1952 1959 2450 1047 1960 1966 3760 1773 1970 1979 3767 1158 1980 1989 4155 2038

N O 3 2 86 6.

1 X

M1/ M2 = V2 V1 M1/ M2 352 / 349 = 1.0043

ϕ

1 1994 151.53 66.39 2.17 215.75 18.46 38.52 2.38 54.60 20.18 5.27 0.53 24.92 9.93 0.25 0.003 10.18 DMT 22.57 1.31 0.05 23.83 38.99 12.90 0.55 51.34 19.11 5.10 0.002 24.21 PTA 71.88 23.93 0.70 95.11 2.40 11.54 0.002 13.94 66 3.89 2.73 0.006 6.61

2 1995 DMT 23.7 23.7 42.5 20.5 0.5 62.5 23 6.6 0.2 29.4 PTA 90.3 40.1 1.3 129.1 6.6 12.4 0.1 18.9 66 4.4 2.3 0.1 6.6 3 2000 251 63 35 23 5 106 81 PTA 219 DMT 30 29 66 17

l 1950-1980 3.66 1.30 1930-198O 4.86-6.13 1.42-1.78 1902-1977 l.25 0.70 1910-1980 0.47-0.69 0.74 1958-1980 0.83 0.74

2

bp /Mb 1.8 10 6 1727 960 1995 4.2 10 6 4000 650 1997 1.5 10 7 6000 400 1996 1.0 10 8 25000 250 1.0 10 8 13000 130 1998 1.2 10 8 10000 83 3 10 9 80000 27 3 10 9 80000 27 2005

1 SPOT5B 2004 5 10 4 EOSAM 2/L 8 2004 10 30 SPOT5A 1999 5 10 4 IRS 1D 1999 10 20 4 Space lmaging 1998 1 4 4 KOMSAT 1998 10 10 3 EOSAM l LANDSAT 7 ENVISAT 1998 15 15 14 1998 15 30 7 1998 30 0 Space lmaging 1997 1 4 4 OrbitalSciences 1997 1 8 4 SPOT 4 1997 10 20 4 Earth Watch 1997 1 4 4 Earch Watch 1996 3 15 3 CTA Clark 1996 3 15 3 TRWLewis 1996 5 30 384 ALMA22 1996 5 ADEOS 1996 8 16 4 CBERS l 1996 20 20 7 Radarsat 1995 9 IRS 1C 1995 Resours 02 1995 27 3

1 73.2.6 m 7.6 74.5.11 m 7.1 75.2.4 m 7.3 76.5.29 m 7.4 76.7.28 m 7.8 76.8.16 m 7.2 88.11.6 m 7.4 90.4.26 m 7.0 94.9.16 m=7.3

1995 2015 1 26.8 1 28.7 2 16.4 3 16.3 4 15.8 5 15.1 6 14.1 7 12.5 8 12.4 9 11.7 10 11.6 2 27.4 3 24.4 4 23.4 5 21.2 6 20.8 7 20.6 8 19.4 9 19.0 10 18.8

1 6.9 32.8 15.2 72.7 50.1 239 6.0 28.7

2 39.4 18.5 92.4 21.6

3 * m 3 28 470 165 27 5 5 700 4 67% 24% 4% 0.5% 0.5% 550 450 100 550 700 * 2000 150 m 3

1 g/cm 3 g/cm 3 Al 2 O 3 1 30 2.58 3.75 Al 2 O 3 2 5.7 3.23 3.47 Cr 2 O 3 4.7 4.52 4.72 ZrO 2 8.7 5.52 5.73 TiO 2 6.0 4.01 4.26 80 Al 2 O 3 20%TiO 2 6.0 3.48 3.71 80 WC 20%Co 10.8 13.87 15.56 75 Cr 3 C 2 25%NiCr 10.8 6.16 6.89 80 Ni 20%Al 5.7 6.42 W 12.0 15.19 18.20 Mo 13.5 7.85 9.15 53 NiAl 47%ZrO 2 7.1 6.27 6.32 50 W 50%ZrO 2 12.2 9.32 50 Mo 50%ZrO 2 9.8 6.8

2 Al 2 O 3 1 49.0 Al 2 O 3 2 55.6 Cr 2 O 3 74.7 ZrO 2 49.0 TiO 2 82.1 80 Al 2 O 3 20%TiO 2 89.4 80 WC 20%Co 112.7 75 Cr 3 C 2 25%NiC 274.4 80 Ni 20%Al 348.9 W 117.6 Mo 127.7 53 NiAl 47%ZrO 2 169.5 50 W 50%ZrO 2 66.6 50 Mo 50%ZrO 2 112.7 MPa 3 GPa Al 2 O 3 9.2 0.12 0.20 Cr 2 O 3 10.0 0.14 0.15 TiO 2 8.2 0.10 0.15 80 Al 2 O 3 20%TiO 2 10.4 0.10 0.11 80 WC 20%Co 12.1 0.11 0.13 75 Cr 3 C 2 25%NiCr 10.5 0.13 0.15

