,,,,,

,,,,,

( ) ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, WTO,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ;, 2004 5

,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ; ;, ;, ( ), ( ),,,, 2004 5

1 1 10 15 22 22 25 33 41 55 61 61 68 71 82 82 ( ) 89 ( ) 99 ( ) 108 118 127 136 136 142

2 e 书 联 盟 整 理 www.book118.co 152 152 155 166 175 183 186 191 195 198 209 209 211 224 235 235 237 239 254

,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 2.,,, 3., : 18 19,,,,,

2, 19,,,,, 19, ( ), omnibus, bus,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 1850,, 3, 1900,, 10,1883,,,,,, 1888,, 1.1: 1.1 1600 1662 1825 Stockton Darlington 1832 1863 1873 1888 1899 1901

3 ) 1910 1955 ( ) 1955 1956 1962 1969 1972 ( BA RT) 1975 ( ) 1978 1.1,,,,,, 4. (1 ), 30% 40%, 20% 1 (2 ),,,,,,, 19,, 5.,,,

4,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 90,,

5,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 1 100, 1 201 200 ha, 19 000 km, 10.29 m 2 /

6 5% (1 ),,,,,,,,, 10 ns, ( SI TU ), 100,,,,,, (20002006 ),,,, 350, 2/ 3 ( RA T P ) :,,,, 1 900, 30%, 80%, 241, 15, 2,, 610 / km 199, 3 500, 12 293 ; 103 k m, 390, 4 63 ; 2 840 k m, 4 000, 23 7 500, :,,, :,, :, V AL,,,,, 5 60, 70, 15 33%,,? :

7, 500, 1966 20, 100, ( R ER),,,,,,,, 2, 500,, (2 ) 300 k m, 192 km, 17, 15 (5 ), 2, 425 7.2 km,, 1960,,,, 400 km, 20,,, 1985 115,, 1982, 1986 10 km,,, 28, 1 000 km,, 300, (3 ), 300 m 30, 22 8 514 km, 514 km, 8 000 km 140, 105 km 15 000 40%, 15%, ( ), 42 % 2 200,, 60%,25%, 10% 1949 1 ( RAT P ),

8 R ER) ( R ER) ( SNCF ),, 15 000,1986, 375, 10%, 40%, 15%, ( ), 42 %,, 41%, 6 9 150, 41%,, 15%,, 57%, 2.,, 680, 1 075 km 2, 1 465 km 8.9% (1 ) 20 70, 15.6 km 1992 38.61 k m :,,, 60,, 111 5, 4.61 33.51 k m, 10,,1983,,,, 6 37, 4 ( ) 43.2 km, 19, 230, 8,,, 5, 3.7, 2.7, 0.91, 0.64, 23 km, 41,,, 2.3 / h, 50 (2 ), 52%, 22% 5%, 82%,, 1904, 30, 35,, 4 000, 14.2

9,, ( ), 1904, 30 k m, 13, 35,,,,,, 5%, 17 3.,,, 700, 1 579 km 2, 14 693 k m, 26.94 m 2 / 3.1% (1 ),, 140, 410 50, 300 1982 12 km,,, 650 km, 550, 150 11,, 38%,, 35%, 3 (2 ), 350,5 500,,, 1,,,, 1 1 2/ 3 250 20 80,,,,,,, 25%, 45 %, 20 80 170,

10 km,,,, 1997,,,,,, 2000 10, :,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 350, 5 500,,, 12, 2002 ;,, 1 100, 1, 1.,,,, 2., :,

11,,, ; ;,, 1.,, 2.,,, ;,,,,, :,,, 1. (1 ),,,

12,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, ; 2. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

13,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2001, 549 : ( ) ( ) :,, ;,,,, :,,,,

14,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ), ;,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,, 549, 65.9%, 34.1%,, :,, ;,

15, ;,,,,, 1.,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,

16 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, : ;,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

17, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, (5 ),,,,,,,, ;, :,

18, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 2. (1 ), : ( ), ( ),,,, :,,,, (2 ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, (1 ),

19,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 1.,,,,,,, ;,,, ( S T P ), 2. 1949, 117 107, 1979, 11,,,,, ;

20,,,,, 3. 650 km 2 12%, 13 % 300,, 160%, 270 700, 2010 1 000, 1996,,,,, :,, 1996 1015,,, : ; ;, ; :,, ; : ; ; ;, 100 ( 18, 72 ), 200, ;, ( BOO) ( BOT ),,,

21,? 2., 3. 4.

,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :

23, P, T, D, K, : P = KTD,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 11

24 2.1 11,,,,, 2.1 ( ),,,,,,, 1990 1 500, 5 / km 2 137, 100%, ( 9 ) 28,,,,,, 20 1 000 20 90, 6, ;, 1965,, 5, ( R ER),,,,,,,,,,,,

25, ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ), 22.6 m 2 /, 1/ 41/ 3,, 5.3%, 1/ 81/ 2 ; 3.0 m 2 /, 1/ 331/ 24,, 20 90, 80% 1 370, 75%,, 5 km 70%,,, 1/ 5,, 15,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,

26 2.2 2.2 / 40 120 100180 40 120 110250 140280 140 210 / / 1 1 1 13 1 14 110 110 / 40 120 100300 40 120 110800 140 2 000 140 1 800 k m/ h 4080 80 90 40 80 6070 7090 60100 80100 80130 / h 600800 1 5002 000 60 120 60 120 6090 4090 2040 10 30 / h 720 1 050 1 8002 600 2 4008 000 4 00015 000 4 0008 000 6 00020 000 10 00040 000 8 00035 000 k m/ h 2050 60 90 15 25 1220 2040 2045 2560 40 70 k m/ h 1030 20 60 6 15 6 13 1530 1540 2455 38 65 / k m 1025 50 120 20 90 30 150 75 200 120600 400 1 800 500 2 000 m 3.003.65 3.653.75 3.003.65 3.003.50 3.653.75 3.403.75 3.704.30 4.004.75 m 200 500 250500 350800 350800 5002 000 1 2004 500 0.22.0 2.0 15.0 0.1 0.4 1.02.0 3.09.0 3.512.0 8.025.0 10.025.0 1 1.,,, 600, 40, 24 000, ( ), ( ),, 200, 90, 18 000,, 2., ( K ) ( Y ), 2.2, 40 000, 35 km/ h,, 50013 000, 520 k m/ h

27 ( terminal terminus ),,,, ( ),,,,,, 2.3,,,, 2.3,,, 2.3 ( ) ( ) 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,

28,, 2.4: 2.4 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ) ( ) : (, ),,

29,,,,,,, (2 ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1213,, 2.1 2. 1, :,,, ;,,

30,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2.5,,,, 2.5

31, ;, 20 20,,,,,,,, 2 501 30,,,,,,,,,,,,, 50, 1945 35% 5%,,,,,,,, 30% 50%,,, 20 60,, 70,,,,,,, 20 60,,,,,,,, 1.,,,

32,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 / h, ; 8 000 / h,, 7, ( ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,, ts t g : ts = t1 + t2 tg = t3 + t4 + t5 + t6 : t1 t6,, ;,,,,

