The Study of the Standards for Assessing Golf Courses in Taiwan NSC89-2413-H-003-080 89 8 1 90 7 31
1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. ( ) ( ) ) 82
Babbie(1990) (Reliability) (Validity) Cronbach alpha Cronbach alpha 0.95 (Face Validity) (Content Validity) (Criterion- Related Validity) (Construct Validity) i
Abstract The purpose of this study was to establish a golf course rating system in Taiwan. The rating system included two damnations: 1. Golf course planning and design; 2. Golf course management. The study applied Babbie s(1990) theory to verify the reliability and validity of the golf course rating system. To verify reliability, the researchers surveyed golf players, sponsors of golf tournament, and professional golfers. The results showed that Coefficient alpha reliability estimates all exceed 0.95. To prove validity, the researchers reviewed relevant literature and established focus groups to discuss the face and content validity of this rating system. The results indicated that the face and content validity of the rating system were satisfied. The researchers also surveyed golf players, sponsors of golf tournament, and professional golfers to verify criterion-related validity and construct validity. The criterion-related and construct validity of rating system were significant. However, the sub-rating system, golf management, was not significant in construct validity. The researchers suggested that the following studies may improve the construct validity in the rating system. Overall, the reliability and validity of Golf Course Rating System in Taiwan were satisfied. Key Words Golf, Golf Courses, Standards for Assessing Golf Courses, Golf Courses Management ii
i ii. 1. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 7. 12. 20. 24. 30. 33. 34. 39. 49 iii
. 69. 72 73. 75. 82 iv
2-1 9 2-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 25 34. 35 35 36 36 4-6 36 4-7 4-8 4-9 37 38 39 4-10 42 4-11 43 4-12 44 4-13 45 4-14 46 4-15 47 4-16 48 4-17. 51 4-18. 53 4-19 54 4-20 57 4-21 59 4-22 60 v
4-23 61 4-24 62 4-25 63 4-26 64 4-27 65 4-28 65 4-29 66 4-30 66 4-31 67 4-32 67 4-33 68 vi
2-1 11 2-2 3-1 21 32 vii
84 90 1 1 1999 11 9 14 Tiger Woods 21 Tiger Woods Tiger Woods (1999) 1994 1999 8% 24.4% 40% 13.9% 41.3% 62.7% (88) 87 1% 61 20 10.19 1
88 7 83 30 53 ( 82) (, 78) ( 83 89) 2
( ISO 9001/2/314000 ) 82 10 ( 84 09209 ), (PGA) 3
(PGA) 4
PGA PGA 5
(PGA) PGA 1993 8 9 PGA PGA ( PGA ) 213 22 6
( 84) 1 7
-- ( 2-1) 8
2-1 5. 1. 1-1 2. 1-2 3. 1-3 4. 1-4 1-5 1. 2-1-21 80~89 2. 2-3-1 3. 2-4-1 4. 2-6-4 10~28 5. -- 2-7-1 6. 2-8-1 7. 2-12-10 2-12-32 1. 3-6-1 2. 3-13-1 1. 4-4-1 2. 4-5-1 1. 9.12.31. 5-1-1 33~36 2. 8.12.13. 5-3-3 14 1. 6-11-1 21 2. 6-18-1 1. 7-6-11 2. 7-6-16 9
