4. 1 7. 3 0. 95 2. 19 5. 2 5. 5 0. 12 0. 34 1. 0 8. 3 0. 24 0. 52 1. 3 5. 4 0. 69 1. 63 3. 9 5. 7 0. 16 0. 45 1. 3 8. 1 0. 68 1. 58 3. 8 5. 6 1985 240 243 1993a 380 459 2002a 566 567 2000 1928 1982 2. 8-9 2000 18 15 8-9 % % % 1982 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 1990 2000 91. 1 88. 9 80. 1 4. 1 4. 8 9. 9 4. 8 6. 3 9. 8 87. 9 61. 7 68. 1 66. 0 25. 0 18. 3 16. 3 13. 3 13. 6 17. 5 107. 0 61. 8 62. 3 59. 6 25. 2 21. 8 18. 0 13. 0 15. 9 22. 0 96. 4 95. 1 93. 0 86. 9 1. 9 2. 7 6. 6 3. 0 4. 3 6. 4 91. 4 86. 1 85. 2 80. 4 6. 3 5. 9 6. 7 7. 6 8. 9 12. 4 93. 4 94. 6 93. 7 90. 6 1. 5 2. 5 3. 6 3. 9 3. 8 5. 7 95. 8 93. 0 89. 1 80. 2 2. 7 4. 4 9. 8 4. 3 6. 5 9. 9 86. 2 74. 4 71. 9 71. 1 9. 6 10. 6 10. 2 16. 0 17. 3 18. 4 95. 0 90. 9 86. 7 86. 4 3. 2 3. 4 3. 6 5. 9 9. 9 9. 9 95. 0
104 % % % 1982 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 1990 2000 1982 1990 2000 94. 5 93. 1 87. 8 2. 0 2. 7 5. 6 3. 5 4. 2 6. 5 92. 9 93. 5 90. 4 81. 7 2. 5 3. 8 9. 3 4. 0 5. 8 8. 9 87. 4 95. 2 92. 1 85. 2 1. 8 4. 6 7. 1 3. 0 3. 3 7. 5 89. 5 59. 2 52. 7 47. 2 24. 7 24. 4 20. 2 16. 1 22. 4 32. 0 79. 7 85. 9 88. 5 79. 3 7. 8 9. 1 8. 8 6. 3 7. 9 11. 7 92. 3 95. 7 94. 4 90. 6 1. 6 3. 6 3. 8 2. 7 3. 4 5. 5 94. 7 94. 0 91. 8 88. 8 1. 8 2. 1 3. 1 4. 2 6. 1 7. 9 94. 5 82. 6 82. 5 77. 9 4. 2 4. 2 5. 4 13. 2 13. 4 16. 4 94. 3 95. 2 93. 5 89. 1 1. 6 2. 2 3. 2 3. 2 4. 3 7. 6 93. 6 72. 9 71. 3 63. 0 18. 4 17. 8 20. 5 8. 7 10. 7 16. 3 86. 4 73. 7 72. 2 64. 4 17. 7 17. 1 19. 5 8. 6 10. 7 15. 9 97. 4 1985 248 255 1993a 752 763 2002b 815 820 2000 1982 63% 1 50% 47. 2% 2000 8 50% 3. 8 2000 8-10 2000 18 8-10 2000 1. 72 5. 80 3. 19 9. 52 63. 09 16. 61 0. 07 100. 0 2. 22 8. 29 3. 66 6. 77 70. 75 8. 26 0. 05 100. 0 2. 23 6. 28 3. 88 13. 81 59. 59 14. 13 0. 08 100. 0 1. 00 5. 29 1. 82 2. 51 86. 74 2. 57 0. 07 100. 0 0. 84 5. 36 1. 94 5. 49 80. 35 5. 89 0. 13 100. 0
105 0. 54 2. 67 1. 14 2. 91 86. 84 5. 86 0. 05 100. 0 0. 58 2. 52 1. 09 2. 23 90. 54 3. 02 0. 01 100. 0 0. 62 3. 91 1. 63 5. 05 79. 96 8. 71 0. 13 100. 0 0. 63 2. 80 1. 25 2. 57 87. 77 4. 95 0. 03 100. 0 3. 67 11. 98 5. 34 17. 05 46. 94 14. 81 0. 22 100. 0 2. 12 6. 84 3. 24 8. 63 65. 86 13. 28 0. 04 100. 0 0. 79 3. 88 1. 50 3. 97 81. 61 8. 20 0. 05 100. 0 0. 70 3. 32 1. 42 3. 13 85. 29 6. 05 0. 10 100. 0 1. 07 5. 18 2. 18 5. 44 79. 25 6. 85 0. 03 100. 0 0. 81 3. 96 1. 76 4. 83 80. 09 8. 51 0. 03 100. 0 0. 50 2. 30 0. 90 2. 60 90. 51 3. 18 0. 01 100. 0 1. 87 9. 67 3. 15 3. 36 77. 12 4. 79 0. 04 100. 0 0. 63 2. 94 1. 14 3. 75 88. 96 2. 56 0. 02 100. 0 1. 67 5. 70 3. 10 9. 18 64. 46 15. 83 0. 07 100. 0 2002b 821 824 1 2000 5% 29 10% 9 3% 13 5. 8% 5. 7% 2 2000 1. 72% 1. 67% 1990 2000 3 2000 3. 19% 3. 1% 2000 0. 5% 2000 10 5% 4 9. 52% 9. 18% 2000 11 10% 31 5% 5 2000 11 90% 50% 6 10
106 6 2000 15% 3 1990 1% 25 2000 1% 2% 7 4. 1990 8-11 18 2000 23. 5% 25% 9 8-11 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 % 4. 0 8. 8 5. 8 13. 6 9. 8 22. 4 90. 2 77. 6 100. 0 18. 0 20. 7 10. 1 14. 6 28. 1 35. 2 71. 9 64. 8 100. 0 28. 7 31. 5 10. 4 13. 8 39. 1 45. 3 60. 9 54. 7 100. 0 4. 1 5. 7 3. 9 8. 4 8. 0 14. 1 92. 0 85. 9 100. 0 4. 9 4. 0 3. 3 6. 4 8. 2 10. 4 91. 8 89. 6 100. 0 8. 6 10. 3 7. 0 9. 1 15. 6 19. 4 84. 4 80. 6 100. 0 7. 2 7. 4 4. 7 10. 9 11. 9 18. 4 88. 1 81. 6 100. 0 3. 3 4. 1 3. 8 8. 7 7. 1 12. 8 92. 9 87. 2 100. 0 13. 0 15. 8 11. 5 16. 9 24. 5 32. 7 75. 5 67. 3 100. 0 7. 1 7. 4 3. 1 9. 7 10. 2 17. 1 89. 8 82. 9 100. 0 2. 3 5. 2 6. 1 12. 7 8. 4 17. 9 91. 6 82. 1 100. 0 1. 5 4. 4 3. 9 10. 1 5. 4 14. 5 94. 6 85. 5 100. 0 34. 6 45. 9 15. 6 16. 1 50. 2 62. 0 49. 8 38. 0 100. 0 6. 6 8. 9 6. 8 11. 7 13. 4 20. 5 86. 6 79. 5 100. 0