33,,,,,,,, 30 m,,, ;,,,, ;,,, ;,, 3.,,, 2.6 2.6 ( m 2 ) ( ) ( m 2 ) 12 1020 610 ( ) (m 2 ) 1.52 46 1.5, 1/ 101/ 20, 1/ 61/ 10,,,,,,,,, 1.,

34,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80, 7, 3,,,,,, 2000,,,

35 2., :, (1 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, (2 ),, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) ;,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 50 %,,, 3.,,

36,,,, : ; ( ) ( ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. : 2.,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), () (5 ), () (6 ), () (7 ) ( ) ( ),, : : n E = Ai Si ; i = 1

37 E ; A () ( ) ; S ; i (8 ) : = (9 ), () 3. (1 ) : ;,, :,,,, (2 ),,,,, 2.2 2.2,,, 2.3 2.3

38 (3 ),,,,,,,, 2.4 2.4, 12,,, 2.5 2.5,,, 2.6 2.6,, 2.7 2.7,, 4.,,,

39,,,,,,, (2 ) 7,,,,, ;,,, ; (3 ), ;,,,,,, (600800), ; (16001800),, 2.8 2.8 ( 1200 1400 ),, ( 20002200 ),,, 2.9 ( 1200 1400 ) ( 20002200 ), 2.10

40,, 2.10,, 2.11 2.11 1 h

41,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,

42,, ;, 1.,,, 2. :,, ( ), (, ), 2.7 2.7 ( ) 1 2 3 3.,,,,,

43,,,,,, ( ), 216, 208, 216 1, 12 4., ( 30 1 ) 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 2.8

44 500 501600 2.10,, 5. 2.7,

45 ) 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 : 2.11 500 501600 601700 701800 : 2.12 ( ) 2.13 ( % ) (1 ) :, 60,,

46 : = = 2.15 % % : = = = = 100 % : = 100 % 2.16 ( % ) ( % ) 500 501600

47 ( % ) ( % ) ) 601700 701800 : 7 30, 8 15, 20, 7 01 800, 6.,,,,,,,, 7.,, 5%,, ;, 30 000, 40 000, ( ) ( ),,,, OD ( ), ( ) 1. ( 1 )

48,,,,,, 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.17 : : : ( ) % 500530 531600 601630 2.18 : : : ( ) 1 2 3 2.19 : : : ( ) % 500530 531600

49 % ( ) ) 601630 2.20 : : : ( ) 1 2 3 2.,,, 90%, 3. ;, ; 4., 30 min 1 h ( ),,,,

50 5.,,, ( ),,,, 1., 2.,,,, 3. 2.21 2.21 : : : 1 2 3 4 5 500530 531600 601630 132 280 310 : 1, 1 2 58, 3 132, 4 280 500 530 1 1 9 40, 2 5 8, 3 13 2, 4 28 0, 5 31 0, 6

51 : 2.2 2 2.22 : : : 1 2 3 4 5 6 500530 58 132 280 310 160 940 531600 601630 631700 : 1, ( ) ; 1 940, 1 940 ; 2 58, 2 2 58 ; 3 132, 1 3 132 ; 4 280, 58 194 640 1 312 1 331, 3 535 3 535 2.23 2.23 500530 % 58 194 640 1 312 1 331 3 535 58 132 280 310 160 940 940 2 150 43.7 % 62 200 367 201 830 1 712 2 150 79.5 % 160 305 200 665 2 183 2 150 101.5 % 330 260 590 2 133 2 150 99.2 % 510 510 1 331 2 150 61.9 % ( % ) : 940 + 830 + 665 +590 + 510-3 535 1 : 1 2 1 940 2 3 (2 ) 1 2

52 (940 + 830-58 - 1 712 ), 1 331 2.24,, : 2.24 : : 1 2 3 4 5 6 500530 62 200 367 201 830 531600 601630 631700 : 2, 2 3 62, 4 200 4.,,,,, 1.,,,, 2.25 : : 2.25 2 3 / 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min,

53, 2.26 2.26 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 500 501600 601700 701800 801,, 2. ( ),,,,,,,,,, 3., (1 ) ( ),, 2.27,, 2.28

54 : : : : : 2.28 : : (2 ) ( ) : ; ( ) ; ;,,,,,,,,, (3 ) OD( Oigin-Destination),,,,, (

55, ( ), : ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, : ( ), ( ), 7 min (500 m ) (13 ) ( 510 ) (15 ),,,,, 2.12 2.12

56 1. (1 ),, t ( x ), ( y ), 2.13,,,,,, 2.13,,,,, (2 ), : : y ; x ; a y = a + bx 2.13,,, 2.14 : : ( x0, y0 )( x1, y1 ) : y = f( x) y = f ( x), y - y0 x - x0 = y1 - y0 x1 - x0 : y = y0 + y1 - y0 x1 - x0 ( x - x0 ) = f ( x) y =, ( x0, y0 ) ( x1, y1 ) f ( x),,,, (, ) y = a + bx, a, b 2.14

57 ( ), y = a + bx : : a, b ; y ; x ; b x + na = y b x2 + a x = xy n a, b a, b y = a + bx,, 2.,,,,,,,,, : : a, b ; y = ab x a ; b y x : log y = xlog b + log a y= log y, A = log b, B = log a y= Ax + B,, : y = ax 2 + bx + c,,,, ( )

58 3. :, x = n an a0-1 : x ; an n ; a0 ; n,, 19801996, 2.29 2.29 ( ) ( ) 1980 466.70 1989 531.24 1981 469.30 1990 580.44 1982 471.51 1991 610.31 1983 458.24 1992 690.31 1984 474.21 1993 681.12 1985 481.37 1994 721.18 1986 490.14 1995 752.17 1987 440.74 1996 763.86 1988 492.11 1980 466.70, 1996 763.86, 16 : x = 16 763.86/ 466.70-1 = 1.031 3-1 = 0.031 3 = 3.13% 2004 : an = a0 ( 1 + x) n : a200 4 = 466.70 ( 1 + 3.13% ) 24 = 466.70 [ ( 1 + 3.13 % ) 16 ( 1 + 3.13% ) 8 ] = 466.70 (1.637 + 1.280 ) = 466.70 2.095 = 977.74 ( )

59 4., y^t + 1 = ay t + ( 1 - a) y^t : yt t ; y^t t ; a ( 0 < a < 1, ) ; y^t + 1, : a a, a, a 0.10.3, 2000 12, 2000 11.82 2001 (a = 0.3) y^200 1 = 0.3 11.82 + ( 1-0.3) 12 = 3.546 + 8.4 = 11.946( ),,,,,,, 5.,, : : y ; y = a0 + a1 x1 + a2 x2 + + ai x i xi (, i = 1, 2, 3,, n) ; ai ( i = 1, 2, 3,, n) 6.,,,,,

60, (),, (2 ), (3 ),,,,,,,,,, 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.? 5.?? 6.? 7.?

