* ( ) 36
(Richards, 1985) (Speakers Without Native Languages) ( ) ( ) -- ( ) ( Baetens Beardsmore, 1986) 37
i ( Cantor, 1993: 344-56) Beowulf ii (Baugh & Cable, 1978:67) Life of Ste Enlalie (Ager, 1990: 218) Charlemagne Oaths of Strasbourg (Wardhaugh, 1987: 99) Tuscany 38
Nation-State (Nation) (State) Nation ( Fichte, 1807 (1922);Stalin,circa 1913 (1973);Deutsch,1966) (Hobsbawn, 1990: 101-11) iii iv ( ) 39
( Ager,1990:50-81) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Kleindeutsch Castille Castillian Iberia 40
(English-only Movement) ( ) Provisions of Oxford (Baugh & Cable, 1978:136) Tuscany (Ager, 1990:9) 41
(Hale, 1993: 154) Discourse de la methode Tuscany (Fulbrook, 1992) 42
Salman Rushdie 43
v Rushdie Rushdie Q Satyajit Ray Unesco Unesco (p.11) vi ( ) ( ) 44
,, (Lebrun & Baetens Beardsmore 1993) (Gopinathan, 1994) (Genesee, 1987) Unesco vernacular languages (p.46) vii vernacular languages 45
Unesco ( Weinstein, 1987) (Dua, 1985:172), 46
:? ( )??? 47
: ( ) 3: Ager, D.E. Sociolinguistics and Contemporary French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Baetens-Beardsmore, Hugo. Bilingualism: Basic Principles. 2nd ed. Avon0: Tieto, 1986. Baugh, Albert C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 3 rd Edn., N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978 Cantor, Norman F. Civilization of the Middle Ages. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993 Deutsch, Karl W. Nationalism and Social Communication. 2 nd Edn., Cambridge: MIT press, 1966 Dua, Hans R. Language Planning in India. New Delhi: Harnam Publications, 1985. Fasold, Ralph W. The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984 Fichte, Johann G. Addresses to the German Nation. Chicago, Oen Court, 1922 Fishman, Joshua A. Language & Nationalism: Two Integrative Essays. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers, 1972. Fulbrook, Mary. A Concise History of Germany. Updated Edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 Genesee, Fred. Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education, Newsbury House Publishers 1987. Gopinathan, Saravanan (Ed.) Language, Society and Education in Singapore: Issues and Trends. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1994
Hale, John. The civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. London: Fontana Press, 1993 Hobsbawn, Eric J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Lebrun, Nathalie & Hugo Baetens Beardsmore. Trilingual Education in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in Baetens-Beardsmore, Hugo. (Ed.). European Models of Bilingual Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1993, pp. 101-120. Paulston, Christina B. Multilingualism in R.E.Asher, (Ed.). The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994, pp. 2630-2632 Richards, Jack et al. (Eds) Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. Essex: Longman, 1985 Stalin, Joseph. The Nation in Marxism and the Natural Question, in Bruce Franklin, (Ed.). The essential Stalin: Major theoretical Writings 1905-1952. London: Croom Helm, 1973 UNESCO. The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education: Monographs of Fundamental Education. VIII. Paris: UNESCO, 1953. Wardhaugh, Ronald. Languages in Competition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987. Weinstein, Brian. Language Planning and Interests in Lorne Laforge, (Ed.). Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Language Planning. Quebec: Les Pes de L'Université Laval, 1987, pp. 35-58
(Groups) (Ethnic Groups) (Nations) (Nation-States) Nationalities Catalans Fishman, 1972 v The prose writing -- both fiction and non-fiction created in this period by Indian writers in English, is proving to be a stronger and more important body of work than most of what has been produced in the... official languages of India, the so-called vernacular languages, during the same time; and, indeed, this new, and still burgeoning Indo-Anglian literature represents perhaps the most valuable contribution India has yet made to the world of books. vi It is axiomatic that the best medium for teaching a child is his mother tongue. vii A language which is the mother tongue of a group which is socially or politically dominated by another group speaking a different language.