4 W WC Al 2 O 3 Mo Al 2 O 3 TiO 2 Cr 2 O 3 WC Cr 3 C 2 Cr 2 O 3 WC Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 TiO 2 Cr 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 NiAl Mo Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 TiO 2

5 Al 2 O 3 1 Al 2 O 3 2 ZrO 2 30 5.7 8.7 0 13.2 12.3 g/cm 3 2.58 3.23 5.52 2.90 2.78 3.00 49.0 55.6 49.0 46.7 45.3 MPa 19.3 23.2 21.0 21.2 20.8 MPa

1 1995 43 378 433 1 614 798 162 851 169 768 631 898 055 90 514 538 181 327 178 063 LCD 658 771 66 587 283 39 843 31 646 524 598 53 330 636 140 876 53 086 147 908 15 23 994 75 057 48 857 2 OIDA Optoelectronics Industry Development Association 1994 1993 750 2003 2300 OIDA recommendations

3 1991 1993 1995 LCD 3 5 10 LED 2 4 5 2 5 30 2 3 5 4 10 15 1 4 15 1 4 5 15 35 95 4 1993 2003 LCD 60 150 AMLCD 75 LED+ 15 150 60 25% CRT 200 2000 300 CD DA 70 150 20% VCD 10% 40% 100 35 150 12 30 70 150 0% 50% 300 70 50% 10% 40% 500 2300 700 +CRT 4000 +CRT

5 1994 1995 12.00 4.73 0.86 3.07 7.67 230.00 70

1 1989 1994 1999 2004` * 2000 4000 10000 20000 *

2 1986 1989 1991 1993 1994 1995 2 15 41 50 80 120 130 200 1500 3500 4000 7000 10000 3 lm/w Ra 13 100 18 100 21 100 55 40 60 80 70 90 75 100 65 95

ϕ

4 1993 882 808 91.6 72 8.2 1.8 0.2 1994 987 775 76.6 206 20.8 26 2.6 1995 1106 719 65.0 332 30.0 55 5.0 1996 1239 706 57.0 434 35.0 99 8.0 1997 1387 694 50.0 27 38.0 166 12.0 1998 1554 684 44.0 621 40.0 249 16.0 1999 1740 679 39.0 748 43.0 313 18.0 2000 1949 663 34.0 877 45.0 409 21.0

5 1989 1990 1991 1992 1302 1349 1324 1234 5518 5687 5273 4898 505 59 527 89 597 78 452 25

6 kg ha 100mg kg 500ppm 34 42 8 13 19 420 400MG 0.05 10 450 0.2 45g/15kg 40 0 35 9 465 0.08 0.03 50kg 2 9 6 10 6000 8 14.4 5g/kg 6.9 300 9.9 8.6 500ppm 11 48 6.2 35.4 3.2 19 20 80 0.5 2 5.6 13.3 20 50 350 9.4 750 300 40 / 22.5 1.3 12 3 9 5.3 12 50 150ppm 9.4 6.4 4000 80 / 9.5 20 13 / 9 15 10 6 29 40mg 10

7 1985 2000 6008 17830 1060 2570 580 4220 595 1770 322 10070 12 4910 8577 41370

8 1982 1991 Y Eu Ce 1216.2 1344 Y Eu Ce 2198.5 2151 Ce 406.5 Ce Y Eu 340.7 1488 Y Tb Eu 2.56 4.02 Y Eb 4.4 8.6 Eu Tb 142 254.2 La Nd 236.47 957.96 La Ce 88.5 1174.1 35MM La Ce 1381.9 1764.7 Sm Nd Ce 108 1698 La Gd Y 7755 11340 * La Ce 4016 5248 * MM 74.5 141.3 *1991

1 1995 1998 2001 DRAM Mbit 64 256 1 10 3 m 0.35 0.25 0.18 mm 200 200 300 300 nm 0.5 0.3 0.2 10 1 1 m 0.12 0.05 0.03 /cm 2 10 10 10 9 10 8 at 0.0029 4 0.0026 2 0.0023 2

2 W/kg Fe 81 B 13 5 Si 3 5 C 2 0.31 Fe 80 B 15 9 Si 2 4 C 0.9 0.15 Fe 3 2Si 1.00

3 Argonne Whkg 1 WhL 1 Wkg 1 n Na S 81 83 152 91 502 Li 66 133 64 81 103 Zn Br 79 56 40 75 34 Ni Zn 67 142 105 77 114 Ni MH 54 186 158 80 333 Ni Fe 51 118 99 58 918 4 m 3 10 28 4.2 MgH 2 5.9 TiH 2 9.2 VH 2 10.4 PdH 0.8 4.7 LaHi 5 H 6.7 6.1 Mg 2 NiH 4 5.6

1 1 2 2 3 1 3 20% 4 ISO1000 4 ISO100 5 20 10 6 pixel/frame 5 1.0 10 6 pixel/frame 6 6