1980 (1) (2) (3)

50~60 ( ) 1

(Organic farming) (Sustainable agriculture) Liehardt Harwood(1980) (Natural farming) (Regenerative agriculture, or renewable agriculture) (1) (2) (3) (Biological agriculture) (Bio dynamic agriculture) 2

N 2 O N 2 O 3

Dr. Rudolf Steiner () Dr. Rudolf Steiner 4

Organic Food Production Act (National Organic ProgramProposed Rule MOA () 3 88 3 15 5

6

20 28 30 1700 3000 2/3 2% 85 23.5 7

190 2001 144.2 3.81 1.68 75 8

77 9

() () (MOA) 10

COAA TOPA TOAF MOA TOPA TOAF 538 581.5 152.39 171.19 159 55.61 18.72 27 1,089 11

12

13

14

15

16

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 17

( ) 9 10 9 9 10 18

2~3 2 57 30 1518 ( ) 5.32.31.3 3,000~4,000 1/2 10 19

1/4 1/4 0.2 8-10 6-8 2 3 (ph ) 1. 2. (8%) 3. ( 2.55.02.0) 120 1% 15% = N% (1- %)X2( 20

50%) =120 1% (1-15%)X2=28,235 120 5.3% 12% = N% (1- %)X1.25( 80%) =120 5.3% (1-12%)X1.25=3,216 1/2 1/4 1/4 14 1.6 1. 2. 50100 3. 100150 12 3 14 21

1215 (510 ) 4 ( ) 50-100 22

9 3035 2025 46 1. 2. 3. 35 25 1. 2. 3. 7 ( 0.2 ) 23

(SiO 2 ) 15 /1000 ( ) 23 55 20% 50 24

16% 47 14 15% 25

() () 26

() () 27

() 28

() 29

() () () 30

1.As() < 4 4-9 10-60 > 60 < 4 4-15 16-60 > 60 2.Cd() < 0.05 0.05-0.39 0.4-10 > 10 3.Cr() < 0.1 0.1-10 11-16 > 16 4.Cu() < 1 1-11 12-20 21-100 > 100 5.Hg() < 0.1 0.1-0.39 0.4-20 > 20 6.Ni() < 2 2-10 11-100 > 100 7.Pb() < 1 1-15 16-120 > 120 8.Zn() < 1.5 1.6-10 11-25 26-80 > 80 31

32

33

34

35

36

( )( 1986) 37

( 1979) ; ( 1996) 38

39 ( 1994) ( )(Suzuki et al,1990) ( 1973) 50 60 60 ( )( 1967 1981)

40

48 (1959) 1.25~2.5 10% 67~70 (1978~1981) 5,730 40ppm 45% 90ppm 70% 61 (1972) 66 (1977) 30~50 25 15% 66 (1977) 41

42 : ( ) 200 200 Park(1988) 16 ( ) ( 15~20%) ( ) ( ) (60~70 ) ( )

( 30 30 ) 5.5 / 100 / 20~30 ( ) : 43

ph ph ( 1998) 44

(1994) (1998) : 5.32.31.3 4,000 1/2 10 1/4 1/4 0.2 8~10 6~8 (50%) ( 2002) (1995 2002) ( 2002) 45

C/N ratio : 46

( ) 47

48

- --- () () 49

() () ( ) () () ( ) 50

- ( ) () () 51

() () 52

- 1 53

10 56 2 + (11)1000 54

- 55

56

- 57

58

: (1) : (1)(2) : (3) : (4) : 59

() : 1 : 2 : 60

3 ( ) : 1 : 5~15 2 : 1Ocm : a. 61

b. ( ) 200ppm 10,000ppm 50 0.8ms/cm 300~600 62

: () : () 63

() () ph ph 7.6 6.2 ph 15~30 30~45 64

1999 147 147 ph 30% ph 7.0 2.0% 3.0% 84% EC 1:5 1 ms/cm 31% EC ( 1:5) 6 EC EC (1:5)1 ms/cm EC 6 ms/cm EC (1:5) 1 ms/cm () 1 65

2 3 4 () 1 2 (water potential) 66

3 4 5 () (a) (b) (d) (e) 67

EC ( ) EC 0.4 ms/cm( 100 ppm) EC 0.4 0.3 ms/cm 3/4 EC 0.3 0.2 ms/cm 1/2 EC 0.2 0.1 ms/cm 1/4 EC 0.1 ms/cm ( ) ( 3.0%) 68