107 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 % 0. 3 3. 0 3. 1 6. 6 3. 4 9. 6 96. 6 90. 4 100. 0 16. 1 10. 2 5. 0 9. 7 21. 1 19. 9 78. 9 80. 1 100. 0 6. 7 6. 4 7. 3 8. 8 14. 0 15. 3 86. 0 84. 7 100. 0 0. 7 7. 3 6. 6 21. 4 7. 3 28. 8 92. 7 71. 2 100. 0 19. 5 24. 6 7. 6 13. 4 27. 1 36. 9 72. 9 63. 1 100. 0 18. 7 23. 5 7. 5 13. 4 26. 2 36. 9 73. 8 63. 1 100. 0 1993a 320 359 2002a 47 133 1949 20 50 80 80 1. 1985 41 1985 41 8-12
109 8-13 1992 1993 % 1. 89 7. 9 5. 01 14 490 5 682 278 5 139 8 809 2. 54 0. 0 5. 22 6 394 4 721 702 2 177 1 672 3. 89 16. 9 6. 00 3 791 934 0 802 2 857 4. 75 73. 3 4. 85 3 350 3 006 264 681 346 5. 88 56. 8 5. 02 1 774 1 395 247 580 379 6. 186 78. 0 5. 35 2 254 1 966 564 880 282 7. 30 26. 7 4. 36 5 450 3 441 1 527 1 483 2 009 8. 273 20. 5 2. 53 2 804 2 944 708 1 473-141 9. 240 3. 8 4. 76 2 441 2 608 233 1 169-167 10. 601 28. 5 4. 86 7 412 5 648 749 2 919 1 811 11. 642 9. 2 4. 25 5 190 4 519 1 042 2 191 1 122 12. 214 8. 9 5. 08 2 857 2 320 436 1 234 497 13. 253 55. 3 6. 76 4 150 2 917 608 1 790 1 193 2001b 500 503 505 1 2 1
110 2
112 2000 11. 4 91. 5% 55 8. 4% 1 2 3
113 1 2 3 9-1a 9-1b 2000 9-1a 2000
114 9-1b 2000 20 29 1 2 3 4 4 3 1 2 3
119 1960 1969 35 39 2. 61 2. 86 40 44 2. 34 2. 50 45 49 2. 00 2. 14 50 54 1. 92 1. 90 55 59 1. 72 1. 73 60 64 1. 74 1. 62 1. 06 1. 01 Sutton 1978 404 9-3 6 9-3 1979 12 / 1 Heart diseases 1. 27 2 Cancers 1. 32 3 Stroke 1. 80 4 Accidents 1. 20 5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 0. 75 6 Pneumonia and influenza 1. 61 7 Diabetes 2. 21 8 Chronic liver disease 1. 90 9 Atherosclerosis 1. 09 10 Suicide 0. 60 11 Disease of early infancy 2. 14 12 Homicide and legal intervention 6. 26 Simpson and Yinger 1985 222
122 9-5 1970 18 % % 6 % 18 % 9. 0 86. 8 17. 1 50. 8 27. 4 57. 3 30. 8 66. 3 13. 4 80. 6 29. 4 66. 6 6. 7 90. 1 12. 5 48. 5 10. 3 89. 3 15. 4 56. 0 8. 6 83. 3 39. 1 68. 8 18. 4 68. 6 31. 6 65. 5 13. 4 80. 2 30. 5 67. 6 24. 1 66. 5 44. 4 80. 7 12. 3 83. 9 15. 6 51. 2 15. 9 74. 6 18. 1 49. 9 Sweet 1978 242 9-6 1981 1989 1981 1989 2. 51 2. 29 3. 16 2. 24 4. 67 2. 91 5. 84 3. 80 2. 10 1. 85 5. 15 3. 53 3. 13 2. 62 4. 45 2. 67 5. 34 3. 15 5. 39 2. 93 5. 21 3. 07 1. 91 1. 56 5. 59 4. 65 4. 24 2. 91 3. 26 2. 54 2. 61 2. 29 1993 39
123 9-6 1981 1. 91 5. 84 3 1981 4. 24 2. 91 20 80 9-7 14 200 200 14 3 2 9-7 1989. 7 1990. 6 0 0 0 0 6. 221 6. 201 70. 43 7. 030 7. 565 66. 78 6. 261 6. 611 68. 50 5. 830 8. 702 66. 41 4. 558 5. 753 71. 91 8. 999 9. 426 61. 60 5. 429 5. 992 70. 49 8. 720 9. 062 62. 67 7. 567 8. 331 64. 30 6. 826 7. 536 66. 48 8. 520 9. 867 61. 69 7. 432 7. 831 65. 57 8. 696 8. 509 63. 34 6. 940 8. 095 67. 56 6. 279 6. 323 70. 05 1993 50 52 1990 9-8 1990 2000 2000 105 1990 101. 8 2000 114. 8 2000 120
124 9-8 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 106. 1 106. 3 110. 6 118. 6 110. 6 109. 5 107. 5 116. 0 104. 3 107. 4 115. 4 122. 5 103. 3 97. 9 105. 2 107. 7 109. 5 108. 0 110. 8 113. 0 97. 6 99. 2 102. 1 103. 6 103. 2 103. 9 105. 4 110. 2 103. 3 106. 3 101. 8 114. 8 107. 9 108. 7 106. 8 116. 3 112. 2 112. 4 118. 2 125. 1 103. 6 105. 7 104. 3 110. 8 109. 1 111. 7 110. 0 118. 2 104. 5 103. 5 101. 9 103. 8 98. 0 99. 0 105. 3 105. 9 106. 0 106. 3 111. 8 117. 8 1993 380 404 2003 215 236 100 0 100 1 2 3 9-9 2000 18 9-9 15 2000 19. 9 23. 2 16. 5 71. 6 70. 4 72. 9 2. 0 1. 8 2. 2 0. 9 1. 1 0. 6 5. 6 3. 4 7. 8 25. 4 29. 9 21. 3 67. 3 64. 5 69. 8 2. 0 1. 7 2. 3 0. 9 1. 1 0. 7 4. 4 2. 9 5. 9 21. 2 24. 0 18. 4 70. 1 69. 1 71. 1 2. 9 3. 2 2. 7 1. 2 1. 2 1. 3 4. 6 2. 5 6. 6 32. 3 36. 8 27. 9 56. 0 55. 6 56. 4 1. 9 2. 0 1. 8 2. 4 1. 3 3. 4 7. 4 4. 2 10. 5 25. 5 30. 2 20. 7 47. 1 43. 4 51. 0 18. 8 20. 6 17. 0 4. 2 3. 9 4. 5 4. 3 1. 9 6. 9 21. 9 27. 5 16. 0 69. 3 65. 2 73. 7 2. 5 2. 3 2. 7 0. 6 0. 9 0. 3 5. 7 4. 2 7. 3