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,

62 60,,,,,, 11, 50 30,, ( ),,, :,, ( ) 199, 50.7% 2.,, 1 000,,,, 1995 458 785, 1 717 km, 267,,,,,,,,,,, 90%,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 80,,,

63 3.,,, :,,,, 20 80,,,,,,,,,, 20 80 1989,,,,, 20 90,,,,,, :,,,,,, 4. ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,, 10 %, 25% 30%,,, 50

64, 55%, 28% 11 % ( ), 46%,, 4.5%, 2000 250,,, 94%, 5.,,, 1693, 150 20 60, 100,,,,,,, 5, 2,,,, 5 56 km 270 185 km, 511 km, 13,,,,,, 10, 50, 3/ 4, 1 300, 28 %,,, 1990 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

65,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7., 1 400, 6 340 k m 2,, 20,, 50,,, 1908 3 5,,, ( ), 6.04 km 1914 11 1922 8, 20 90,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 20 90, 40%, 6 829 km; 13%, 23 007 k m; 8 9 5,, 12 km/ h 1 km/ h ; ( C ) 70, 2.5 ;, 3, 65 km

66,,, 2002 6, :,,, ;,,,, ;,,,, ; 1 ; 100 0.2 ; 1 000, 1 ;, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

67,,,,, 1.,,, 777 km 2, ( ) 5, 26, 33 483 km 2,,,,,, 2.,, 2 161 km 2,,, 13 000 km 2 40 km, 1990 360,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, 105 km 2, 12 000 k m 2, 3 4, 5, 25 km,,,,,,,, 1 580 km 2, 12, 27 000 k m 2,,,, 8 2550 km, 9,

68 35 km, 9,,,, 650 km,,,,,,,, 1., : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2 ),

69,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. ( ) ( ) (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, (3 ),

70,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,, ;,, :,, :,, 200 ;,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

71,,, : (1 ),,,, 57, 1525, 3 (2 ),,, 1 300 ( 1.3 ), 25 000, 40 00050 000, 3038 (3 ),, 3,, 613, 1.8 (4 ),, (5 ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40

72,, 1., (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,, 2. (1 ),,, 1 km (2 ), () (),,, (3 ),,,,, 3. (1 ), 30 000 / h,,,, (2 ),, 15 00030 000 / h, 4. (1 ), (2 ),,,,,

73, ;,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

74,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, : ; ;, ;,, 2030, 510,,,, : (1 ),, ;,, (2 ),,,, (3 ) 2.,,, :

75, 1992,,,, :, ; ;,,,, (2 ),,, ;,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,,,,, (7 ),,,,,, 3.,,,

76, 3.1 3.1 (1 ),,,,,, :,,,,, ( ), ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,,

77, (4 ),,, : (5 ),,,,,,,,, 13 k m, 0.71.8 km, 0.51 km,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,

78 20,,, 1.,,,,,,, (1 ), 1965 1970 1974, 30%, 10.9%, 308.8, 80%,17% (2 ),,,,, 50%, 40 % :, 1998 25.6%,, 1982,,1988 21.3 %,, 36 %,,, 6 3% 3.1,, 3.1 35.5% 1 % 63.5% 36 % 10 % 54 % 75 % 25 % 0 46 % 31 % 23 % 55 % 10 % 35 %

,,, 79 2.,, 4 1994 8, 220 50, 43, 84%, 10, :, 1993 4.14, 9.1%,,, 1993 2.9, 6.4%,, 3., (1 ),, 7, 40 km,, ( ) : 1996,,, (2 ) 1,, 18.48 km, 16,,, 35 km 2, 200 m 2, 78 m 2 53 m 2 45 m 2 10 m 2,,,,,,,,

80 : 1.,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, 40%,,,,,,,, 4.,,,, 5., (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,

81,,,, 3 % ;, ;, ; (3 ),,, 4, 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2.? 3.? 4.?

, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,

83 (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2., (1 ),,, :,,, :,, ;,,,,, :,, ;,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,, ()

84,,,, ( ),,, (2 ),,, :, 4002400, 20 h,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 2400400,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,

85,,,,,, ( ),, 1., :,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, : O, n X, m Y, 4.1 ( k m) :, 35 A 25 B 40 C ( X, Y ), : ( 35 + 25 + 40) X = 35 8 + 25 ( - 8 ) + 40 1 ( 35 + 25 + 40) Y = 35 6 + 25 0 + 40 ( - 7 ) : X = 1.2, Y = - 0.7 4, ( 1.2, 1-0.7), n 0.7 k m, m 1.2 km,,,,

86,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, ( ),?, 20 50 200 200 70 :,,,, : ;, 200 400,,,,,, 50% 60%,,, 2.,, 3 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;

87, (2 ),,,,,, ( ),,,, (3 ), 20 80,,, ( ) 5 20,,,,2000,, : ( ), 5, 12, 33 58,,, 2010,,, 2 17, 5 ;, 1, 5, 22 ;,, 2015,, 1 3, 20, 4 ; 5 2, 27, 3. ( ),,, : ; ;,

88,,,,,,,,, 450, 256, 57%,,,,,, : 20 000 1, 1 ; 1 000 m 2 (100L 10W), 530 m 2, 300 m 2, 80 m 2, 150 m 2 ( 50L 3W), 700 m 2 (100L 7W ),, ;,,, 4.,,,,, (1 ),, : d = 2 VLT : d ; V (4 km/ h) ; L ( 4 km) ; T ( 30 s ) d = 2 4 4 30 3 600 = 0.517 km = 517 m,,,, 600800 m, 1 200 m (2 ),,,,

89 3050 m,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,, ( ),,, 1.,,, ( R), ( R),, 2., ( ) (1 ) ( )

90 h ), 80%, 65 % 70%, 60% 7 m(7 m), (2 ) 1 40 h ( ),,,, : = ( + )40 h 7,, 11.43 h, (3 ) ( ) ( T), 15%,,,, 20% 25% (4 ) 3. (1 ) ( V), ( T) (2 ) ( V), ( T) (3 ) ( t0 ) : t0 = 2 L V : L,, (4 ) ( m) ( ) ( m 2 )8 (5 ) ( N ), : N = R t0 m 60 min (6 ) ( t),, (, min ) :

91 t n t0 N = ti = ( n1 t1, n2 t2,, nn tn ) i = 1 : t0 ; N, ; ti ; n1, n2,, nn : 78 min, ( )15, : 4. t = 78( min )/ 15 () = ( 3 6 min, 12 5 min ), :,,,,,,, (1 ),, ( ) ( ),, (2 ),, 30%, 13 km (3 ),,,,,,,, 5.,,

92, 9.5 km, 8.5 km, 5 km, 25 min, 20 min; 5.5 km, 27 min, 22 min 530 2300 15 min 8 4.1 4.1 9.5 km 8.5 km T T T T T T 530630 17 34 5 39 30 5 35 631830 16 36 3 39 32 3 35 8311530 15 38 6 44 34 5 39 15311830 15 38 4 42 34 4 38 18312000 16 36 5 41 32 5 37 20312300 17 34 5 39 30 5 35 1. 4.2 ( ),,,,, 2. 4.2 3. ( N) (1 ) 4.1,, 4.2, 3 605, (605, ) 2 530 ( ) 35 min, ( ),, 4 2 644-530 = 74 min, 74 min (2 ),,,,, 1,

