x1 x2 x n x 1 x n x x x 1 n = ( 1 + 2 + + n ) = xi ( 1 1) n i= 1 x x x x i x = x - x, x = x - x x = x - x 1 1 2 2 n n i 1 n x = x n i ( 1 2) i= 1 x x = x x ( 1-3) σ x = 1 = xi x n 1 2 ( ) ( ) ( 1 4) n n 2 x i i= n 1 i= 1

1 n 2 σ x = ( x n i x) ( 1 5) 1 i= 1 x x σ ( xi x) x i x = = 1 n n( n 1) n 2 ( 1 6) x = x ± σ x = x ± σ ( 1 7) x x x x E = = 100% ( 1 8) x x U U σv σu

1 U = (10.03 + 9.98 + 9.99 + 10.02 + 9.97) = 10.00(V) 5 1 U = [ 0.03 + -0.02 + -0.01 + 0.02 + -0.03 ] 5 = 0.02(V) σ σ U U 1 2 2 2 2 2 = [( 003. ) + ( 0. 02) + ( 001. ) + ( 0. 02) + ( 003. ) ] 5 1 = 003. ( V); σ U 0. 03 = = = 002. ( V) n 5 dn = f dy dx (1-10) x y f f N = x + y + (1-11) x y 2 f 2 2 f 2 2 ( dn) = ( ) ( dx) + ( ) ( dy) + (1 12) x y 2 2 2 N x y (1-12) (dn) (dx) (dy) 2 σ 2 2 f 2 2 f 2 2 = ( ) σ + ( ) σ + (1-13) x y N x y

2 2 N x y 2 2 N x y N=x+y+ N= x+ y+ σ = σ + σ + N=x y N= x+ y σ = σ + σ N=x y N x y = + σ σ σ N x 2 y 2 N x y = ( ) + ( ) N x y N = x y k N = x y m z l N x y = + σ σ σ N x 2 y 2 N x y = ( ) + ( ) N x y N = N k x y + l + m z x y z k N = x N x = 1 σ N σ x = 1 N k x N k x N=Kx N=K x σn σ x N x = 1 = N x N k x N=sinx N= cosx x σ N = cos x σ N=lnx x σ x N = σ N = x x σ N N = 2 2 2 σ σ x y σz k + k k x + y z x = m v = 4m 4 162.38 3 2 = 2 8.335(g cm ) πd l 3.1416 (24.927) 39. 92 m d l = + 2 + m d l 0. 01 = + + 162 38 2 0. 002 001.. 24. 927 39. 92 = 00004. = 8. 335 0. 0004 = 0. 003( g cm ) 3

2 2 2 = σm + σd + σl 2 m d l σ = 0. 01 + 0002. + 001. 2 162. 38 24. 927 39. 92 = 00003. ; 2 2 2 3 = 8. 335 00003. = 25. 10 0. 003( g cm 3 ),

x x x = x (1-14) 1 x = x ( ) (1-15) 2 * x = x x x ( x) (1-16) * N = N N ( N) (1-17) N

V = 1 Vm Vm 100 V m = 15V 1 V = 15V = 0.15V 100

43. 7 43. 7 + 8424. + 8. 4 52. 124 52. 1 52 0.124 5168. 517. 4. 3 4. 3 47. 38 47. 4 5126. 5. 1 0. 42 042. 10252 102 20504 204 2. 15292 2. 142 2.1 2.2 3.92 10 2

2 2 12. 5 = 156. 25 12. 5 = 156 43. 2 = 6573. 43. 2 = 657. lgl983 3.297327 lgl983 = 3.2973 10 = 10. 5925 10 = 11 sin30 = 0.5 sin30 = 0.50

φ B B B φ φ φ B B B φ

f = 1 10 n = 2gh( ) 2 1 20 gh

R = V / I = R xr v / (R x + R v) R Rx R x δrx = = R R + R x 1 = R 1+ R v x v x 100%

R Rx R A δrx = = 100% R R x x R U I = + R U I U δv = U 0 (. 075 0 ~. 075 ) = ( 2. 5% ~ 3. 8%) 3. 0 2. 0 P = P = P = Rx R + R v U I + + U I 8 = + + 0075. 1000 8 25 + 0. 015 0 3 = 9%.. x

1 2 S1 = v0t + at ; 2 1 2 S2 = v1t + at ; 2 v = v + at 1 0 2 S = S S at (4 1) 2 1 2 S S = (S -S ) (S S ) 2aT n n-2 n n-1 n-l n-2 Sn Sn 2 a = 2 (4 2) 2T

2 2 / 2 2 2 2 : m : : : 2 : 2

2 2 v2 v1 a = (4-3) 2S 2 d 1 1 a = ( 2 2 ) (4-4) 2S t t 2 1

2 2

: m : : : 2 : 2

S1 S2 m 1 m t 2 t 1 2 m S 1 t 1 1 = m S 2 t 2 2

R U R R = U g g U R R = U R ( U Ug ) R = U g g g g U = ( 1) Rg U U U R = ( 1) Rg = Rg ( 4 6) I R I g g g g

ε I1 = R0 + r0 + R g ε I 2 = R0 + r0 + R g

1 2 R g R = R + r + 1 R (4 8) 2 0 g 2 R AB 2 R g ε I = ( 4 9) R + r

U2 U1 r = ; ( 4 11) I I U ε = U1 + I U ε = U2 + I 1 2 U 2 1 I 1 2 U I 2 1 1 2 I 1; ( 4 12) I2 ( 4 13) U B U A ε r tgα = A(0 ) B(I 0) r = I I I B A

ϕ

U I = R ( A)

T = 2 LC R 2 L / C

ϕ 1 100 S 1 d = a / 150 a = 1cm d 150 cm

λ asin = 2k k = 1 2 2 λ asin = (2k + 1) k = 1 2 2

1 2 mv m = h - W 2

F P = P = F S S S = F S F,

1 2 2S S = at, a = 2 2 t V = S t V = S B at = 2 t

1 l2 - l1 = λ 2 1 l 3 l2 = λ 2 1 l n l n 1 = λ 2

a X = b + x ε I = r + R