2-1 (2-1) ( -- ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2-1 2 http://www.ncpfs.gov.tw/svc/j04.html 11
86 80 84USGA 1998 ( 80) ( 87) 12
( 84) (the routing plan) (tees) (fairways) (greens) (hazards)( 84) (1987) ( 80) () (National Golf Foundation NGF) 9 4-5-4-3-4-5-4-3-4 () 110 (Par4) (Par5) () 13
() Phillips( 84) (USGA1998) ( ) () 14
( ) () () ( 80) ( 84) ( 84) 15
( ) () () () () () () Nicklaus(1989) ( 80) 16
( ) (... ) SONY ( ) () ( ) () ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) 17
( ) () () () () () Whitten(1999) () () () () () () Redan 18
( ) () () () 19
Gunn(1998) (The International Organization for Standardization ISO) ISO 9001/2/3 ISO 14000 ISO 18000 Gunn (2-2) ( 88 80) 20
2-2 Gunn, C. A. (1998). Vacations cape-developing tourist area. New York: VNR. ( ) -- () 21
( ) () () Gunn(1998) (The International Organization for Standardization ISO)ISO 9001/2/3ISO 14000 ISO 18000 ( ) Gunn(1998) ISO 9001/2/3ISO 14000 ISO 18000 ( 84) 22
ISO ISO 9001/2/314000 18000 ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO 9001/2/3ISO 1400 Gunn(1998) ( ) Gunn ISO 23
( ) ISO 9001/2/3ISO 1400 Gunn(1998) ( ) ( 2-2) ( ) ( ) 24
( ) ( ) 2-2 1. 14 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6. ( ) 7. 8. ( ) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. () 25
( ) 1. 22 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ( ) 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. () 26
1. 10 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( ) 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 13 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 27 ()
1. 16 2. 3. 4. ( ) 5. 6. 7. 8. ( 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ) 28
( ISO 900014000 ) 29
Babbie(1990) (Reliability) (Validity) ( 3-1) : () -- (Face Validity) (Content Validity) (Face Validity) (Content Validity) 1. 1 1 ( ) 2. 30
3. 1 4. 2 ( ) () () -- (Criterion Relation Validity) (Discriminate Validity) (Reliability) (Criterion Relation Validity) (Discriminate Validity) (Reliability) Babbie(1990) 31
No Yes No Yes 3-1 32
Cronbach alpha Cronbach alpha 0.95 Cronbach alpha 0.90 Cronbach alpha 0.92 33
4-1 308 78.7% 71 18.2 4-1 308 71 12 391 78.7 18.2 3.1 100 4-2 88 16 43.88 68 34
11.41 140 65 91.32 4-2 88 16 43.88 13 68 0.5 11.41 21 140 65 91.32 41 4-3 154 39.4% 130 33.2% 80 20.5% 4-3 154 130 80 27 391 39.4 33.2 20.5 6.9 100 4-4 5,000-10,000 134 34.3% 5,000 109 27.9% 10,000-15,000 64 16.4% 15,000-20,000 28 7.2% 20,000 22 5.6% 35