94,,,, ( ),,, (3 ),, :,,,,,, 4. 8 h, 4 h 4 h,, 4.3 4.3 400800 8001200 12001600 16002000 20002400 000400 4.1 17 14 15 17 7 0,,, : ; : ; : ; :, 4.2, 4.3, 5., : (1 ),,, 21, 14, 5 10 A, A1 1, A15, A14, A3 4, A44, A45, A3 5 A1 1 A44, A15 A14,,,, 4.4

95 17 14 15 17 7 A15 7 7 7 7 7 A14 7 7 7 7 A 34 1 1 A 11 3 A 44 2 4.3, 4.4, 7 A15, 14 7 7 A1 4, A3 4 1, A11 3, A44 2,,,, (2 ), ;, 4.2, 6. 4.5 4.5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0.5 4 5 6 4 7 3 1 8 11 12 10 13 9 1.5 12 16 17 15 18 14 2 16 22 23 21 24 20 2.5 20 27 28 26 29 25 4.5, 5, 0.52.5, 420 h,,,,,,, 4.2, 448 7 833

96 h 45 min, 4 h, 5,, 6 4, 12.5 4.5 : ( ) ; (, ) ; ; ; ; 1.,, 1 min, () ( t) 4.1 4.6 3 min, (), 2. 4.1 4 (4, ) 17, 644758 74 min, : 105 (,, 10 5 ), 74 5 6 3 2 1 1 29, 28 2 46, 105 3 145,14 3 5 min, 1 8 min14 1, 2 6 min,,, 1 110, 19, 28, 2 58, 47,16, 3 17, 16, 95, 44,, 4.2 630 t= 34 min, t= 5 min, t= 37 min 4.1, 3 623 4, 623 658, 35 min, 1 min,, 623 5, 4 658,,, 1 2 3 1,, 2, 39 min 530, 9

97 10, 9 7 86, 75, 2, : t,, 6,,,, 901 + 1 6, + 1( A11 ), + 3( A11 ) 8 + 2( A11 ) 3, 3 4, 4.1 : 12 1, 12 + 1 + 2, + 3 ( 4.2 + 2 ) 16 2 20 2, 16 20, + 1 + 3 (, 2, ) 22 1, 2 1 21 10, 1 ( A35 ), 1 23 24 25, A1 4 21 23, 26 A15, 7, 26, 2300, 2300, 35 min 2225, 2225 13 2227 27 2300 2159 61 min 6, 7, 2300, 15 min,, ( 4.1, ) 4.2,, 15 min,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30 min 1 h, :

98,,,,,,,, 1. : = 2 4.3, 35, 5 2 8, ( ) 2.,,,,,,,, B12 ( B,, ), B34, B45, B14, B35, B13,, : B1 2 = A2 B1 4 = A1 - A2,, : B3 4 = A3 + A4 - A5 2 B3 5 = A3 + A5 - A4 2,

99 4.2 : B14 = 2 B1 2 = A2 B13 = A1 - A2 - B14,, B34 B35 B4 5, B4 5 4.3, : B12 = 14, B1 4 = 2, B13 = 1, B34 = 11, B3 5 = 3 = 4 29, 6 3 :,,,,, 4.2,,, 4.2 B35 3, B13 1, B1 4 2, + 1+ 3 1 4 6 ( ) 3.,, ( ),, 6001900,,, 4.6,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

100,, 1.,,,,,,,, ( ) 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,, :,,,,,,,

101 1. :,,,,,, 2.,,,, : (1 ),, 25 min, 5 min,, 750805,, 2 2, 4.6, 750805 69 4, 5 10 750805 5 3 min, 4.6 750 ()4 min, 805 ()1 min, 5 5 min, 4, 1 4.6 1 700 730 800 700 731 800 2 704 734 804 704 736 804 3 708 738 808 708 741 808 4 712 742 812 712 746 812 5 716 746 816 716 750 816 6 720 750 820 720 753 820 7 724 754 824 724 756 824 8 728 758 828 728 759 828 9 732 802 832 732 802 832 10 736 806 836 736 805 836 11 740 810 840 740 809 840 12 744 814 844 744 814 844 13 748 818 848 748 818 848 14 752 822 852 752 822 852 15 726 756 826 856 726 756 826 856

102 ( ),, 25 min,,,,,,,, (2 ) :, ;, 1/ 3, 60 % ; :,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), :, 1/ 3 ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, (4 ) ;, :, n min,

103 min, n, 630800 25 min, 5 min, 12, 4.7, 67 4.7 4.7 1 630 700 700 700 700 700 730 800 2 635 705 705 705 705 705 735 3 640 710 709 710 710 710 740 4 645 715 713 715 715 715 745 5 650 720 717 720 720 720 750 6 655 725 721 725 724 725 755 725 730 728 728 7 700 730 730 734 732 730 800 8 705 735 735 738 736 735 805 9 710 740 740 742 740 740 810 10 715 745 745 746 745 745 815 11 720 750 750 750 750 750 820 12 725 755 755 755 755 755 825, : 6, 4.7 7, 4.7 5 9, 4.7, 67 5 min,, 5 min 5 4 min, 4.7, 67,,,,, (5 ) ; ; :, n, 1, n,

104 30800 25 min, 5 min, 15, 4.8, 6,, : 7, 4.8 5, 4.8 4 9, 4.8, 4 min,, 4 min 4 5 min 4.8 4.8 1 630 700 700 700 700 730 800 2 634 704 704 704 704 734 3 638 708 709 708 708 738 4 642 712 714 712 712 742 5 646 716 719 716 717 746 6 650 720 750 7 654 724 724 721 722 754 8 658 728 728 726 727 758 9 702 732 732 731 732 802 10 706 736 736 736 736 806 11 710 740 740 740 740 810 12 714 744 744 744 744 814 13 718 748 748 748 748 818 14 722 752 752 752 752 822 15 726 756 756 756 756 826,,,,, (6 ) :,,, ;,, ;,

105 :, ;,,, ;,, (8 ),,,,, (9 ),,,,,,, 25 min, 5 min,1100 15 min 4.9, 5 min, 20 min 4.9 10001056,11001210 4.9 1 1000 1030 1100 15 1145 1000 1030 1100 1145 2 1004 1 1035 1105 14 1149 1004 1035 1105 1149 3 1008 2 1040 1110 13 1153 1008 1055 1125 1153 4 1012 3 1045 1115 12 1157 1012 1040 1110 1157 5 1016 4 1050 1120 11 1201 1016 1045 1115 1201 6 1020 5 1055 1125 10 1205 1020 1050 1120 1205 7 1024 6 1100 1130 9 1209 1024 1110 1140 1209 8 1028 7 1105 1135 8 1213 1028 1115 1145 1213 9 1032 8 1110 1140 7 1217 1032 1100 1130 1217 10 1036 9 1115 1145 6 1221 1036 1105 1135 1221 11 1040 10 1120 1150 5 1225 1040 1125 1155 1225 12 1044 11 1125 1155 4 1229 1044 1130 1200 1229 13 1048 12 1130 1200 3 1233 1048 1135 1205 1233 14 1052 13 1135 1205 2 1237 1052 1120 1150 1237 15 1056 14 1140 1210 1 1241 1056 1140 1210 1241

