李 海 明 * 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 * 2012 12BFX091 2002 23 2009 6 3 108

1951 1955 70 80 1978 1. 6 2. 109 6 2008 2

2013 4 7 50 3. 8 9 瑏 瑠 90 瑏 瑡 瑏 瑢 1722 7 8 9 瑏 瑠 瑏 瑡 瑏 瑢 2011 41 1983 1991 1992 2007 1 2012 7 5 2009 10 27 110

瑏 瑣 18 瑏 瑤 瑏 瑥 19 瑏 瑦 1875-1925 65 70 70 20 65 瑏 瑧 1889 1935 瑏 瑨 1 65 60 10 2 70 10 瑏 瑩 瑐 瑠 瑏 瑣 瑏 瑤 瑏 瑥 瑏 瑦 瑏 瑧 瑏 瑨 瑏 瑩 瑐 瑠 2 2003 5 See Stacy Aumonier Should a Man Retire British Periodicals May 1926 pp. 658-660. 1996 9 2002 9 1993 6 2004 101 瑏 瑩 106 111

2013 4 1967 65 1978 65 70 1986 70 瑐 瑡 1980 瑐 瑢 1998 瑐 瑣 70 1986 55 60 1994 60 2004 瑐 瑤 15 55 25 60 瑐 瑥 瑐 瑦 55% 36% 9% 瑐 瑧 2011 9 30 65 65 2011 4 6 瑐 瑨 65 瑐 瑡 瑐 瑢 瑐 瑣 瑐 瑤 瑐 瑥 瑐 瑦 瑐 瑧 瑐 瑨 See Mark A. Rothstein Lance Liebman Employment Law New York Foundation Press 2003 p. 1259. 1919-1993 241 W 2005 113 2008 567-571 53 54 See Kelly Greene Retiree Returns to Early Shift but this Time at Half the Pay The Wall Street Journal March 5 2003. See Maestas Nicole Back to Work Expectations and Realizations of Work after Retirement July 1 2004 Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper No. WP 2004-085. Available at SSRN http / /ssrn. com /abstract = 1092899 or http / /dx. doi. org /10. 2139 /ssrn. 1092899 last visit on September28 2012. See Acas Guidance for Employers Working without the Default Retirement Age March 2011 http / /www. acas. org. uk / CHttpHandler. ashx id = 2976 last visit on September28 2012. 112

2006 65 瑐 瑩 21 7 瑑 瑠 1989 瑑 瑡 2012 7 6 瑑 瑢 瑑 瑣 瑑 瑤 瑑 瑥 瑑 瑦 瑑 瑧 瑐 瑩 瑑 瑠 瑑 瑡 瑑 瑢 瑑 瑣 瑑 瑤 瑑 瑥 瑑 瑦 瑑 瑧 See Chris Monaghan Justify Direct Age Discrimination when will a Mandatory Retirement Age not amount to Direct Age Discrimination Seldon V Clarkson Wright and Jakes Journal of Business Law 2012. 6 pp. 479-485. 瑐 瑡 Mark A Rothstein Lance Liebman 1257 2006 156 See Phased Retirement. http / /www. opm. gov /blogs /retire /index. aspx page = 1. Last visit on September28 2012. and see Section 100121 of Public Law 112-141. Henry J Aaron 2008 1 2000 1 2006 12 2011 2 44 113

2013 4 1. 反 性 别 歧 视 瑑 瑨 瑑 瑩 2. 反 年 龄 歧 视 瑒 瑠 瑒 瑡 瑒 瑢 3. 劳 动 权 与 解 雇 保 护 瑑 瑨 瑑 瑩 瑒 瑠 瑒 瑡 瑒 瑢 2010 32 2011 5 2010 16 35 2012 4 Michael Connolly Objectively Justifying Compulsory Retirement Employment Law Bulletin 2012 109 Jun pp. 6-8. 114