4-4 5,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 109 134 64 28 22 34 391 27.9 34.3 16.4 7.2 5.6 8.7 100 4-5 238 60.9% 129 33.0% 4-5 129 238 24 391 33.0 60.9 6.1 100 129 ( 4-5) 4-6 80 62% 23 17.8% 3 2.3% 2 1.6% 0.8% 4-6 80 23 3 2 1 20 129 62 17.8 2.3 1.6 0.8 15.5 100 36
4-7 114 30.5% 49 12.5% 46 12.3% 34 9.1% 31 8.3% 26 7.0% 23 6.1% 18 4.6% 17 4.5% 8 2.0% 4 1.1% 0.5% 4-7 8 2.0 18 4.6 49 12.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 17 4.5 23 6.1 46 12.3 31 8.3 34 9.1 4 1.1 26 7.0 114 30.5 17 4.3 391 100 37
4-8 188 48.1% 166 42.5% 4-8 188 166 37 391 48.1 42.5 9.5 100 43.88 11.41 91.32 5,000 10, 000 22 38
α 0.95 4-9 4-9 α 1-1.9483 1-2.9487 1-3.9480 1-4.9477 1-5.9480 1-6 ( ).9478 1-7 ( ).9479 1-8.9481 1-9 (.9478 ) 1-10.9475 1-11.9475 1-12.9475 1-13.9480 1-14.9483 39 ()
1-15 (.9483 ) 1-16.9478 1-17.9476 1-18.9474 1-19.9477 1-20 (.9477 ) 1-21.9477 1-22.9479 1-23.9479 1-24.9480 1-25 (.9483 ) 1-26 (.9478 ) 1-27.9474 1-28.9472 1-29 (.9476 ) 1-30.9473 1-31.9473 1-32.9475 1-33 ( ).9473 2-1.9480 2-2.9474 2-3.9473 2-4.9474 2-5.9474 2-6.9473 2-7.9474 2-8.9475 2-9.9475 2-10.9473 2-11.9472 40 ()
2-12.9473 2-13.9474 2-14.9472 2-15.9474 2-16.9475 2-17.9475 2-18.9477 2-19.9475 2-20.9473 2-21.9475 2-22.9476 2-23.9475 2-24.9479 2-25.9479 2-26.9481 2-27.9480 2-28 ( ).9479 2-29 ( ).9478 2-30.9473 2-31 ( ).9471 2-32 ( ).9471 2-33.9471 2-34.9470 2-35.9470 α 0.91 4-10 41
4-10 α 1-1.9101 1-2.9115 1-3.9087 1-4.9078 1-5.9085 1-6 ( ).9081 1-7 ( ).9093 1-8.9090 1-9 (.9079 ) 1-10.9067 1-11.9070 1-12.9070 1-13.9094 1-14.9083 1-15 (.9112 ) 1-16.9086 1-17.9083 1-18.9082 1-19.9078 1-20 (.9087 ) 1-21.9089 1-22.9086 1-23.9082 1-24.9105 1-25 (.9119 ) 1-26 (.9095 ) 1-27.9068 1-28.9063 1-29 (.9083 42 ()
) 1-30.9075 1-31.9080 1-32.9084 1-33 ( ).9067 4-11 α 0.85 4-11 α 1-1.8458 1-2.8469 1-3.8352 1-4.8335 1-5.8381 1-6 ( ).8287 1-7 ( ).8330 1-8.8369 1-9 (.8328 ) 1-10.8285 1-11.8291 1-12.8299 1-13.8389 43
4-12 α 0.88 4-12 α 1-14.8695 1-15 (.8781 ) 1-16.8693 1-17.8705 1-18.8725 1-19.8701 1-20 (.8719 ) 1-21.8713 1-22.8712 1-23.8698 1-24.8754 1-25 (.8777 ) 1-26 (.8725 ) 1-27.8662 1-28.8646 1-29 (.8693 ) 1-30.8673 1-31.8696 1-32.8700 1-33 ( ).8664 44
α.93 4-13 4-13 α 2-1.9262 2-2.9249 2-3.9246 2-4.9248 2-5.9250 2-6.9250 2-7.9250 2-8.9251 2-9.9245 2-10.9245 2-11.9242 2-12.9245 2-13.9248 2-14.9242 2-15.9250 2-16.9244 2-17.9242 2-18.9254 2-19.9252 2-20.9244 2-21.9248 2-22.9248 2-23.9248 2-24.9265 2-25.9263 45 ()
2-26.9267 2-27.9264 2-28 ( ).9260 2-29 ( ).9262 2-30.9247 2-31 ( ).9236 2-32 ( ).9235 2-33.9243 2-34.9236 2-35.9236 4-14 α 0.88 4-14 α 2-1.8841 2-2.8646 2-3.8629 2-4.8698 2-5.8673 2-6.8655 2-7.8698 2-8.8826 2-9.8649 2-10.8679 46