106 1056 1100 1105 1140 1145 1149, 25, 19 20, 314 : 45 min( 25 min, 20 min ),,,, 4.9 710 1114, 1145 O, 6 1055 1125 3 4.9,,,,,, : 1.,,,, 2., 2 h, () 5002300, 4 h 40%,,,, 3.,,, 1/ 3,,,,,

107 4.,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ), 16088160,,,,, (2 ) IC, IC,,, (3 ),,, 2. (1 ),, ( confident ), IC, t + t( t,t ), (, ),,,,,,

108 ( GPS ) ( G PS ) 981,, 81 123 983, GSM GPS GIS, SMS,, GPS,, ( ), IC,,,, F IEX,,,, 981 GPS, (3 ) ( ) IC IC,,,,, GPS,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 1., 2.,,,, 3.,,,

109,,, 5.,,,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,,,, (5 ),,,, 2.,,,, ;,, 3.,

110 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,, 2.,,, ; ; ; ; ; (1 ),, : : : :,,, :,

111 : 3 0004 000 km 24 00028 000 km( 6 24 000 km, ) : 56 00084 000 k m : 108 000168 000 k m : 14,,,,, (2 ), :,,,,,, : 3 2 2 1 (3 ), : :, :, :,,,,,

112 3.,,,,, 10 % 15 % :,,,,, 4., :,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,, ;,,,, 1.,,, :,,,, 4.10 : (1 ) :,

113 ( ) ( ) ( 4.11 4.11 ( ) (2 ) ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

114,, 1, 12,,,,, (3 ), 4% 6 % ; 4% 8% ; 50 % ; 10% ( ),,,,,,,,, (4 ) ( ),,,,, ;, : (5 ),,,,,, ;,,,,, 2. :,,,

115,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 3., :, :,,, ( ),,, ; 13, 4 1. (1 ) ( % ),, : = 100 % : = - (2 ) ( ) ( L/ 100 km ) 100 km,, : ( L) = ( 100 km)

116 ( s/ 100 km),, : = ( s) ( 100 km) (4 ) ( / 10 000 km), 10 000 km : = () ( 10 000 km ) (5 ) ( km/ ),, : = ( km ) () (6 ) ( km/ ), ( ), : = ( km ) () (7 ) ( % ), : = ( ) 100% () (8 ) ( % ), : = 100% (9 ) ( / 1 000 km) 1 000 k m, ( ) : () = (1 000 km) (10) (/ ) ( ),, ( ), :

117 () () (11) ( / 1 000 km) 1000 km ( ), : = () ( 1 000 km ) (12) ( / ), ( ), : = + () () (13),,,, :,, : ( % ) = - () 100 % ( % ) = - () 100 % ( % ) = - ( ) 100% ( % ) = - () 100% : 3 000 km, 1 000 km 18 000 k m, 3 000 km 4 000 km 1 000 8 000 km 2 000 5560 2., ( ),, 10% ;

118 3. (1 ) ( / 100 km ) 100 km, : = () ( 100 km) (2 ) ( 10 000 km/ ),,,, : = ( 10 000 km) () (3 ) (/ 100 km ) ( ), 3 min (3 min ),,, : = () ( 100 km ) (4 ) ( km/ ),, : = ( km ) () 1., ( ),, ;,,,

119 2.,,,, ( ), () ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,

120,, :,, :,,,,,,,,, (3 ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,,, 1.,,, (1 ),,, ( ), 50% 60%,,,,,,,,,,

121,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), ( ) (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, (1 ),,,,,, ( ) ( ) (2 ),,,

122,,,, (3 ),,,, : 2001 1 1 ( ), 20050 000, ;, 50200,,, ( 4 ) ( ),,,,, ;,,, 1. (1 ) :, (2 ),, 8 5 3 1,, 8 ;, 5 ;, 3 ;, 1 (3 ), ( ), ;,,,, 2.,,

123 4.12,,, ;, ;, ;,, 3.,, : ; ; ;,,,,, 1.,,,,, 2., (1 ),,,,, : ; ; 1 h ;

124 () 2005 300 m : = = = = 100% = = (2 ), : = ( / 100 km ) = ( / 100 km ) = ( / 10 000 km) (3 ),, : 2005, 12 km/ h 15 k m/ h : = 60( min ) = + + + a1 + a2 + a3 + + ax = ( x) : (4 ), = 100% = 100%

125 100% = 100% 3.,, (1 ), 10%, (2 ) 20, (3 ), ;,, ;,,, 1., (1 ), :,, ; ;, ;, ;,, :, ; ;, ;, ;,, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ; ;, ;,

126 :,,,, ; (), ;,, : ( ),,,, ;,,,, ;, (2 ) :,, ; ;, ;, ;, ;, ; :,, ; (), ;, ;,, ;,, ; ;,, ; ;, ;,, (3 ) :,, ; ;,, ;, :, ( ) ;

127 ;,,, ;,, ;, ;, ;, ;, 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,

128,,, 2.,, ;,,, ;, ;,, 3.,,,, 4.,,,,,, 1., : 2., ( ) 3., ( ) 4.

129 5.,,, :, 1.,,,,, 2.,,,,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,, 4.,,,,, :,, ; :, 45%,,,, 5.,,, : GPS,,

130,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ) ( ),,,,, (3 ),, 2.,,,,, 3. (1 ), 5 m,,,, (2 ), 3 km,,, (3 ), (4 ) 8 h, 9 h,,, (5 ),, 7 m; 24 m, 21 m;,, ;,, (6 ),,,,

131, 1. (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,, ;,, ;, 2.,, (1 ) 12, 1 000, 200 ; (2 ) 12, 3, 30 000 ;

132 60 000 ; 12, 3, 30 000 (4 ) 3, 11, 1, 8, 2, 5, 60 000 3., 5,,, ;,,,, ( 30 min 60 min 90 min) ;, 4.,, (1 ),, ( ),,, (2 ),,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, ;,,, ;,, ;, (3 ),,,,, 5. (1 ),,,,,,, ;,

133, (2 ),,,, ;,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 7.,,, (1 ),,

134 1 3 ; 1,,, 3, 113, 3,, 3 7 (2 ), 2004 5 1 :,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 10 20 50 100,, : 20%, 15%, 10 %, 5% 2.,,, 3.,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), 1.? 2.,??

135 4. 5.,? 6.??

1.,, :,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,

137,,,,,,,, 70%,,,,,,,, ;, 3. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, 40%, 80 % 90 %,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,

138 (5 ),,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, (2 ), 200 km 2 700 km 2, (3 ),,, 2. (1 ),, (2 ),, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,

139 5.,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; 1.,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ), ;, ;, ;,,, 2. (1 ),, :,, ;, ;, LPG GPS ISO9002 ;,,,,, (2 ),,,,

140,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),, ; ; :,,,,,, 4 h 4.,, ;, ;, ;,, (1 ),,,,, ;,,, (2 ),,,,,, ;,, (3 ),

141,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,, (1 ) 1988,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 6.,, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,, ;,,, (3 ),, :,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,

142, 7.,,, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ) :,,,, ;, 110,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,, (2 ),

143,,,,,,, 50, 2 500,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,

144,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :, :, :,, :,,, :,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 2.,, (1 ), 30%,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,

145,,,,,,, (2 ), 70%,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, (1 ) :

146,, ;,, ;,,, ;,,, ;, ; ;, (2 ),,,, ; ;, 50100 m ;,,, ; ;, ; (3 ) 25 000,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; 100 km/ h, ;, ; ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; ;

147 ; ;, 4.,,,,,,,,, (1 ), ; ;,,,, ;,, 5 m ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, ; 5 m,,

148 1.,,,, (1 ), ;,,,,,,,, ;,, :,,,,,, (2 ),,, 2.,,,, (1 ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, (2 ),,,,,

149,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 3., (1 ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, (2 ),

150, ;, (3 ) : 2.,, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, ; ;, ; (4 ),,,, 3.,,,,,, (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, ; ;,,,,,,,,,

151 2.? 3. 4.? 5.? 6.?