(0-15 ) 69

70

71

20% 4~7% 0.6~2.0% 1.0~3.0% 0.5~4.0% ph 4.0 1.5 72

ph4.5 ph 73

74

75

76

( ) Trichoderma spp. () () () De Waard 2000 56 77

(De Waard, et al., 1993) Lumsdem,et al., 1998; http:/www.barc.usda.gov/psi/bpdl.html 2000 75 (EPA) Biopesticides Pollution and Prevention Division, BPPD 1995 14 1996 10 35-40 12 36-45 ( ) 78

( ) (crop rotation) ( ) 1934 Weindling Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium solanifusarium colmorum Rhizoctonia solani Pythium spp., Phytophthora citrophthora Heterobasidium annosum; Armillaria mellea; Ceratocystis ulmi Chondrostereum purpureum Phellinus spp., 79

Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotium cepivorum Sclertinia spp. Plasmodiophora brassica Meloidogyne spp., Botrytis spp. ( ) Collectotrichum spp (Lo,1998) Fusarium oxysporum Sclerotium rolfsii Monosporascus sp (Lo, et al., ) (cucumber green mottle mosaic virus) (Lo,1997) (1) (2) (3) Trichoderma harzianum strain T95 80

(rhizosphere competence) T. harzianum strain T12 Dr. Harman (cell fusion) T. harzianum strain 1295 (increasing level) (repeat sales) ( ( ) (infection court) Risheth Phlebia giganta (Heterobasidion annosum ) Kerr Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 (damping- off) Gliocladium ( Trichoderma) virens GL21 Trichoderma harzianum (rhizosphere) () ( ( ) 81

(Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) Pseudomonas aurreofaciens AB254 (Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar. V) (Pythium seed rot) 10 4-5 10 7 CFU Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2-27 Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (wheat take-all disease) (seminal) (crown root) (subcrown internodes) Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ( ) (atoxigenic)aspergillus flavus AF36 Aspergillus flavus AF36 (florial parts) Aspergillus flavus Sporidesmium sclerotivorum ( Sclerotinia minor ) Tichoderma spp ( ) Fusarium spp Phytophthora sp Puccinia canaliculata Collectotrichum spp 82

83 + ++ iability (vigor) 12~18

( ) () phyllosphere Botrytis cinerea T. harzianum () soil soil borne diseases (A) (B) granules broadcast application in furrow treatments planting soil amendment (C) Trichoderma-carrying cover crops () Post-harvest disease (Mycocentrospora acerina Rhizoctonia carotae ) Phlyct (Rhizoctonia solani) bentgrass ( ) (T. harzianum strain 1295) 84

(green) (2~3 /) (primary inoculum) 2002 7 1093-1098. 1999 2001 6147-149. 2002 71099-1104. 1997 :57-62. 1999. 35(1):11-22. 2000 2(3)9-12. Hall, F. R., and Menn, J. J. 1999. Biopesticides: Use and Delivery. 85

Humanna Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, USA. Jin, X., Hayes, C. K., and Harman, G. E. 1991. Principles in the development of biological control systems employing Trichoderma species against soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi. Pages 174-19. in: Frontiers in Industrial Mycology. G. C., Leatham. ed., Chapma and Hall, Inc., Lodon. Lewis, J. A., Fravel, D. R., Lumsden, R. D., and Shasha, B. S. 1995. Application of biocontrol fungi in granular formulations of pregelatinized sarch-flour to control damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Biological control 5:397-404 Lo, C. T., Nelson, E. B., and Harman, G. E. 1996. Biological control of turfgrass diseases with a rhizosphere competent strain of Trichoderma harzianum. Plant Dis. 80:736-741. Papavizas, G.C. 1992. Biological control of selected soilborne plant pathogens with Gliocladium and Trichoderma. Pages 223-230. in: Biological Control of Plant Diseases: Progress and Challenges for the Future..C. Tjamos, G. C. Papavizas, and R. J. Cook, eds., Plenum Press, New York. Van Driesche, R. G., and Bellows, Jr., T. S. 1996. Biological Control. Champan & Hall, New York, USA. 86

Trichoderma spp and Plant Disease Management Lo, Chaur-Tsuen (Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung) Abstract Biological control will be an alternative strategy for the control of plant pests given the history of pesticides on developed country in the twenty one century because biopesticides are thought as the natural organisms that are less toxic and pollution than chemical pesticides for the globe ecology. For disease management, Trichoderma spp was usually applied as an important role among biocontrol agents of plant diseases. So far, the biopesticides may mainly include biofungicides, bioinsectcides, and bioherbcides. Generally, the basic requirements of a successful system of biological control of plant pests are (a) an effective biocontrol agent, (b) production and formulation methods that give rise to high yields of biomass consisting of appropriate efficacious propagules of high viability and stability, and (c) delivery systems that provide a conducive milieu and minimize growth of competitive microflora. In addition, the processes of the biopesticides for commercially available still need to complete the field tests, and to pass toxicity tests, and registration by Environmental Protection Agency and Council of Agriculture of Taiwan. 87

