1 a a b a (9+2 b - ) a c - 9 2 ( ( ) a 90 ) ( ( ) b - ) 10 (9+2 )
a b - ( ) a c -
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 2 ) ( ) (
3 () 0.3mm 2 ( ) 2 10 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 10 ( ) ( ) 2 10
4 *P 6-15 A G * K 3- C 3-0 A G -1 K (4-8) C 0 A 4-20 1 K (4-8) C 0 3 G(3-6:3-6:2) *K 5 C 8 A () G (3-3-) *K (5) C (5) A [1+(2)+(2)],1(2)(2) *K (5) C (5) G (3 1 ) K 2+2 C 2+2 A 2+4 G (2 1) *K (5) C (5) A G 5 1 *K (5) C (5) A G 1 * K (5) C 5 A G, G (5-2 5-2) *K (5) C 5 A G 1 1
*K 5 C 5 (5) A G 1 1 K (5) C 5 A 10 G 1 1 K (5) C 5 A (9)1 G 1 1 *K 5-4 (5-4) C 5-4 A 10-8 G (2-2-)
( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) 2 2 9 1 ( )
ψ µ µ µ = = V w w V 0 ψ
2 µ ψ = Pa V
ATP NADPH
+ + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NADP + 2H O 2ATP + 2NADPH +2H +O 2 ADP + Pi ATP 2
3RuBP + 3CO 2 6NADPH 9ATP PGALd + 3RuBP
ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ
3 [Na ] = 0.01+ 0.01 [Na ] = 0.01-0.01 + + [ Na ] = [ Na ] + + 0.01+ 0.01 3 0.01-0.01 3 3 + + = 2 [Na ] [Na ] 3
A CO 2 + 2H2O * CH2O + H 2O + O 2 * B CO + 2H A CH O + A + H O 2 2 2 2 2 CADP + Pi ATP + H 2O D2H O + 2A 2AH + O 2 2 2
A 1 2
ψ ψ ψ ψ
(mmol L) Na + 14 142 1 10 K + 155 5 31 1 Cl - 8 110 1 14 A - ( ) 60 15 4 1
( 0.1s) 0.3s 0.06s ( ) 0.24s 0.5s ( 0.1s 0.08s ) 0.42s
39 9 9 Ca 2+ 29
= = - / = / 7500ml / min 125ml / min 20 / min 20 / min / = = 10. 5000ml / min 2400 300ml 2400ml / = 0.48 5000
41 P CO2
Asp Asp pi = 1 2 pk 1 + pk = 1 2 2.09 + 3.86 = 2.98 3 pk 2
ATP camp + 5 AMP + Mg 2+ + H O+ Mg2 + 2
7 7 3 10 618 DNA 3 10 DNA = 618-8 2 2 10 V = r l = 3.14 8 20 10 2 0. 1 = 0.625 1 16% 1500 1 10 = 250 u 60 2501 = 400 / 0. 625
2 6 9 1m = 10 cm = 10 m = 10 A
1 10 10 100 DNA DNA DNA
20A 40A o o 80A 90A o o 250A o
10000 20 A 30 A o o
o o o 150 A o 200 A 20 A 30A
o o 50 A 60 A
n ABCD 2n ABCD ABCD 3n ABCD ABCD ABCD 4n 4n 2n-1 ABCD ABC ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD A'B'C'D' 2n+1 ABCD ABCD A 2n+2 ABCD ABCD AA 2n+1+1 ABCD ABCD AB 2n-2 ABC ABC P F P P PP P P F P P P P PP 1 2 1 9-6
BV B - V bv
RF = 100 + 4 + 4 RF b v = 100 = 16 21 + 21 + 4 + 4
+ sh + wx + c wx sh c sh + + sh wx c + wx c c sh wx + + sh wx c + + + + RFsh - wx = 100 = 626 + 601 + 4 + 2 100 6708 = 18.4 + + + RFsh - wx = 100 = 113 + 116 + 4 + 2 100 6708 = 3.5
2 397 + 861 M L p = = 0.4628 2 1788 N 861+ 2 530 L q = = 0.5372 2 1788 A = p + 1 2 2 2pq = p + pq = pp + q = p 2 a = q + 1 2 2 2pq = q + pq = qp + q = q 2 p = P + 1 2 H q = Q + 1 2 2 2 2 HP = P H = 2pqQ = q p + 2pq + q 2
1 x174 DNA 0.27 + 0.22 0.31 + 0.20 A = T = = 0.245C = G = = 0.255 2 2 o o -10 3.4 A 1A = 10 m iirrl L I irrl L iirrl L I irrl L ABO I i I i i i I i I i I i Rh R R R r R R r r Rr Rr MN L L L L L L L L L L L L
P AABB aabb F 1 AaBb 9 3 F 2 16 A_ B_ 16 A_ bb 3 1 aab_ aabb 1 4444 2 4444 3 16 16 12 3 1 2 3 x 2 = 12 3 1 106 + 36 = 420 = 560 = 105 = 560 = 35 16 16 16 2 2 x = 2 2 2 418 420 106 105 36 35 = + + = 0.048 420 106 35 2 x = 0.048 0.95 p 0.99 [2]
+ + + 73 + + S 348 +P+ 2 +PS 96 O++ 110 O+S 2 OP+ 306 OPS 63 96 +110 + 2 + 2 RF p-o= = 21 1000 73 + 63+ 2 + 2 RF = = 14 O-S 1000 2 + 2 100 = 1000 100 21 14 100 100 = 13.6
N - 161 165 161 162 163 164165 161 162163164165 161 162 163 164 165 1 UGGCAU AUG GAG UAU 161 162 163 164 165 UGG ACAUAU GGA GUA
49 1 2pq = 2 = 98 50 50 2500 98 2500 98 1 2500 4 = 98 10000 = 0.98 A B C D 9 8 2 2 2 2 9 9 3 7 5 1
Ts ts A Ts ts TS ts B TS ts Ts ts C Ts ts TS ts D TS ts
D 280 A o 4 B 4 10 = 0.02 0.02 C 1 + 0.02 0. 02 2 D 1 + 0. 02
1 DNA G CT G G T mrna U G trna U A 3 Trp 2 U C A G U pge Ser Tyr Cys U C Leu A Trp G C Leu Pro His Arg U C Gln A G A Ile Thr Asn Ser U C Ile Lys Arg A Met G G Val Ala Asp Gly U C Glu A Val G *