1863 1,, 100, 115 7 000 km,, 1969 2000 31, 143.4 km 55.5 km, 65 km, 18.5 k m, 7.4 km 21,, 10 16 383 km 6.1 6.1 ( km) 1 46 2 19 3 5 27.6 4 22.3 5 1 12.45 6 2 31 7 16.84 8 1 14.2 9 2 17.11 10 46 11 1 27.43 12 1 14.6 13 45.4 14 1 26.2

153 2005 9 200 km( 6.2 ) 2008 300 km 10, 10 1 000 km,, 6.2 (km) ( ) ( ) L4 35 30 20012005 2002 M8 22.8 22 20012005 M3 14 9 1 12.4 9 20002005 M7 20 16 2003 2 10 4 35 12 2003 17.2 11 20002002 T 21.7 17 20002004 35 2 20012003 1. Metro, U Bah n 100 km 6.3, 60% 6.3 100 km ( km) 1 592 2 392 3 338 4 274 5 243 6 184

154 ) ( km) 7 180 8 143 9 180 10 120 :, ;,,, 50 000 / k m,,, 2 min ; 80 km/ h, 3040 km/ h, 4 / h, 68, 1 km, 750 V 1 500 V 2., 20 50,,,,70,, :, 1/ 31/ 5,,,,, 4 6 3 8,,,,, 1 500 V 750 V

155, ATC,,,,, 1 2 ( A ) ( B ) ( C ), ABCCB A ; 8, : ABCBCBCA ; ( TC ) ( MP ) : 1.,,, 2.,,, 3.,,, 4.,

156, 5. ( ) ( ) 6. ;, 7.,, ;,, ;, 1 6502 ATC ; 1,, : ; ; + 20 km/ h 1. (1 ),,,,

157, +, 20 km/ h, (2 ), (3 ),,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 1 6502,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,

158, ; ; 1,, 1, :, 1.,, ( ) ( ), ;, 2., ; ;,,,,,,,,,, 3. ( ) 1 6, 6 4., ( ),,

159, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 220 kv 110 kv, ( ) ( ), ( 10 kv 35 kv ), (), (1 500 V 380 V ), 1 2,,,,,,,,, : 1. ( 110 kv 220 kv),, 2.,,

160 4 k m,, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1 2, ;, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (ATC) ( Automatic Train Control Sy st em, AT C), :

161 A T P A TO A TS 1. ( Automatic T rain Protection, A T P) A T P, : 6.1 (1 ),,, 6.1 A T P P, P P, V P = 5 km/ h,,, (2 ),, ( ) ( ) ;, A T P, ;,,, (3 ) ( Moving Block ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ),, (4 ) AT P, A T P : : d ; L = d N N (5 ),,, AT P : (6 ) A T P,, A T P, :

162, ( ),,,, AT P ( A TO OK ),,, A TO A T P,,,,,, 2. ( Automatic T rain Operation, A TO ) A TO, A TO : (1 ), ATO ( ), 0.5 m (2 ) AT P, AT P,, ATO : (3 ) ATO Ts ( AT S, ), ATO (), A TO, ( A T P ), ATO ;, ( ),, (4 ), ATO ( SIBAS16 SIBAS32, ALS TOM AGAT E), ATO ATO,, (5 ) AT P ( ), A TO,, A T P, ATO (6 ) AT P, AT P ATO A TO AT P, ATO,, A TO ATO, AT P

163, A TO, A T P (7 ) ATO,,, 24 h, 3. ( Automatic T rain Supervision, ATS) A TS :,,,,,,,, (AFC),, ( A FC ), A FC 1. A FC : (1 ), ; A FC, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), A FC (6 ) 2. (1 ),,, ;,,,,, (2 ), IC, 6.4:

164 IC 1. 1. 2., 2. 1., 2., 3.,, 1., 1. 2.,, IC 2., 3., IC, IC,, IC, IC,,,, AFC, : 1,, 1 2, IC ( ), IC, 1 2 3., 1,,, 73,, 1,,,,, 11, 32 AFC,,, 4.

165,, ; ; 5.,,,, AFC ;, AFC,,,, 6. AFC A FC (GB50157 92 ) : 30 / min ; 15 / min ; 10 / min 1 1,,, ( ),,, 1, IC IC,,,, : 5 / min, 10 / min, 2 / min, 25 / min, : 1.2, 1.41.5,, 23, 911 7. A FC,,,,,,,,

166,, 2,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,

167, (2 ),, 2, ;, 3.,, (1 ) :,, ; 1 5002300(, ) 6.5 6.5 (h) ( h) 1863 20 1868 24 1892 24 1969 18 1993 18 1979 19 1900 20 1902 21 1927 19.5 1935 19,,,,, (

168,, AT C,,,, 6.6 6.6 A B C C (m) 200 200 120 < 100 < 60 (m) 3.00 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 () (6 / m 2 ) 310 240 320 220 104202 () 68 68 46 24 2 ( s ) 120 120 120 150 120, : = ( Pmax/ Cmax ) 100 % : B ; Pmax ( ) ; Cmax (),, (2 ) : : Ni = Pmax/ ( PB) : Ni ; Pmax ; P ; B : T = 3 600/ N : T ( s)

169,, 6 min, 10 min (3 ), 4.,, (1 ), : : N () ; N = NZT/ 60 N ( / h ) ; Z () ; T ( min),,, : T = Tz + Tt + Tz : T ; Tz ( min ) ; Tt ( min ) ; Tz ( min ) (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 10,,, 6.7

170 ( km) 1 / / 2 4 000 4 h 2 20 000 2 1 100 000 10 5 500 000 25 10 1 000 000 40 (3 ),, 10% 5.,, ; ; (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 6.,,,,,,, 1 ;

171 ;,,,,,,, 7., 1,,, ;,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),, ;,, 1, ;, (3 ),,, :, ;,

172,,,,,,, 2. (1 ), (2 ) :,,,, :, : 1, (3 ) : :,,, : :, :,,, 3. (1 ),

173 (2 ) ATC,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, 1. (1 ), ( ) :, 23, 17.2 km, 11, 6 ( ) (2 )

174, :,,, ( ),, ; ( ),,,,, ATC;,,,, ;,,, 2. (1 ),, ( ),,,,,, ; 6 / m 2 6.8 6.8 Kabat y Mlociny TC + M + M + M + M + TC TC + MP + M + M + MP + TC TC + MP + MP + TC TC + M + M + M + M + TC (m) 19.50 24.40 ( TC) 22.80 ( M ) 19.49( TC) 19.44( MP ) 23.65( TC) 22.80 ( M )