88

(integrated pest control) (integrated pest management) 89

90

91

92

1 93

94

2 95

96

10-90% (allelopathy) 97

(pest) (Chenopodium ficifolium) (Polygonum lapathifolium) (Cardamine parviflora) (Echinochloa crus-galli) (Scirpus juncoides) (Cyperus difformis) (Monochoria vaginalis) (Sagittaria trifolia) (Ammannia baccifera) (Lindernia pyxidaria) (Rotala indica) (Sphenochloa zeylanica) (Scirpus planiculmis) (Lemna paucicostata) (Salvinia natans) (Azolla pinnata) (Echinochloa colona) (Leptochloa chinensis) (Paspalum distichum) 98

(Cyperus iria) (Lindernia ciliata) (Alternanthera sessilis) (Sagittaria pygmea) (1983) 30 60 (Eleusine indica) (Digitaria sanguinalis) (Amaranthus viridis) (Erigeron canadensis) (Portulaca oleracea) (Stellaria aquatica) (Poa annua) (Senecio vulgaris) (Sonchus oleraceus) (Erigeron sumtrensis ) (Solanm nigrum) (Bromus catharticus) (Malva neglecta) (Erechtites valerianafolia) (Gnaphalium purpureum) (Hemistepta lyrata) (Polygonum 99

plebeium) (Rorippa atrovirens) (Fimbristylis miliacea) 19-20 30-45 3 (Alternanthera sessilis) (Cyperus rotundus) (biotype) (paraquat) 100

(pest) (soil seed bank) 43 2,4-D 40-46 70 98% (glyphosate) 101

1-2 (butachlor) 1-2 2-3 (bentazon) (sulfonylureas) (pyrazosulfuron) (bensulfuron) (imazosulfuron) 3-4 102

103

104

105

1 2 3 10 1 0.1 30 106

30 15 20 107

1956 108

N % P 2 O 5 % K 2 O% % 5.61 3.74 4.59 3.20 1.51 2.58 1.10 11.07 - - 1.64 - - 2.03 0.39 - - - 4.90 - - 2.00 0.92 - - - 5.10 - - 1.87 1.55 10.29 - - 2.60 - - 0.94 - - 109

1 2 6 23 2 36 SanEmigdio Castellanos and Pratt1981 110

8 111

1,5,8 5 7,12 12 112

1 1,7,8,11 4,6,9,10,13,14 4 10,13 (lignin/n) 6,9 ((lignin+polyphenol)/n) 113

20 2 60% 1.5% 60 2 1.5 20 114

115

116

431 404 166 260 40 70 210 417 5 6 25 24 (1)(2) ( 30)593 (3) (4) 83 58 233 110 (3) 117

(19881991) ( 15 ) (6399kg/ha) (5978kg/ha) 7 (16.7 o Brix) (15.9 o Brix) 0.8 o Brix (5) 1988 1993 ( 10kg) ( 30 ) 13 (6) 1990 1991 5 13 1.1 o Brix (7) 1.3 o Brix (8) (40 //) 5.44 / 4.05 / 34 (9) 10 1 17.5 o Brix( 14.3 o Brix) (30-60 ) 1 (10) ( ) (mineralization) ph ( ) ph 5.9 7.4 1 (9) 118

(30-60 ) 1 0-60 ph (10) (mineralization) (lignin) ( ) (30-60) ( ) 1030% (11) 0.60.2 2.0% 0.61.80.20.6 20 (1015) (8550%) 3.02.5 2.2% 80% 2420 18 (810) 119

100% 6.01.5 2.0% 100% 601520 (11) % 10.0 4.5 1.0 4.0 23.5 0 33.0 9.0 5.0 0.8 12.0 3.4 0-7.0 11.7 0.3 ( ) 13.0 2.0 1.0-7.7 9.3 0.3 9.2 1.3 0 0.5 7.4 11.2 0.7 3.0 25.0 0-2.8 1.0 0.2 0 35.0 0 46.0 4.5 3.5 0.5 28.5 4.8 4.3 0.2 0.5 4.6 1.9 0.8 13.4 0.3 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.02 28.8 13.0 7.5 0.1-4.5 2.5 0.3 % 120 61 0.6 0.1 0.9 1.0 0.4 1.0 72 0.5 0.2 0.7 38 1.6 0.3 2.0 20 2.0 3.9 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.3 75 0.6 0.2 0.6 51 0.5 0.4 1.7 73 0.7 0.3 1.9 62 0.6 0.3 1.1 30 1.5 0.5 0.6 16 3.1 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 2.3 105 0.4 0.1 0.3 28 1.7 0.4 1.3 18 2.6 0.8 5.4 22 1.7 0.8 1.0 14 1.7 1.1 5.6