/ 瑒 瑣 2000 /78 /EC 瑒 瑤 瑒 瑥 瑒 瑦 瑒 瑧 4. 老 年 劳 动 者 权 益 保 护 瑒 瑨 瑒 瑩 瑓 瑠 瑓 瑡 20 80 瑓 瑢 瑒 瑣 瑒 瑤 瑒 瑥 瑒 瑦 瑒 瑧 瑒 瑨 瑒 瑩 瑓 瑠 瑓 瑡 瑓 瑢 2012 150 瑒 瑣 149 http / /www. jil. go. jp/hanrei /menu/10. htm 2012 9 28 瑑 瑥 瑑 瑥 16 2009 4 1980 1994 106 115

2013 4 1. 退 让 理 论 代 际 公 平 1976 50 50 瑓 瑣 瑓 瑤 瑓 瑥 70 瑓 瑦 瑓 瑧 job - blocking theory 瑓 瑨 2. 企 业 的 员 工 计 划 理 论 实 质 公 平 瑓 瑩 瑔 瑠 瑔 瑡 瑓 瑣 瑓 瑤 瑓 瑥 瑓 瑦 瑓 瑧 瑓 瑨 瑓 瑩 瑔 瑠 瑔 瑡. H. 1988 70 瑓 瑣. H. 72 1976 470 瑒 瑣 150 瑒 瑢 Michael Connolly 瑒 瑣 150 瑒 瑣 60 116

3. 从 辩 护 到 扬 弃 的 强 制 退 休 1987 瑔 瑢 2 /3 70 瑔 瑣 2004 2011 55 64 50. 7% 54. 4% 瑔 瑤 瑔 瑥 瑔 瑦 瑔 瑧 60 65 瑔 瑨 瑔 瑩 20 瑖 瑠 瑔 瑢 瑔 瑣 瑔 瑤 瑔 瑥 瑔 瑦 瑔 瑧 瑔 瑨 瑔 瑩 瑖 瑠 2010 174 2011 216 See Employment Rate of Older Workers % of Population Aged 55-64 http / /www. oecd - ilibrary. org /employment /employment - rate - of - older - workers_20752342 - table6 last visit on September28 2012. 2011 3 2006 6 2004 4 2008 7 See Claire Nisbet The Implications of Removal of the Default Retirement Age Employment Law Bulletin 2011 103 Jun pp. 3-5. See Gallo W T Bradley E H Siegel M Kasl S V. Health Effects of Involuntary Job Loss Among Older Workers Findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2000 Vol. 55 3 pp. S131-40. 2012 1 117

2013 4 瑖 瑡 瑖 瑢 瑖 瑣 瑖 瑤 35 瑖 瑥 16 1 2 50 70 65 44 瑖 瑡 瑖 瑢 瑖 瑣 瑖 瑤 瑖 瑥 2011 2 See Jonathan Gruber David A. Wise Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World Micro Estimation NBER Working Paper No. 9407 December 2002. MacK A. Player Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell West 2004. p. 177. 3 瑏 瑦 Stacy Aumonier 118

瑖 瑦 Abstract Is retirement a right or an obligation There are different answers under different situations and different perspectives. In fact after surveying developing process of retirement especially researching on laborers' voluntary retirement compulsory retirement and the return to voluntary retirement the nature of right of retirement will be presented. Therefore when we focus on the topic of delaying the retirement age and introducing the flexible retirement system it is necessary to elaborate the theory and practice of voluntary retirement and its restriction and this will not only shape our labor contract theory and safeguard labors but also help the dissemination of knowledge. Voluntary retirement is the kernel of right to retire which is not only the freedom to choice but also an ability to choose from the perspective of the effect of retirement retirement is concerned not only specific rights such as the right to rest the right to maintenance work the pension right but also certain social policies such as population employment and social security. Therefore to it is necessary to not only stipulate important conditions and procedures of both voluntary retirement and compulsory retirement respectively but also improve the legislation from the angle of safeguarding the legal rights and interests of older laborers in order to safeguard their legal rights and interests of labor and social protection. 瑖 瑦 119