125 23. 7 29. 2 17. 9 67. 1 63. 6 70. 7 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 0. 7 0. 8 0. 5 6. 1 3. 9 8. 3 27. 3 33. 2 21. 1 64. 3 60. 7 68. 0 1. 5 1. 4 1. 7 0. 6 0. 9 0. 4 6. 3 3. 8 8. 8 22. 3 27. 8 16. 7 68. 5 64. 4 72. 6 2. 3 2. 3 2. 2 0. 8 1. 1 0. 4 6. 2 4. 3 8. 2 22. 5 27. 1 17. 9 64. 5 64. 3 64. 8 3. 7 3. 4 4. 0 2. 9 3. 4 2. 5 6. 4 1. 8 10. 8 20. 9 23. 3 18. 4 71. 2 70. 2 72. 3 2. 3 2. 1 2. 7 1. 2 1. 4 1. 0 4. 4 3. 1 5. 7 21. 4 26. 6 15. 9 69. 2 65. 3 73. 5 2. 8 2. 7 2. 8 0. 8 1. 2 0. 5 5. 8 4. 3 7. 4 28. 5 34. 5 21. 9 63. 2 59. 1 67. 6 1. 9 1. 5 2. 3 0. 7 0. 9 0. 4 5. 8 3. 9 7. 9 21. 8 25. 8 17. 9 69. 4 67. 2 71. 7 2. 5 2. 5 2. 6 0. 8 0. 9 0. 7 5. 3 3. 5 7. 2 19. 2 23. 8 14. 4 70. 9 67. 5 74. 6 2. 7 2. 4 3. 0 0. 7 1. 0 0. 4 6. 4 5. 2 7. 6 21. 5 27. 7 15. 2 64. 8 60. 1 69. 6 6. 6 7. 0 6. 2 1. 1 1. 5 0. 7 5. 9 3. 7 8. 2 34. 0 42. 4 25. 2 58. 7 53. 2 64. 6 1. 5 1. 1 1. 9 0. 6 0. 9 0. 3 5. 1 2. 5 7. 9 35. 3 38. 3 32. 3 57. 3 56. 0 58. 6 2. 0 2. 3 1. 6 0. 8 0. 9 0. 6 4. 6 2. 5 6. 8 21. 8 26. 1 17. 6 66. 2 64. 3 68. 1 5. 3 5. 4 5. 2 1. 3 1. 3 1. 4 5. 3 2. 9 7. 7 20. 2 23. 7 16. 7 71. 1 69. 8 72. 5 2. 2 2. 0 2. 3 0. 9 1. 1 0. 7 5. 6 3. 4 7. 8 2002 829 831 15 20 24 21 22 40 22. 1 9-10 1990 22. 14 22. 26 22. 37 22. 54 22. 44 20. 04 21. 74 22. 74 23. 58 23. 81 22. 07 20. 87 19. 54 21. 72 22. 04 21. 41 21. 72 21. 14 20. 92 22. 09 22. 11 1993 27
126
1821 1924 5 500 3 400 2 000 1881
128 1930 50 830 17 1 000 1990 1 1 900 1 000 20 80 83 1990 1994 113 35% 45% 15% 1997 10. 1% 10. 4% 20. 5% 18 25. 3% Portes and Rumbaut 2001 20 10% 1995 74% 2020 64% 2050 53% 1999 218 220 56
129 16 13 17 18 19 1911 94. 5 35% 1941 236. 5 43% 41% 14% 1968 1970 1 318
130 31% 1979 128 1607 120 15 1 000 1900 25
131
132 1. 20 29 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
133 7. 1 2 3 4 5
134 10-1 10-1 % 1994 1997 69. 8 3. 7 55. 9 6. 3 72. 6 3. 2 38. 3 19. 4 22. 9 28. 2 55. 4 9. 6 12. 0 44. 8 7. 3 45. 1 18. 1 44. 4 4. 4 64. 3 2. 4 64. 2 6. 9 64. 3 9. 6 44. 4 4. 6 47. 6 12. 6 42. 6 30. 8 15. 3 12. 2 24. 8 48. 2 6. 2 45. 3 12. 3 22. 4 28. 4 57. 9 3. 4 9. 4 62. 5 5. 8 67. 6 11. 7 59. 4 Jensen 2001 42 43 10-2 42% 42% 24% 10% 28%
135 10-2 1994 1997 % 48. 1 45. 8 48. 5 35. 8 28. 6 44. 2 % 36. 4 62. 5 32. 4 66. 2 86. 9 43. 9 % 58. 6 35. 9 59. 9 % 5. 1 11. 7 4. 0 47. 9 50. 5 43. 1 % 45. 9 35. 0 47. 8 3. 0 2. 8 3. 4 % 37. 3 28. 0 39. 4 13. 3 11. 4 16. 7 % 24. 6 21. 6 25. 1 34. 2 32. 9 36. 1 % 11. 6 18. 0 10. 6 3. 2 3. 3 2. 9 % 52. 5 35. 5 55. 4 24. 0 22. 3 36. 0 Jensen 2001 29 53 1882 1943 20 50 73%
136 20
137 10-3 1912 100 1937 370 1949 520 2002 1 855 10-3 1947 2002 % % % 1947 469. 6 83. 6 1964 1 072. 9 87. 0 1987 1 706. 9 82. 6 1948 485. 8 83. 9 1965 1 129. 4 87. 1 1988 1 721. 8 82. 2 1949 515. 4 84. 8 1966 1 158. 3 87. 1 1989 1 729. 9 81. 9 1950 565. 9 85. 8 1971 1 358. 2 87. 3 1990 1 749. 1 81. 4 1951 589. 6 85. 9 1972 1 401. 7 87. 4 1991 1 758. 7 80. 5 1952 614. 4 85. 8 1973 1 444. 5 87. 5 1992 1 766. 1 80. 0 1953 649. 3 85. 6 1974 1 493. 4 87. 6 1993 1 779. 4 79. 7 1954 687. 6 85. 8 1975 1 521. 7 87. 6 1994 1 791. 6 79. 3 1955 725. 6 86. 1 1976 1 549. 0 87. 6 1995 1 803. 4 78. 9 1956 775. 7 86. 5 1977 1 573. 9 87. 5 1996 1 820. 0 78. 9 1957 811. 2 86. 7 1978 1 592. 9 87. 4 1997 1 836. 8 79. 0 1958 857. 1 86. 9 1979 1 617. 0 87. 3 1998 1 851. 0 80. 1 1959 930. 7 87. 6 1980 1 632. 7 87. 0 1999 1 865. 5 80. 1 1960 1 049. 8 88. 1 1981 1 651. 5 86. 8 2000 1 832. 5 77. 2 1961 1 021. 0 87. 8 1982 1 627. 8 84. 5 2001 1 843. 7 79. 5 1962 1 023. 5 87. 3 1984 1 663. 3 83. 8 2002 1 855. 0 79. 5 1963 1 061. 1 87. 3 1985 1 686. 2 83. 6 1964 1 091. 4 87. 1 1986 1 696. 8 83. 1 1999 91 2001 147 2003 103 1987 349 1949 29 1978 512 2002 760 20 50 60 6. 7% 40% 10-4