% 7.0 1.3 2.1 5 5.0 1.0 4.6 2.5 1.4 8 5.4 2.2 1.5 4.5 6.3 1.2 1.3 8 2.0 0.5 5.0 2.0 1.9 0.7 1.5 5.2 1.7 1.4 2.0 1.5 15.0 2.5 5.0 2.0 15 0.7 0.5 3.0 0.8 0.5 1.5 0.5 4.0 5.8 3.2 1.5 10 4.5 1.2 2.7 3.4 1.6 1.0 0.1 730 0.2 220 % 121

( ) () 70-80 80% 40-60 30 60 (5 ) (12) (4-6 ) 122

N P 2 O 5 K 2 O 120 / 800-1200 350-500 600-850 50 / 110-165 55-80 220-330 10 / 550-650 100-1200 300-600 20 / 250-300 200-240 100-150 9 300-360 100-150 270-360 20 / 3 100-150 1200-1800 100-150 10 / 8 1200-1600 180-250 1200-1800 20-30 / 10 250-350 130-150 400-500 1 70-90 250-300 90-120 10 / 6 400-450 400-500 600-650 10 / 10 700-800 150-200 500-700 20 / 3 300-400 70-110 400-500 30 / 6 100-150 200-300 100-150 20 / 5 400-500 220-260 300-500 10 400-500 40-60 300-350 12 / 7 180-220 250-350 180-220 10 / 6 450-650 100-150 450-500 10 / 3 120-160 250-350 120-160 20 / 3 500-600 100-150 400-500 10 / / 250-300 600-800 123

(1), (2) (1) ( ) (2) 23 1. 124

250~300 / 2% 250 250 100/212,500 2. 3~5 1. 125

C/N C/N ; ( ); ; 2. 100 ( )6 6 2 1 6 1 12 2 15-30 50 1000 3. 100 12 3 2 1 3 10 2 l5-30 50 126

1000 100 4. 800-l000 300-500 20-30 : 100 6 3 2 3 10 2 15-30 50 1000 2000 ; 100 - - 2000 3000 ; 0.5 3. 5-6 ( ) 127

2-3 : 120 3 6 3 2 1 3 10 2 100 15-30 50 1000 100 30 4. 1-1.5 80-120 8 7 2-3 60-75 5. 11 12 10-12 70 50-60 5-15 25-35 8-9 (ph 5) 1000-2000 ph 5.5-6.5 128

4-5 2.5-3 30 129

130

( ) A 23 EC EC 131

Hunt et al, 1973) Pseudomonas spp. Erwinia carotovora (Hoitink, 1980Lumsden et al., 1983Hoitink and Fahy, 1986Hadar and Mandelbaum) (compost tea) (emerging technology) 132

(phyllosphere) (Bacillus and Pseudomonas) (Sporobolomyces and Cryptococcus) (Trichoderma) (Penicillium) (Cronin,1996) (apple scab) (bioassay) (Trankner, 1992) ( ) (Stindt and Weltzien, 1988) 133

(Samerski and Weltzien, 1988) (Erysiphe graminis) Ingham and Alms, 1999 Ingham and Alms,1999 Weltzein 134

1989 Yahalem et al.1994 scab Pseudopeziza fracheiphila Ketterer and Weltzien,1987 Kai et al 1990 17 CuZn Fe 135

A CH 48 0.5 Tween 22 A 23 B 0.5 Tween A B 136

137 EC EC 1 2 EC 9-12 (Dittmer,1990) 7 (Dittmer,1991Trankner, 1995)

138

8.Hashimoto H. Theory and Application of Orgaic Soil Amendment, p. 9.Hoitink H. A. J. and P. C. Fahy Basis of the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. Annual Review of Phytopathology 2493-114. 10.Matsuguchi T. and T. Nitta Effects of organic amendments upland crops. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 591-11. 11.Papavizas G. C. and C. B. Davey 139

Hoitink H.A., A.G. Stone, D.Y. Han 1997 Suppression of plant diseases by composts. HortScience 32(2):184-187. 140