A u C A G U C A G EFS efs efs efs efs EfS Efs EFs 67 8 68 347 73 368 10 54 1000
P UURR uurr F UuRr uurr UuRr 1 4 Uurr 1 4 uurr 1 4 uurr 1 4 B D C A 10-5
R = 0.61 N.A
m = 100 = 1 10 m = 1.66m 6
A G A5 C 5 G G G G * K C A G 5 5 5 5 2
= 80 400 80 10000 1ml 3 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
CS N = F F S n V U P n CS V K F F U N = K P n S n
m g g m a b c d e f
1 C 2 C 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 D 7 C 8 C 9 B 10 D 11 C 12 D 13 C 14 D 15 A 16 C 17 D 18 B 19 C 20 D 21 A 22 A 23 D 24 B 25 A 26 D 27 B 28 B 29 C 30 C 31 A 32 A 33 C 34 D 35 D 36 C 37 A 38 B 39 B 40 B 41 D 42 D 43 B 44 A C B 45 D 46 C 47 D 48 B 49 A 50 C 51 A 52 D 53 B 54 B 55 C 56 C 57 C 58 A 59 B 60 A
1 A D 2 B C D 3 B C 5 B D E 6 C 7 D 8 A D E B C F 9 A B 10 A C D E 11 B 12 A 13 C D 14 A B C 15 A 16 C 17 A C D E 18 D E 19 B 20 B 21 D 22 D 23 A B 24 B 25 B 26 D 27 D 28 B H 29 B 30 B 31 A B C E 32 D E F M 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 D 37 A 38 C 39 D 40 C 41 D 42 B 43 A 44 D 45 A 46 D 47 A 48 D 49 C 50 B 51 C 52 D 53 D 54 A 55 C 56 C 57 B 58 B 59 B 60 C 61 B 62 B
1 D 2 B 3 B 4 C 5 A 6 D 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 B 13 B 14 D 15 B 16 A 17 B 18 C 19 B 20 B 21 A 22 C 23 B 24 D 25 D 26 D 27 B 28 A 29 B 30 C 31 D 32 C 33 D 34 D 35 A 36 C 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 B 41 A 42 B 43 D 44 C 45 D 46 B 47 A 48 A 49 D 50 D 51 B 52 A53 D 54 D 55 C 56 C 1 B 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 C 8 D 9 C 10 B 11 B 12 B 13 C 14 A 15 D 16 C 17 D 18 A 19 C 20 D 21 C 22 B 23 C 24 D 25 E 26 C 27 A 28 C 29 C 30 C
1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 C 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 D 10 B 11 B 12 C 13 B 14 D 15 B 16 A 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 D 21 C 22 A 23 C 24 B 25 A 26 ACEH 27 A F H J L 28 A B C D 29 A B C D 30 A C
1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 B 6 C 7 C 8 C 9 A 10 D 11 A 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 C 16 E 17 D 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 C 22 C 23 A 24 D 25 B 26 B 27 A 28 B 29 C 30 B 31 C 32 C 33 B 34 D 35 D 36 C 37 B 38 C 39 A 40 D 41 B 42 B 43 B 44 C 45 B 46 B 47 B 48 B 49 D 50 C 51 A 52 B 53 D 54 C 55 C 56 D 57 D 58 D 59 B 60 E 61 C 1 B 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 A 6 C 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 E 11 E 12 A 13 B 14 E 15 B 16 B 17 C 18 C 19 E 20 B 21 D 22 A 23 D 24 D 25 C 26 D 27 A 28 B 29 B 30 B 31 C 32 A 33 B 34 D 35 B 36 A 37 C 38 B 39 B 40 C 41 B 42 C 43 A 44 B 45 D 46 A 47 C 48 D 49 D 50 C 51 B 52 A 53 A 54 B 55 B
9 2. 8 10 DNA = 4.2 10 6 670 1 C 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 C 11 C 12 A 13 B 14 B 15 A 16 B 17 B 18 C 19 C 20 C 21 C 22 D 23 B 24 C 25 B A 26 B 27 1 B 2 F 3 E 4 D 5 G
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 B 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 A 9 B 10 A 11 C 12 D 13 D 14 B 15 D 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 C 20 D 21 C 22 B 23 A 24 C 25 B 26 D 27 A 28 B 29 C 30 B 31 C 32 B 33 A 34 C 35 C 36 B 37 B 38 B 39 D 40 B
41 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 23 23 22 DNA 5 CGT CCA ACT GCA 3 3 GCA GGT TGA CGT 5 mrna 3 GCA GGU UGA CGU 5 trna 5 CGU CCA ACU GCA 3 C Thr Trp Ser Cys N
1 C 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 A 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 D 11 D 12 B 13 A 14 A 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 C 19 A 20 B 21 D 22 D 23 A 24 A 25 B 26 D 27 A 28 D 29 C 30 B