138 10-4 1949 2002 % % % 1949 29. 1 6. 7 1980 513. 0 40. 0 1993 603. 7 37. 6 1952 32. 6 7. 0 1982 528. 7 40. 4 1994 616. 5 38. 0 1953 33. 2 6. 9 1985 534. 9 39. 3 1995 631. 8 38. 0 1957 82. 2 14. 7 1986 538. 6 38. 9 1996 643. 3 38. 1 1962 207. 7 29. 7 1987 543. 0 38. 6 1997 660. 1 38. 4 1964 232. 1 31. 9 1988 547. 0 38. 3 1998 674. 1 38. 6 1965 275. 8 35. 0 1989 553. 2 38. 0 1999 687. 2 38. 7 1970 386. 1 39. 5 1990 574. 7 37. 6 2000 725. 1 39. 2 1975 478. 0 41. 4 1991 584. 2 37. 6 2001 742. 2 39. 6 1978 512. 9 41. 6 1992 594. 0 37. 6 2002 759. 6 39. 9 1990 283 2003 109 1952 13. 4 1990 458. 7 1999 1 168. 69 3. 1951 10-5 1957 87% 1959 1980 12 1981 1981 1984 1984 6 7
139 10-5 1956 2002 % % 1956 17 361 1990 67 407 3. 09 1957 2 100 2 200 1990 80 837 3. 68 1964 36 717 2. 93 1991 65 101 2. 94 1978 112 569 6. 46 1992 66 318 2. 94 1980 122 356 6. 60 1993 64 890 2. 84 1981 99 873 5. 37 1994 65 749 2. 83 1982 91 720 4. 85 1995 67 772 2. 88 1983 79 650 4. 12 1996 68 725 2. 87 1984 76 323 3. 88 1997 69 205 2. 85 1985 70 932 3. 56 1998 73 841 3. 01 1986 72 340 3. 57 1999 70 145 2. 83 1987 78 804 3. 79 2000 72 122 2. 87 1988 79 871 3. 76 2001 77 003 3. 04 1989 74 989 3. 47 2002 85 166 3. 33 1989 140 283 1993 68 1995 39 2003 33 1992a 38 83. 5% 36. 9% 18. 8% 16. 6% 1982 82 572 21 893 26. 5% 59 926 72. 6% 3. 4% 20 50 60
140 21 1 2 3 4
141 1 2 3 21
Smith 1991 20 Parsons 1975 54 14
143 Dreyer 1976 20 30 40
144 99% 99% 1 100 1. 5 60 7 000 21 2 300 1950 1 2
145 3 1950 557 558 1913b 253 Walker Connor 1 2 3 Connor 1984 254 255
146 1 2 3 Simpson and Yinger 1985 401 1968 1980 2 300 28% 1988 147 11-1 1970 1980 11-1 1970 1980-15% + 300% - 30% + 120% - 27% + 70% - 26% + 40% - 25% 1988 150 151
147 110 50 94 1925 25 2001 181 1980 3 1934 1940 64 65 1976 1980 35 53 Anderson and Silver 1992 379 20 70 80 30 86% 4. 5% 50 72% 26% 60 62% 37. 2% 70 60% 40% 80 19. 3% 1981 53 11-2 1959 10. 8% 1979 13. 1% 70 11-2 % 1959 1970 1979 1959 1970 1979 9 471. 3 11 271. 3 12 468. 8 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 8 297. 2 9 807. 0 10 680. 0 87. 6 87. 0 85. 6 1 018. 3 1 301. 9 1 630. 0 10. 8 11. 6 13. 1 158. 8 161. 5 160. 0 1. 6 1. 4 1. 3 1981 41 1958
148 1991 Simpson and Yinger 1985 17
149 3 1999 310 1648 1815 1941 1990 27. 5% 40. 8%
150 56 80 1956 700 7 16 33 1 10 2 3 4 1984 17 1 2 3 4 5 1981 17 18 20 80
151
152 20 90 11-3 1985 96% 34% 47. 2% 26. 8% 73. 2%
153 11-3 1985 0. 0 0. 0 0. 4 6. 8 0. 2 3. 7 0. 7 20. 0 99. 8 96. 3 98. 9 73. 2 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 89. 1 34. 0 52. 8 2. 1 8. 3 22. 5 20. 4 3. 8 2. 6 43. 5 26. 8 93. 8 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1988 80 1988 1 300 14. 1% 67% 10. 2% 20. 3% 2. 7% 28% 11-4 1988 % % % 0. 0 0. 1 1 0. 1 1. 1 0. 8 12 0. 9 98. 9 99. 1 1292 99. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 312 100. 0 66. 9 78. 5 955 72. 8 19. 0 14. 0 216 16. 5 14. 1 7. 5 141 10. 7 100. 0 100. 0 1 312 100. 0
154 % % % 69. 5 90. 4 1 051 80. 1 20. 3 9. 1 192 14. 6 10. 2 0. 5 69 5. 3 100. 0 100. 0 1 312 100. 0 90. 2 97. 5 1 232 93. 9 7. 1 2. 0 59 4. 5 2. 7 0. 5 21 1. 6 100. 0 100. 0 1 312 100. 0 100. 0 99. 7 1 310 99. 8 0. 0 0. 3 2 0. 2 100. 0 100. 0 1 312 100. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 1996 369 1988 661 7 1 72. 8% 7. 5% 90. 4% 0. 5% 73. 8% 79. 2% 79% 93. 8% 11-5 73. 2% 85. 9% 11-5 % % % 288 73. 8 52 26. 8 340 58. 2 102 26. 2 142 73. 2 244 41. 8 390 100. 0 194 100. 0 584 100. 0 403 79. 2 488 85. 9 891 82. 7 106 20. 8 80 14. 1 186 17. 3 509 100. 0 568 100. 0 1 077 100. 0