( ) : : 20 141

: 142

143

( ) 120 / 60 / 60 / 60 / 144

1/3 1/3 6.86 / 6.93 / 111.2 97.9 / ( 90 / 75 145

) 2002 50 75 y 146

147

148

C/N ratio 149

150

40 500 6~10% 10 1% 151

10 25% 1985 10 13 30 280 1997 50 2005 300 2010 10~30% 2000 7 (Porto) 21 30% 1999 50 2000 300 IFOAM 152

153

(IFOAM) 154

1990 EEC 2092/91 (FAO/WHO) 1999 IFOAM 12 18 GMO 155

156

157

158

ph 159

60~70% ( ) 160

Bob Montana 300 Montana Kamut 65% 2% 5% WTO 80 10 161

162

12 30 100% 163

(1) (2) (1) (2) (3) 164

(4) 165

166

WTO 1989 16 2002 0204 167

1999 41 1997 2002 0204 1999 41 2002 0204 1999 41 1989 16 1999 41 2002 0204 2002 0204 1999 MOA 41 1999 41 Australian Quarantine and Inspection service. 1997. National Standard for Organic and Bio-Dynamic Produce. Organic produce Advisory committee. Caroline Hattam. 2000. Organic Agriculture and Sustainable 168

Agriculture and Rural Development. Conklin. N. and Thompson. G. 1993. Product quality in organic and conventional produce: is there a difference? Agribusiness: 9; 3; 295-307. FAO. 2000. Food Safety and Quality as Affected by Organic Farming. FAO-Twenty Second FAO Regional Conference for Europe. FAO. 2000. Requirements for Producing and Exporting Organic Products to Major Markets. FAO. 2001. New and Emerging Issues Affecting Commodity Markets. FAO-Sixty-third Session of the Committee on commodity Problems. FAO. 2001. Requirements for Producing and Exporting Organic Products to Major Markets. In FAO/ITC/CTA (ed.) World Markets for Organic Fruit and Vegetables Opportunities for Developing Countries in the Production and Export of Organic Horticultural Products. Fischler. F. 1999. Organic Farming and the new Common Agricultural Policy. Proceedings of Organic Farming in the European Union-Perspectives for the 21 st Century. 27-28 May 1999. Baden. Austria. Fred P. Miller. 2001. Sustainable agriculture: What does it mean-where is it going in the U.S.? IFOAM. 2000. Statistics of Central and Eastern Europe. ITC. 1999. Product and Market Development. Organic Food and Beverages. World Supply and Major European Markets. Geneva. Lampkin. N. 1999. Organic farming in the European Union-overview. policies and perspectives. Proceedings of Organic Farming in the European Union-Perspectives for the 21 st Century. 27-28 May 1999. Baden. Austria. Nadia Scialabba. 2000. Opportunities and Constraints of Organic 169

Agriculture A Socio-Ecological Analysis. Nadia Scialabba. 2000. Organic Agriculture Perspectives. Raupp. J. (ed) 1996. Quality of plant products grown with manure fertilization. Fertilization systems in organic farming (concerted action AIR3-CT4-1940) Proceedings of the 4 th meeting in Juva. Finland. July 6-9. Publications of the Institute for Biodynamic Research. Vol. 9. Darmstadt. UNDP 2000. Changing consumption and production patterns: Organic agriculture. Commission on Sustainable Development: 8 th Session. 24 April 5 May 2000. New York. 170

171

phytotoxic substances (microbial toxins) Rice19841966 Martin1962 Table 1. Plant allelopathy arisen from unfit crop sequence 172

specific host-parasite relationship sensitivity resistance Fusarium Pythium RhizoctoniaActinomycesPhytophthora spp. nematodes cyst nematode 16 Rhizotonia Pythium 173

( ) ( ) Rhizotonia Pythium 174

, nitrogen fixation 175

1957 Table 3. Effects of nutrient uptake of previous crops on the yields of subsequent crops 1997~1999 16 100% 21~52% 2% 100% 11~22% 5% 100% 1~26% 176

Table 4. Effects of previous crops on the yield of next crops ( ) 177

* Table 5. Effects of previous leaf vegetable crops on the growth of next crops O O O O O r r O O O O O ro O r O r r O ro O r O O O O O r C/N ratio cellulose lignin 178 r

18 30 1 144 373 1 nitrogen immobilization 1975 1976 Table 6. C:N ratio in biamass and air-weight in root system of legume and cereal crops 179

(growth-promoting substances) 1 11 4~30% 15% 7~35% 18 180

181

( 1993) 8 ( 1997) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 182

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 183

184

.. 185

186 ( )

( ) 187