175 ) Kabat y Mlociny (m) 2.80 3.00 2.61 3.21 (m) 3.54 3.80 3.80 3.68 4 5 4 4 248 356 172 300 () 1 222 2 140 998 2 280 (2 ),, : 1,,,, 1.,,,,, 2. :,,, ;,,,, 3. ( )

176,,,,,,,, ( OCC),,,, 6. 2,,,, 6.2 ( OCC) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

177,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ; ; ; ;,, ;,,,,,,, 1 min,,,,, :,,,,,,

178,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 min,,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,

179 1., ( A TS ),, ( A T P ) ( ATO) ( ATC )ATC A TS, AT S A TC 6.9 6.9 ATS ATC ATP + ATS + ATO AT P + A TS 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. AT C, A TS, ; AT P, ATO A TC, : A TS,,,

180 A T P A TO,,,, ;,,, A T P,,, A T P, A TO,, A T P, 2.,,,, 3.,,,,, : 4.,,,, :,,,,,,

181 5.,,,, 2300,, 2300,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ;,,,,,, 400 AT C ( 1 ) : 400430,,, ;,,,, CAT S,,

182,, CAT S 10 1 1.,,,,, 2. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) (, ) = - 100% : 1 min,,,,, (3 ) ( ) = 100 %,,,

183 (4 ) = 100%,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 1.,,, :,,

184 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,

185,, ;,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, 6.10 6.10 ( km/ h ) 1 20 2 15 3 15 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 3,,,,, ; ;,, ;,,,,

186,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, : 1.,,

187 2.,, 3.,,,,,, 4.,,, 5.,, 6.,,,, : 1.,,,, 1 2.,, 35, 3.,, 1 2

188 4.,,, 1 5. ( ) ( ),,, :,, 1., (1 ),, 1015 m,,, 1 2,, :,,,,,,,, (2 ), 46 m,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, 50% 100%,,,,

189 26 m, 2.,,,,, 3. 20 80,,,, 4., 6.11, 6.12 6.11 (m 2 ) 1 442 2 120 + 150 3 302 4 SCADA( ) 124 5 122 6 122 7 84 8 1004 9 12 10 30 11 25 12 30 13 20

190 ) (m 2 ) 14 20 15 7 16 5 17 12 6.12 (m 2 ) 1 60 2 122 3 602 4 842 5 3102 6 3902 7 602 8 20 9 100150 10 / 25 11 150 12 12 13 20 14 50100, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,

191,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ), : = (3 ) ( ) (4 ) (5 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : 1993 4,, 100 ; 1993 10,, ;1972 11,,, ;

192 1971, 43,, 1.,, ; ;, (1 ),, 3 5,, 150 min,, 90 min,,, 30 min,,, :, : ( )( )

193 (, ),,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( ), 2. (1 ),, ;, ; (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ) ( ),,,,,, ;,, :,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,

194 ( ),,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, ;, ;,, ; ; ; ; 2.,, :,,,,

195,,, 1,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, (1 ),,,,, 1999 15.3 ; 18.3,, (2 ),,,, ;,,,,, 12,17,

196 2.,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3., : ; ;,, 10%, 3%, 8 k m, 10%, 1%,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 41,, 20,, 2000 215 777, ( 13 621 ) ( 11 718 ),,,, 6.13

197 : 13 46 79 1012 1315 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.5 8.0 1.6 3.2 4.5 5.9 6.9 1.0 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.2, 2, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,, 1998,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6. (1 ), 1, ;,, (2 ),,,,,,

198 : : F ; P ; F = P + R1 D1 + R2 D2 + + Rn Dn R1, R2, Rn ; D1, D2, Dn,,, 30 50 100 6.14 6.14 1 13 46 79 1012 1315 2 3 4 5 6 30 2 3 3.8 4.5 5.0 50 1.9 2.9 3.6 4.3 4.8 100 1.8 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.5 1.4 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.5,,,,,,,,, 1. 1821, H enry Palmer, 1824, Palmer,

199 15 km,, 1893 Langen, 1901, 13.3 km, 10 km,, 1901,,,,,, 1952, Axelienard Wenner-Gren,, 1958,, ALWEG, 1950, 1957,,, 1964,, 13.1 km, 7.1 km, 6 km, 750 V, 6, 48 km/ h, 4.5 min, 7 500, 12.2,, 20 70,,,, 2., ;, (1 ) ( ALWEG ) 5 4 ALWEG, (2 ) ( SAF EGE ),,,,, 3., : (1 ),,

200, 11.5 m, 57 m, (2 ) 4 6, 5 00020 000; (3 ),, 10% 30 m (4 ),,,,, 1/ 3 (5 ),,, (6 ),, ;, (7 ),, (8 ),,,,, 4.,, 40%,, 10 00020 000,,,, 5. (1 ) 6.15 6.15 4, ( ) 148 148 232 208 0.35 m 2 / 380 356 () 1 070 878 0.1 m 2 /

201 ) 4, ( m) 60.2 56.2 ( m) 2.98 2.98 ( m) 3.39 3.61 ( T) 11 10 108 T/ 104 T/ (mm) 8501 50020 000 8001 40020 000 80 80 3.5 ( km/ h)/ s 3.5 ( km/ h)/ s 4.0 ( km/ h)/ s 4.0 ( km/ h)/ s 4.5 ( km/ h)/ s 4.5 ( km/ h)/ s (2 ),, 6.1 6 6.16 4, ( ) ( ) 180 172 200 126 0.35 m 2 / 380 298 180 172 890 546 0.1 m 2 / 1 070 718 68.1 54.1 (m) 2.66 2.51 2.95 2.95 ( T) 9.5 7.5 21.54 T, 20.28 T 19 T, 17.98 T ( mm) 880 840

202 ) 4, 80 km/ h 3.5( km/ h )/ s 3.5( km/ h )/ s 4.5( km/ h )/ s 1.,,, ;,, 20 60,,,,,,,, 10 000 / h, 26, 20, 200 km,, 50 % 6.17 6.17 6.4 9 6 600 V 3.6 3 4 600 V 6.6 8 4 600 V 4.1 6 3 1 7.4 7 4 1 2.8 3 4 1 DC 750 V DC 750 V DC 750 V 10.6 14 15 1 DC 750 V 18.4 21 6 1 DC 750 V 4.5 6 4 600 V 11.9 12 6 600 V

203 2.,,,,,,,,,, 1995 12 3.,, ATC, A TC,,,, 4.,,,,, 5., :, 512 m,,, 1.52,, ;,, ;, 1.,

204 20%, ( GTO),,,,,,, 2. ( VV VF ),,,,,,,, V VV F 3.,,,,,,,, ;,, 810 mm,,, 4. (1 ),,,, :,,,, 10 dba,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), 70%

205,,,,,,, 1. ( Magnetic levita tion, maglev ), 21, 20 60,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 500 km/ h ;,, ;, ;, 21.4% 64.3%,,, 3. 30, 1981,1986 M Bahn, HSST,,,, T R 20 km, H SS T 100 4., : ( EMS ) ( EDS ) (1 ) ( EMS )