155 % % % 381 79. 0 547 94. 3 928 87. 4 101 21. 0 33 5. 7 134 12. 6 482 100. 0 580 100. 0 1 062 100. 0 149 36. 3 179 32. 2 328 33. 9 206 50. 1 300 54. 0 506 52. 3 43 10. 5 58 10. 4 101 10. 4 13 3. 1 19 3. 4 32 3. 4 411 100. 0 556 100. 0 967 100. 0 125 30. 4 158 30. 0 283 30. 1 177 43. 1 281 53. 3 458 48. 8 89 21. 6 49 9. 3 138 14. 7 20 4. 9 39 7. 4 59 6. 4 411 100. 0 527 100. 0 938 100. 0 8 1. 6 67 12. 5 75 7. 1 24 4. 6 23 4. 3 47 4. 5 487 93. 8 446 83. 2 933 88. 4 519 100. 0 536 100. 0 1 055 100. 0 1996 372
156 11-6 11-6 - - - - - - - 1 2
157 3 4 1 2
158 50
159
161 75. 9% 7. 1%
162 7 12-1 12-1 1 2 1 2
163 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 2 3 7.
164 20 60 40% 60% 100 2 /5 3 /5 40% 60% index of dissimilarity 0 100 A B Wilson and Taeuber 1978 51 78 ID = 1 /2 n i = 1 W i /W - B i /B W i B i i W B Taeuber and Taeuber 1965 236 12-2 10 20 40 70
165 12-2 1940 1970 10 1970 1970 1960 1950 1940 TX 95. 9 92. 7 94. 6 88. 4 80. 2 IL 93. 0 88. 8 92. 6 92. 1 95. 0 TX 92. 7 90. 0 93. 7 91. 5 84. 5 FL 92. 0 89. 4 97. 9 97. 8 97. 9 GA 91. 9 91. 5 93. 6 91. 5 87. 4 DC 78. 8 77. 7 79. 7 80. 1 81. 0 NY 77. 3 73. 0 79. 3 87. 3 86. 8 RI 76. 8 72. 0 77. 0 85. 5 85. 8 CA 75. 4 62. 9 69. 4 80. 3 81. 2 CA 75. 0 55. 5 69. 3 79. 8 82. 9 Simpson and Yinger 1985 260
166 20 60 1990 6 4 9 1 4 6
167 / 2 4 / 12-3 12-3 1996 407 95. 5%
168 1988 39 52 12-4 1990 1 1 : 1. 2 1 : 1. 3 2 43. 9 46. 32. 8 35. 8 33% 36% 1 : 1. 2 1 : 1. 3 12-4 2 2 1 1 1988 39 1 : 1. 70 43. 9 5 19 5 1 : 2. 07 45. 1 1988 52 1 : 1. 22 46. 2 5 24 1 1990 61 1 : 1. 79 34. 1 9 29 3 1990 59 1 : 1. 11 39. 6 12 24 6 1990 11 1 : 3. 82 40. 6 1 9 2 1990 136 1 : 0. 96 42. 8 48 30 3 1990 44 1 : 1. 03 57. 2 14 19 3 1990 14 1 : 2. 41 35. 8 2 7 0 1990 72 1 : 1. 10 40. 1 23 19 2 1990 17 1 : 1. 29 48. 1 1 9 0 1990 26 1 : 3. 90 53. 1 5 14 7 1990 64 1 : 1. 75 38. 7 9 33 7 1996 412
169 1 2 3 4 4 1. 4 4 2001 11 54 2. 20 50 1998 3. 5 73. 4% 24. 2% 2. 4% 25
170 8. 79 16. 46 15 129 9. 2 63. 2 2001 4. 1949 1996 6 2000 1985 26 54. 8 12-5 12-5 1985 8. 9 45. 0 32. 0 89. 2 8. 3 19. 4 9. 3 4. 0 82. 8 35. 6 58. 7 6. 8 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 6. 9 43. 5 34. 6 85. 4 13. 0 25. 1 17. 5 8. 7 80. 1 31. 4 48. 0 5. 9 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1989 185 186 1997 4 12-6 1
171 4 29. 2% 4 17% 36% 12-6 1 4 % % 1982 1990 1982 1990 1982 1990 1982 1990 % 4 4 65. 5 69. 0 32. 8 29. 2 - / 7 3 99. 7 96. 1 0. 2 3. 3 + 2 2 93. 8 69. 5 6. 0 29. 4 + 1 1 77. 5 76. 0 21. 7 23. 3 + / 10 17 99. 0 98. 4 0. 6 1. 1 + 5 5 56. 5 66. 1 41. 8 32. 7-1 1 50. 7 61. 9 47. 6 36. 8 - / 12 14 99. 7 99. 5 0. 1 0. 3 + 3 8 61. 6 58. 6 37. 7 40. 6 + 1 1 6. 7 7. 1 92. 1 91. 7-1 1 79. 2 82. 4 20. 2 17. 0 - / 12 13 99. 3 99. 4 0. 2 0. 2-2 7 61. 6 89. 2 36. 2 9. 3-1 1 67. 7 67. 9 31. 0 30. 9 - / 9 11 91. 5 88. 2 5. 2 8. 5 + 4 4 81. 2 84. 9 17. 5 14. 3-1 1 22. 7 31. 9 75. 8 66. 4-1982 1990 2 85% 0. 3% 2% 3 10% 40% 4 20 80
172 1985 1993 1965 80% 90% 100% 65% 90% 1942 32% 1995 96% 1944 45% 1972 97% Schuman 1997 104 1988 12-7 81. 2% 61. 8%
173 12-7 1988 49 0 214 183 91 83 27 29 30 48 14 19 8 795 17 97 114 132 36 16 1 7 13 5 9 38 6 491 25 0 61 60 45 45 22 18 28 27 0 19 0 350 4 32 9 8 6 2 1 5 2 0 0 12 0 81 74 0 275 243 136 128 49 47 58 75 14 38 8 1 145 21 129 123 140 42 18 2 12 15 5 9 50 6 572 1989 295 1988 17 15 12-8 12-8 1988 2 81 0 1 0 64 3 155 0 1 11 42 1 51 0 2 0 84 2 122 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 68 83 1 65 0 2 38 46 0 0 0 2 43 52 2 85 0 2 35 39 0 0 0 4 96 90 2 72 0 2 36 36 16 37 24 25 1996 422 1987 1987 1987 1988 6. 6%