4-15 α 0.86 4-15 α 2-11.8565 2-12.8540 2-13.8581 2-14.8530 2-15.8544 2-16.8498 2-17.8508 2-18.8487 2-19.8441 2-20.8419 2-21.8514 2-22.8484 47
4-16 α 0.84 α 2-23.8347 2-24.8292 2-25.8291 2-26.8344 2-27.8359 2-28 ( ).8353 2-29 ( ).8308 2-30.8238 2-31 ( ).8221 2-32 ( ).8201 2-33.8237 2-34.8184 2-35.8184 α α 48
( ) () () Gunn(1998) ISO ( ) 49
( ) () (4-17) () ( ) (4-18) 50
51 4-17 1. 1. 2. 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. 11. 11. 12. 13. 12. 19. 20. 18. 1. 3. 4. 15. 16. 17. ()
16. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 22. 28. ( ) 52
4-18 32. 33. ( ) 4.18 4.18 ( ) ( ) 8. 8. [ (Face Validity) (Content 53
() 4-19.30(.2362).30.30.30(.2924 4-20).3448( 4-21).30 4-19 1-1.3163 1-2.2362 1-3.3495 1-4.4275 1-5.3535 1-6 ( ).3996 1-7 ( ).3840 1-8.3308 1-9 (.4036 54 ()
) 1-10.4877 1-11.4839 1-12.4873 1-13.3522 1-14.3036 1-15 (.3382 ) 1-16.4031 1-17.4733 1-18.4941 1-19.4278 1-20 (.4253 ) 1-21.4197 1-22.3677 1-23.3854 1-24.3890 1-25 (.3424 ) 1-26 (.4141 ) 1-27.5318 1-28.5660 1-29 (.4509 ) 1-30.5391 1-31.5179 1-32.4890 1-33 (.5350 ) 2-1.3649 2-2.5091 2-3.5535 2-4.5243 55
2-5.5345 2-6.5469 () 2-7.5214 2-8.4850 2-9.5033 2-10.5739 2-11.5413 2-12.5354 2-13.5115 2-14.5548 2-15.5103 2-16.4725 2-17.4801 2-18.4512 2-19.4718 2-20.5162 2-21.4706 2-22.4524 2-23.4864 2-24.4174 2-25.4171 2-26.3663 2-27.3792 2-28 ( ).3995 2-29 ( ).4014 2-30.5470 2-31 (.5760 ) 2-32 (.5688 ) 2-33.5794 2-34.5923 2-35.5935 56
4-20.30(.2924).30.3448( 4-21).30 4-20 1-1.3997 1-2.2924 1-3.4551 1-4.5264 1-5.4694 1-6 ( ).4911 1-7 ( ).4142 1-8.4347 1-9 (.5073 ) 1-10.5851 1-11.5722 1-12.5678 1-13.3999 1-14.4807 1-15 (.3507 ) 1-16.4629 1-17.4879 57
1-18.4839 1-19.5356 1-20 (.4561 () ) 1-21.4361 1-22.4801 1-23.4998 1-24.3677 1-25 (.3099 ) 1-26 (.4007 ) 1-27.6095 1-28.6258 1-29 (.4806 ) 1-30.5520 1-31.5029 1-32.4946 1-33 (.6014 ) 58
4-21.30 4-21 1-1.3880 1-2.3448 1-3.5031 1-4.5411 1-5.4532 1-6 ( ).5973 1-7 ( ).5316 1-8.4781 1-9 (.5338 ) 1-10.5961 1-11.5924 1-12.5785 1-13.4399 59
4-22.30 4-22 1-14.5107 1-15 (.3440 ) 1-16.5233 1-17.4855 1-18.4244 1-19.5068 1-20 (.4442 ) 1-21.4573 1-22.4759 1-23.5130 1-24.3778 1-25 (.3458 ) 1-26 (.4281 ) 1-27.6352 1-28.6637 1-29 (.5217 ) 1-30.5929 1-31.5113 1-32.5206 1-33 (.6133 ) 60
( ) 4-23.30 4-23 2-1.3769 2-2.5102 2-3.5527 2-4.5115 2-5.5041 2-6.4993 2-7.4987 2-8.4795 2-9.5551 2-10.5636 2-11.5632 2-12.5348 2-13.5067 2-14.5554 2-15.4851 2-16.5422 2-17.5581 2-18.4687 2-19.4787 2-20.5374 2-21.5076 2-22.5065 2-23.5060 2-24.4027 61
2-25.4247 2-26.3753 2-27.3791 () 2-28 ( ).4135 2-29 ( ).3851 2-30.5251 2-31 (.6197 ) 2-32 (.6175 ) 2-33.5636 2-34.6195 2-35.6236 4-24.30 4-24 2-1.4747 2-2.6782 2-3.7052 2-4.6070 2-5.6502 2-6.6713 2-7.6077 2-8.4751 2-9.6758 2-10.6372 62