206,,, 1015 mm,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( EDS ) ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,,, ( ), 100150 mm,,, 50 km/ h,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;

207 6.,,,,, T R H SS T ;,,, 7., Tran srapid 300 500 km/ h,,,, Transrapid (1 ) Transr apid, 300500 km/ h ;, 300 km/ h,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) Transrapid : 550 k m/ h : 2.5 min ( ) : 0100 k m/ h 31 s, 424 m 0200 k m/ h 61 s, 1 700 m 0300 k m/ h 97 s, 4 200 m 0400 k m/ h 148 s, 9 100 m 01 500 km/ h 256 s, 22 700 m ( ) : 1000 k m/ h 30 s, 415 m 2000 k m/ h 59 s, 1 576 m 3000 k m/ h 88 s, 3 906 m 4000 k m/ h 117 s, 6 725 m 5000 k m/ h 147 s, 10 475 m (, 5,446 ) : 200 km/ h( ) 22 W h/ k m

208 km/ h( ) 34 W h/ k m 400 km/ h( ) 52 W h/ k m 430 km/ h( ) 55 W h/ k m ( 25m ) : 200 km/ h 72 db( A) 250 km/ h 75 db( A) 300 km/ h 79 db( A) 400 km/ h 86 db( A) 450 km/ h 89 db( A) 8. 1989 ; 1992, 1995 3.36 m, 3 m, 2 m 4 8, 4, 6 T, 20 mm, 10 mm, 41,, 2001 1 23, Thyssen Krupp Tran srapid International 12.39 ( 51.70 ),, 35 km, 2002, 1.?? 2. 3.? 4.??

,,,,,,,,,,, : 1. (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),

210,, ( ) ;,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ),,,,,, ;, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. (1 ),,,

211,,,,,, (2 ), ;,,,, (3 ),,,, 5. (1 ),,, ;,,,, ; ;,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,

212,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,?,,,,

213,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 3.,,,,,,

214,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, : 1.,,,?,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, :,,, ;, ;,, ;

215,,, 700830 16301800 1/ 3, 1/ 8,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, ;, 4.,,,?,,,,,,, :,,,,,,

216,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

217,,,,,,,300,,,,,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( ),,,,,, ;, ;,,,, 3.,,,, 89,,,,,

218,,,,, :,! :,,,,, 1.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, 2.

219,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

220, 4. ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1. 7.1 7.1 7.1,,,,,,,,,

221, 2. :,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 3.,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 4.,,,, (1 ),,,

222, ; (2 ),,,,, ;,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 5.,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,, (5 ), ;, ;,, (6 ),, ; ;,

223,,,, : 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ;,, ;,, :, 3. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,

224,,,,,, 1., : 2.,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ), :, ;,, (3 ),,, 3. :

225, ; (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),,,,,, 1.,,,, 2., ( ),,, 3.,

226, ( ), 4., (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ), ;,,, (4 ),,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,

227 :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, (3 ) ;,,, ;,, ; (4 ),,,,,,, ;, ;, ;, ;,,, 3.,,,,,

228, ;,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,, : ;, 5.,, ; (1 ), ;,,,,, (2 ), ;,,,,,,,,, 6.,,

229, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, ;,,,, (3 ),,,, ; ;,,,,,, : 1.,,,,,,, (1 ),,,

230,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,

231 5.,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,

232 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,, 4.,,,

233,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

234, 1. 2. 3.? 4. 5.

,,,,,,,,, ( ITS), IT S ( intelligent transport sy st em ), 20 90 IT S 21,,,,, ;,,, :,, 8.1 8.1 8.2

236,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, ; (4 )

237 (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,,,,,,,, A B, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 15 min30 min,,

238,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( GIS ),,,,,,,,,, 24 h

239, :, ( GIS),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :,,,,,,,,,,

240,,,,,,, 21,,, 2002, ;, ;,,,,,, 200 km/ h,, 1020 2002, : 1.2 m,,,, 3.95 m,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2000

241 1. : : : GPS, 2., : (1 ) ; RDS TMC( Radio Data System- Traffic Message Channel ) DAB (Digital-Audio Broadcasting) RDS TMC, RDS (2), AM 630 khz 1 610 khz HAR ( Highway Advisory Radio), 1 620 khz H AIR ( Highway Advisory Information Radio),, (3 ) tn4f/ V H F, GSM ( Group Special Mobile) CDPD ( Cellular Dig-kal Packet Data) GSM, GSM, (4 ),, (5 ) PS TNISDN CDPD (6 ) ( Kiosk) 3. : ( F M) :, ;, ;,,,,, 8.2,

242 ( RDS), ( TMC),, 1. GPS,,,,,,,,,,?, :,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, XY,,,,,,,, CD ROM CD ROM

243 78, 4.74 M, 133 min,,,,,,,,,, 3. GPS GPS Global Positioning System( ),,, GPS :,,,,,,,,,, GPS : ( ), ( GPS ), ( ),,,,,, : GPS,, GPS G PS A, 20 m GPS, GIS, GPS /,,,, GIS

244 4. E TAK Delco Naw Fech,,, GPS,2000 GPS 4050 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80,, 90,, 1.,,,, : ( ) : 2.,,,,,

245 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,, :!,, :,,, CDMD, 28.8, (2 ) Visteon 1997, Visteon Visteon, X200, :,,, (3 ) ONS TAR, 1997 ONS TAR,, ONS TAR, ONS TAR,, (4 ) ( Telematics),,,,,,,,

246,,,,,, (5 ),,, : CD CD CD, : 10 s CD, ; CD, CD F M1FM2LW MW,, ( ), (6 ) ( ),,, 0.5 s,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ) (7 ),, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

247 110 G/ s, 50 20,,,,,, OnStar,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4. :,,,,, ( ),,, 1.,,,, ( ACC),,,,,

248 2., 2005,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 50 ms 45,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 3. (1 ),, 1.8 s2 s 2.4 s (2 ),, (Drive-by-Wire),

249,,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,

250,,,, 2. (, ), ( ) ),,, (1 ),,,,,, ( ), (2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,, 24,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;, ; ;,,,, FD12,, FD12,,,,,,,

251,, 3.,,,, E, E : ( Education) ( Engineering) ( Enforcement) ( Emergencycareandfirstaid ), (1 ),,,,,,, :,, (2 ),,, : ( ),,,,,, (, ), ( ), (, ), (,, ), (, ), :,,,, ;, ; (3 ),

252,,,, ( ) ;, ; ;,, (4 ), ( ), :,,,, : ; ; ; ;, ;, ;, ; ;,,,, 4.,,,, 35 m, 0.5 m,, 500 m ( ),,,,,,,,,, 5., (1 ),

253,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, (2 ), ( ),,, 50%, 80%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 20 80 ( IV H S ),,, 1. 2.? 3.? 4. 5.?

. :,1998 2..,2000 3..2001,2001 4.. 20002020,2000 5..,1996 6.. :,2000 7.. :,1996 8.. :,2002 9... :, 2001 10... :, 2001 11.. :,2001 12.. :,2001 13.. :,1998 14.. :,1994 15.. : 2001 16.. :,2001