174
20 50 1990 2000
176 13-1 13-1 13-2 3 1 2 3 1 2
177 13-2 1
179 13-1 1970 1980 % 1970 1980 1970 1980 44 597 000 48 765 000 100. 00 100. 00 310 000 613 000 0. 70 100. 0 1. 26 100. 0 65 000 166 000 0. 15 21. 0 0. 34 27. 1 41 000 120 000 13. 2 19. 6 24 000 46 000 7. 8 7. 5 245 000 447 000 0. 55 79. 0 0. 92 72. 9 8 000 18 000 2. 6 2. 9 4 000 14 000 1. 3 2. 3 139 000 254 000 44. 8 41. 4 94 000 161 000 30. 3 26. 3 Simpson and Yinger 1985 298 1790 2% 1970 29% 80. 5% 1967 1960 50 000 1977 125 000 3. 6% 0. 3% Simpson and Yinger 1985 299 2002 400 000 1. 21 2. 1980 138 000 60 000 87% 3. 1960 51 409 60. 3% 39. 7% 1970 1960 66% 34. 6%
182 1989 11 1987 50 20 50
183 13-3 13-3 20 50 44 6 1. 4 2. 17 3. 7 4. 3 7 6 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 1 2
184 3 7 1990 1990 1990 1990 4 20 50 50 4 1 0. 66 3 2 0. 33 0. 66 36. 5% 3 0. 1 0. 33 4 0. 1 1990 3 4
185 4 3 1 2 97% 22 99% 2 3 3 5 50 4 2 3 1990 2000 13-4 1990 2000 10 13-4 1990 2000 2 3 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 % 2000 % % % % % % % 96. 7 95. 9-0. 8 3. 28 4. 13 0. 02 0. 02 100. 0 4 096 844 98. 9 98. 3-0. 6 1. 07 1. 67 0. 00 0. 02 100. 0 2 976 741 97. 8 97. 6-0. 2 2. 24 2. 41 0. 01 0. 02 100. 0 17 934 977 99. 8 99. 7-0. 1 0. 21 0. 33 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 8 650 261 90. 1 88. 2-1. 9 9. 84 11. 70 0. 09 0. 12 100. 0 6 784 470 89. 7 89. 4-0. 3 10. 19 10. 49 0. 07 0. 08 100. 0 12 866 262 93. 8 94. 5 + 0. 7 6. 19 5. 50 0. 02 0. 02 100. 0 7 848 446 95. 5 96. 0 + 0. 5 4. 49 4. 00 0. 02 0. 02 100. 0 10 955 750 99. 5 99. 3-0. 2 0. 45 0. 66 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 5 299 068 99. 7 99. 4-0. 3 0. 31 0. 57 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 21 375 726 99. 6 99. 3-0. 3 0. 44 0. 73 0. 00 0. 01 100. 0 14 136 916 99. 6 99. 4-0. 2 0. 38 0. 60 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 16 313 885 98. 3 98. 3 0. 0 1. 72 1. 74 0. 00 0. 01 100. 0 8 743 252
186 2 3 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 % 2000 % % % % % % % 99. 5 99. 4-0. 1 0. 48 0. 62 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 10 168 639 99. 8 99. 6-0. 2 0. 19 0. 38 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 26 709 328 99. 5 99. 4-0. 1 0. 49 0. 65 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 24 247 377 97. 5 97. 8 + 0. 3 2. 51 2. 21 0. 03 0. 03 100. 0 15 613 793 96. 3 96. 0-0. 3 3. 63 3. 94 0. 06 0. 09 100. 0 17 662 105 99. 2 99. 2 0. 0 0. 76 0. 84 0. 00 0. 01 100. 0 18 762 127 89. 8 89. 9 + 0. 1 10. 09 10. 01 0. 12 0. 14 100. 0 11 309 236 96. 9 95. 8-0. 7 3. 11 4. 19 0. 02 0. 03 100. 0 1 750 710 96. 9 3. 04 0. 08 100. 0 9 141 558 98. 7 99. 2 1. 31 0. 84 0. 02 0. 01 100. 0 23 638 429 88. 7 86. 9-1. 8 11. 02 12. 70 0. 30 0. 41 100. 0 9 239 409 91. 6 90. 1-1. 5 8. 21 9. 71 0. 19 0. 23 100. 0 10 853 172 99. 1 98. 6-0. 5 0. 91 1. 36 0. 01 0. 02 100. 0 531 571 99. 7 99. 7 0. 0 0. 26 0. 27 0. 00 0. 00 100. 0 9 429 484 98. 9 98. 4-0. 5 1. 11 1. 51 0. 01 0. 02 100. 0 6 086 988 95. 3 93. 9-1. 4 4. 66 6. 04 0. 08 0. 11 100. 0 1 173 977 98. 5 98. 0-0. 5 1. 54 2. 01 0. 01 0. 01 100. 0 1 396 870 98. 4 98. 3-0. 1 1. 62 1. 73 0. 01 0. 01 100. 0 4 793 826 97. 3 97. 0-0. 3 2. 64 2. 92 0. 03 0. 04 100. 0 340 491 197 2002a 645 1990 88. 7% 89. 7% 89. 8% 90. 1% 3 3 98% 10 1. 9% 1. 8% 1. 5% 1. 4% 10 0. 3% 1990 2000 4 10 0. 26% 7 306 793 9 940 293 264