4-25.30 4-25 2-11.4496 2-12.4945 2-13.4212 2-14.5089 2-15.4869 2-16.5596 2-17.5511 2-18.5747 2-19.6384 2-20.6739 2-21.5342 2-22.5785 63
4-26.30 4-26 2-23.3769 2-24.4774 2-25.4812 2-26.4047 2-27.3735 2-28 ( ).3822 2-29 ( ).4383 2-30.5723 2-31 (.5729 ) 2-32 (.6001 ) 2-33.5672 2-34.6073 2-35.6356.30.30 1-2.30 64
() 4-27 (p<.05) 4-27 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 321 18 52 G1>G2 M 4.12 3.83 4.26 8.092* G3>G2 SD.38.82.33 G3>G1 *p<.05 () 4-28 p<.05 4-28 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 321 18 52 G1>G2 M 4.16 3.77 4.24 7.453* G3>G2 SD.41 1.06.35 *p<.05 65
( ) 4-29 (p<.05) 4-29 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 321 18 52 G1>G2 M 4.07 3.91 4.30 6.846* G3>G1 SD.46.73.40 G3>G2 *p<.05 () 4-30 (p.>05) 4-30 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 321 17 52 M 4.04 3.89 4.11 1.383 SD.46.91.39 *p<.05 66
( ) 4-31 (p>.05) 4-31 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 321 17 52 M 3.83 3.75 3.98 2.035 SD.55.84.47 *p<.05 () 4-32 (p>.05) 4-32 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 319 16 52 M 4.01 4.03 3.95 2.435 SD.51.39.44 *p<.05 67
( ) 4-33 (p >.05) 4-33 F (G1) (G2) (G3) N 321 17 52 M 4.36 4.19 4.47.436 SD.46.91.44 * p <.05 68
(PGA) (PGA) () 69
Babbie(1990) (Reliability) (Validity) Cronbach alpha -- (Face Validity) (Content Validity) -- -- (Criterion Relation Validity) (Discriminate Validity) (Reliability) () Cronbach alpha Cronbach alpha 0.95 Cronbach alpha 0.91 Cronbach alpha 0.85 Cronbach alpha 0.88 Cronbach 70
alpha 0.93 Cronbach alpha 0.88 Cronbach alpha 0.86 Cronbach alpha 0.84 () 1. (Face Validity) (Content Validity) (Face Validity) (Content Validity) (Face Validity) (Content Validity) 2. 3. (Criterion Relation Validity) (Discriminate Validity) 0.30( 0.2362) 0.30 0.30 71
(p<.05) (p<.05) 5 4.0 88 7 30 53 (PGA) 72
(PGA) 73
(88) (C. A. Gunn )(88) (86) (83) 18 299-308 (80) (12 ) (1999) 8 72-73 (88) ( ) 09209 (78) (84) ISO 14000 http://www.epa.gov.tw /iso14000/iso140.htm (89) (87) 15(1)133-161 (80) 74
(82) (P. L. Phillips )(84) Inc. Babbie, E. (1990). Survey research method. Belmont, CA:Wadsorth, Golf Digest (1999). How to judge your home course. Golf Digest (May/1999). Gunn, C. A. (1998). Vacations cape-developing tourist area. New York: VNR. USGA (1998). The USGA course rating system manual. United States Golf Association. Whitten, R. (1999). 10 keys to greatness: What s so special about America s 100 greatest? Here are the essential ingredients. Golf Digest (May/1999). 75
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6 7 10000 81