187 3 1990 2000 3 15 14 87 766 145 881 2. 5 1990 2. 7% 8. 1% 2000 3. 0% 8. 4% 1970 13. 5% 46. 6% 1980 1. 26% 15. 4% 2002 2. 6% 19. 8% 13-5 20 70 13-5 1970 1980 1990 2000 0. 055 0. 082 0. 131 0. 290 0. 333 0. 357 1985 41 2089 13-6
188 13-6 1985 % % % % % % > 30 86. 0 14. 0 100. 0 25. 2 74. 8 100. 0 30 39 88. 1 11. 9 100. 0 18. 6 81. 4 100. 0 40 49 88. 5 11. 5 100. 0 11. 2 88. 8 100. 0 50 59 85. 7 14. 3 100. 0 8. 4 91. 6 100. 0 60 + 84. 3 15. 7 100. 0 8. 9 91. 1 100. 0 86. 6 13. 4 100. 0 10. 2 9. 8 100. 0 87. 6 12. 4 100. 0 16. 4 83. 6 100. 0 88. 1 11. 9 100. 0 18. 2 81. 8 100. 0 81. 1 18. 9 100. 0 20. 3 79. 7 100. 0 87. 3 12. 7 100. 0 15. 5 84. 5 100. 0 83. 3 16. 7 100. 0 20. 0 80. 0 100. 0 93. 9 6. 1 100. 0 5. 0 95. 0 100. 0 85. 7 14. 3 100. 0 15. 4 84. 6 100. 0 80. 0 20. 0 100. 0 21. 7 78. 3 100. 0 65. 4 34. 6 100. 0 9. 9 90. 1 100. 0 89. 4 10. 6 100. 0 38. 0 62. 0 100. 0 77. 5 22. 5 100. 0 8. 3 91. 7 100. 0 385 398 386 446 387 317 355 290 382 534 431 479 84. 6 15. 4 100. 0 13. 4 86. 6 100. 0 88. 1 11. 9 100. 0 17. 4 82. 6 100. 0 1 071 163 1 234 122 683 805 % 86. 8 13. 2 100. 0 15. 2 84. 8 100. 0 1988 78 2 089 50 14% 13. 2% 15. 2% 8 1.
189 2. 3. 10% 4. 38% 8. 3% 22. 5 : 1. 6 5. 6. 7. 96% 34% 47. 2% 73. 2% 8. 35. 6% 31. 4% 52. 1% 9. 17 24 6 1 2
190 3 4 = 1 = 2 5 6 13-7 6-0. 802-0. 289 13-7 41 1985 % % % % % - 0. 802 % - 0. 289 0. 004 0. 004 0. 271-0. 004-0. 573 0. 769 0. 210-0. 769 0. 111-0. 573 0. 210 0. 271 0. 004 marrying up 13-3a 13-3b 20 80
191 13-3a 13-3b
193 George Eaton Simpson 1968 Simpson 1968 438 continuum 14-1
194 14-1 1 2 Vander Zanden 1963 269 14-2 A B d1 d2 B A A B d1 d2 14-2
195 1986 14 J. Milton Yinger 1986 14 14-1 14-1 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 10.
196 11. 11. 12. 12. 13. 13. 14. 14. Yinger 1986 31 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 14 12 14 1 pri-
197 mordial attachments 2 shared interests 3 alienation from state Yinger 1986 28 29 A B 14-3 Yinger 1986 29 1 2 3 4 15
199
200 21
201 1882 1943 1964
202 14-2 A B A B 7 A B C D E
203 14-2 E A B A E A C C E A D D E B C B E B D C D A B C D E C 14-3 1926 1966
204 14-3 1926 1966 1926 1946 1956 1966 1. 0 3. 0 3. 0 2. 0 2. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 3. 5 2. 0 2. 0 3. 0 3. 5 5. 0 7. 0 9. 0 5. 0 4. 0 5. 0 5. 0 6. 0 6. 0 4. 0 4. 0 7. 0 10. 0 8. 0 10. 5 8. 0 9. 0 6. 0 6. 0 9. 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 5 10. 0 7. 0 10. 0 7. 0 11. 0 15. 0 14. 0 14. 0 12. 0 11. 0 11. 0 12. 0 13. 0 13. 0 22. 0 22. 0 14. 0 16. 0 12. 0 8. 0 15. 0 14. 0 13. 0 16. 0 16. 0 17. 5 18. 0 19. 0 17. 0 12. 0 17. 0 17. 0 18. 0 20. 0 19. 0 18. 0 19. 0 19. 0 16. 0 15. 0 20. 0 17. 5 15. 0 13. 0 21. 0 23. 5 26. 0 26. 5 22. 0 28. 0 24. 0 23. 0 23. 0 22. 0 20. 0 20. 0 24. 0 27. 0 25. 0 26. 5 25. 0 23. 5 21. 0 24. 0 26. 0 21. 0 23. 0 21. 0 27. 0 25. 0 28. 0 25. 0 28. 0 26. 0 27. 0 28. 0 Griessman 1975 222
205 20 20 20 20 5 40 50 13 22 1 2 3 4 4
1 2 3
208 4 3 3 1922
209 5 19 15 20 8 10 128 1921 3 5 5 5 1999 20 21 188 186 2000 21 20 80 70
210 2. 2002 94 1 5 12 2 41% 3 4 2002 96 94 8 8
211 1952 1954 5 30 120 1985 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3
212 M. Gordon 1 2 3 1997 130 1 2
213 liberal pluralism 1997 131 1964 outlawed 1997 10 corporate pluralism 1997 131
214 10
215 1949 1 2 3 4
216 1949
217 1919 102 103
218 1 2 3
219 50% 15%
220 20 30 1949 2003 56 1997 10 2003 57
221 1949 1 2 3
222 1998 2 3 20 90
223 1998 168 169 1913e 304 1954 1968 6 1 2 3 4 5
224 6 Thernstrom and Thernstrom 2002 220 Olzak and Nagel 1986 8 2002 5 1334. 7 6%
225 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
226 1997b 428 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2.
227 3.
228
230 20 60 20 80 1 2 3 4 5 6
231 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
232 1993 1 2
233 Olzak and Nagel 1986 3
234
235
236 1
237 2
238 1 2 3
nationalism national identity nation-building
240 1949 nationalism 1789 nation-state 1913
241 300 nationalism 2002 7 8 52 Anthony Smith nation Smith 1991 9 Weber 1946 176 national nation 1998 124 125 17
242 18 19 17 national identity 20 20 20 90 3 23
243 continuum 1 2 3 4 5
244 2002 102 103 Kohn 1962 12 2002 58 2002 64 65
245 1 2 1999 83 85 nation Ernest Gellner
246 nation empirical qualities value Weber 1978b 922 Behera Behera 1995 18
247 Behera 1995 18 Soviet nationalism micro-nationalism Behera 1995 18 2003 6 7 20 20 40
248 2003 235 236 20 60 200 1993
249 2002 261 2002 133 2002 3 8 000 200 20 19 20 Hobsbawm 1990 163
250 24 nation na- tion nation ethnicity culture folklore 2002 12 13 nor-
251 malized ritualized nation 17-1 17-1
21 Samuel P. Huntington
254 1999 290 230 1 2 3 Joseph Rothschild
255 politicized ethnicity Rothschild 1981 2 Sahrawi Polisario nation 1000 2100
256 2004 116 2002 76
257 Behera 1995 31
258 civil society civil society
259 2003 26 32 37 212 2003 184 2003 235 2003 122 123 600
260 2003 112 1923 1999 189 nation
261
262 1880 1950 2000 199 20 50 60
263
264 21
265 hypernationalism Farnen 1994 24 1999 200 nation-state Rex 1995 22
266 4 1 2 3 4 Jenkins 1986 171 4 1. 1 2
267 3 2. oral-history methods event-history methods 3.
Ethnicity and Society 6275-1675 E-mail marong@pku. edu. cn Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Ⅳ. Ⅴ. Ⅵ. Ⅶ. Ⅷ. Ⅸ.
269 18 36 80 20 3 25% 75% 2001 1997 2005 1. 2001 31 71 1997 1997 2 1995 95 105 146 159 1992 21 2. 2001 2 5 103 129 141 160 1997 1 27 1920 11 286 305 1995 3 26
270 3. 1988 158 187 1981 1 27 2000 1 96 1999 4. 1989 1989 4 2001 72 102 1981 1 26 1934 80 1993 1996 2002 2002 3 5. The Societal Goals of Ethnic Relationships 2001 1998 1 91 2003 3 72 1913 19 236 244 1912 2 289 358 1993 1997 28 90
271 6. 2001 55 65 1997 91 138 7. 1997 139 244 2001 291 328 1992 1996 229 292 8. 1997 245 284 1996 49 158 9. 1997 285 323 1996 49 158 10. 1950 501 538 1913 211 214 253 256 2001 225 265 2001 2001
272 2002 20 1999 79 94 Nation 11. 1997 324 379 1995 396 432 1989 1989 3 2001 1993 82 139 1996 5 12. 1997 380 407 2001 161 224 1988 1988 3 1996 293 331 1999 1999 1 1996 Kappas 6 13. 2003 2003 4 1997 408 509 1982 279 396
273 1986 1999 367 427 14. 1997 424 453 1995 251 317 1997 75 108 2002 2004 2004 6 15. 1981 28 63 1987 1993 1 18 2001 329 353 C. 2003 54 76 F. 2003 19 131 J. 2002 21 16. 2002 2002 2002 1999 87 133 1999
274 2000 196 229 1998 305 344 S. 1999 17. 1985 1988 1995 1996 2000 2001 18.
B. 1999 D. 1999 1982 C. 2003 2003 1988 1989 1989 4 1 19 1997 1997 2 4 12 E. 2002 1995 205 213 F. 2003 1987 1982a 1982c 1982 1993a 1993c 1990 2002a 2002b 2000 J. 2002 2001 1985 S. 1999 1995
276 81 94 E. 2000 A. 1998 D. J. 1992 2004 D. 2003 Y. F. 225 248 R. 1993 E. 2002 2000 1992 523 538 2001 2001 5 9 15 1922 1923 43 45 1913a 19 1959 236 244 1913b 19 1959 500 503 1913c 19 1959 330 334 1913d 20 1958 1 35 1913e 19 1959 303 304 1914a 21 1959 25 72 1914b 20 1958 1 35 1914c 20 1958 395 457 1916 22 1958 137 150
277 1917a 24 1957 424 444 1917b 26 1959 338 340 1919 29 1956 102 103 1920 31 1958 124 130 1922 36 1959 628 634 1993a 1993b 1939 1989 B. 1988 1998 1996 1997 2001 497 549 1988 1988 3 76 87 1989 1989 3 179 192 1995 1981 1998 14 1995 1999 1979 1981 A. 2002 1913 2 1953 289 358 1929 11 1955 286 305
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