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( ) 衞 ( ) ( ) 1 256 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) 10 ( 100 320 ) ( 250 ) ( 160 ) ( 120 ) ( 91 ) ( 1 200 ) 60 0.60 60% - 2 -
( ) 60% 23% 10% ( ) ( 5 ) 6 0.76 76% ( 5 ) ( ) ( ) - 3 -
(i) (ii) (iii) 2. 衞 ( ) 1 1 2 1 ( ) 1 3. ( ) 3, 4, 5, 6 4. - 4 -
5. 1 6. ( ) ( ) 2,7 ( ) ( ) 7. 0.2 ( 5 ) 1,7 1 0.4 6 8. 1,7 衞 ( 132 ) ( ) 衞 - 5 -
9. ( 521) ( 541(i)) 21% 26% ( 522) ( 541(ii)) ( 554) ( ) ( ) 麪 6, 8, 9, 10 10. ( ) 1 11. ( ) ( ) 1% ( ) 1,7 12. ( ) 1,2,7 13. (LD 50 ) 1 000 2-6 -
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1 19. 20. 95% 10 1,2 100 21. ( ) 1 ( ) 1.6 ( 13 ) 34 ( 14 ) 20% 400% ( 60 ) 1.5 4.5 1.3 15 60 1.5 2 60 4.0 14 22. 79.5% 49% 14,15 23. 1-8 -
24. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) ( ) (vii) 25. 24 256 ( 60 196 ) 1 1 (i) 61 (ii) 97 (iii) ( ) 15 (iv) 9 (v) 30 (vi) ( ) 19 (vii) 25 256 26. ( ) 95-9 -
5 0.5 2 16 27. 畧 60 28. 60 29. 6 1 1 10 ( 250 ) 30. 256 2 (97%) - 10 -
2 ( ) [ ] (i) 61 ( ) 14 100 [3 230] ( ) 36 130 [4 270] 11 320 [200 570] (ii) 97 麪 15 5 [1 28] ( ) 16 12 [1 87] 15 16 [1 88] 10 33 [1 180] 5 59 [1 160] 15 91 [1 220] 6 120 [65 180] 10 160 [1 710] 5 250 [6 510] (iii) ( ) 15 1 200 [400 1 800] (iv) 9 82 [1 210] (v) 30 15 20 [1 110] 15 46 [2 330] (vi) 19 ( ) 4 1 [1] 10 4 [ 20]* 5 100 [5 320] (vii) 25 5 1 [ 2]* 5 52 [ 260]* 5 110 [54 180] 10 2 600 [180 16 000] 256 * 31. 61 ( 320 ) ( )( 130 ) ( )( 100 ) (3%) ( 10 ) - 11 -
32. 97 ( 麪 5 250 ) ( 1 710 6 510 ) 33. ( 250 ) ( 160 ) ( 120 ) ( 91 ) 25% ( 10 ) ( ) 710 34. 麪 ( ) ( 82% 10 ) 35. 15 ( ) 400 1 800 1 200 36. 1 210 82 37. 30 ( 1 330 ) (70%) ( 10 ) 38. 1 4 5 320-12 -
39. 54 180 110 6 31 12 40. 180 16 000 ( 16 000 ) 180 1 900 40 70% 20 30% 2% ( ) 41. 260 ( 2 ) 42. 0.60 3 3 ( / ) ( ) 0.36 (60%) 0.14 (23%) 0.06 (10%) 0.02 (3%) ( ) 0.01 (1%) 0.01 (2%) 0.60 (100%)* (* ) - 13 -
43. 60 0.09 0.63 ( 4) 4 ( / ) ( ) * 112 0.63 100 0.47 100 0.21 ( ) 68 0.15 70 0.14 62 0.09 ( ) 69 0.09 * 60 44. ( 710 ) ( 130 ) 60 1.54 ( ) ( 1 200 ) 60 50 45. 5 0.6 5 5 ( ) [ ] 4 5 [3 6] 0.6 [0.4 0.8] 6 5 [2 12] 0.6 [0.2 1.5] - 14 -
46. 0.76 ( 0.46 0.92 ) 0.21 ( 0.08 0.53 ) ( 250 ) 47. 48. 3,4,6 49. ( ) 1.2 2.2% ( 12 000 22 000 ) 684 1 250 50. 51. 0.60 60% 0.09 0.63 9 63% - 15 -
52. 17 53. 60% 23% 10% 54. 羣 55. 6-16 -
6 ( ) 11 16.8 ( ) 13.3 ( ) 21.7 30.8 31.5 * 36 37.8 46.9 18 56-63 ( )49 ( ) 77 ( ) 56 ( ) 91 ( ) 14 238 * 56. 1 0.76 76% 57. 19 0.02 60 0.0047 0.04 2 1 0.004 58. 5 0.7 1-17 -
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 WHO. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants : sixty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series 940. Geneva: WHO; 2007. IPCS. Aluminium. Environmental Health Criteria 194. Geneva: WHO; 1997. 麪 衞 2006 16(9):1113-4 2006 13(3): 62-4 2004 25(11): 240-4 Saiyed SM, Yokel RA. Aluminium content of some foods and food products in the USA, with aluminium food additives. Food Additives and Contaminants 2005; 22(3): 234 44. WHO. Aluminium in Drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: WHO; 2003. Stauffer CE. Functional Additives for Bakery Foods. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1990. Li J, Hsieh Y. Traditional Chinese Food Technology and Cuisine. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 13(2): 147-55. Rayner P. Colours. In: Smith J, editor. Food Additive User s Handbook. New York: Blackie and Son Ltd; 1991. p.89-111. Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC). Scientific Opinion of AFC: Safety of aluminium from dietary intake. EU: EFSA; 2008. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/efsa/scientific_opinion/afc_ej754_aluminium_op_en,0.pdf Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT). Subgroup Report on the Lowermoor Water Pollution Incident. UK: COT; 2005. Leblanc JC, Verger P, Guérin T, Volatier JL. The 1 st French Total Diet Study Mycotoxins, minerals and trace elements. France: the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fishing and Rural Affairs, and the National Institute on Agronomic Research; 2004. 衞 2003 32(3):268-271 Food Standard Agency (FSA) of UK. Survey on measurement of the concentrations of metals and other elements from the 2006 UK Total Diet Study. Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 01/09. UK: - 20 -
16 17 18 19 20 21 FSA; 2009. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis0909metals.pdf Leung S, Ho S, Woo J, Lam TH, Janus ED. Hong Kong Adult Dietary Survey 1995. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong and University of Hong Kong; 1995. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), FAO & WHO. GEMS (Global Environmental Monitoring System). Guidelines for the study of dietary intake of chemical contaminants Report of the Joint FAO/UNEP/WHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme, WHO Offset Publication No.87. Geneva: WHO; 1985. Pennington JAT, Schoen SA. Estimates of dietary exposure to aluminium. Food Additives and Contaminants 1995; 12(1):119-128 Water Supplies Department of HK. Drinking Water Quality for the Period April 2007 March 2008. [cited 27 Oct 2008] Available from: http://www.info.gov.hk/wsd/en/html/pdf/wq/drinking_c-e.pdf FAO/WHO. Report of the Fortieth Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives, Beijing, China, 21 25 April 2008. Available from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/report/702/al31_12e.pdf FAO/WHO. Report of the Forty-First Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives, Shanghai, China, 16 20 March 2009. Available from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/report/721/al32_12e.pdf - 21 -
( )( ) (i) ( ) 14 100 (3 230) ( ) (ii) 麪 ( ) 5 80 (59 100) 9 110 (3 230) 36 130 (4 270) 5 100 (4 220) 5 120 (67 170) 5 130 (58 200) 5 130 (40 270) 5 140 (69 170) 5 150 (37 220) 6 150 (91 190) 11 320 (200 570) 5 260 (200 380) 6 380 (240 570) 5 3 (1 4) 5 4 (3 6) 麪 5 7 (1 28) 5 4 (1 6) 8 20 (1 87) 3 3 (2 3) 5 7 (6 7) 15 5 (1 28) 10 21 (1 88) 5 4 (3 5) 16 12 (1 87) 15 16 (1 88) 10 33 (1 180) 5 61 (1 180) 5 59 (1 160) - 22 -
( )( ) 5 75 (3 210) 15 91 (1 220) 5 99 (53 140) 5 100 (1 220) 6 120 (65 180) 10 160 (1 710) 5 150 (4 710) 5 180 (1 430) 5 250 (6 510) (iii) ( ) 15 1 200 (400 1 800) (iv) 9 82 (1 210) (v) 5 2 (1 3) 5 25 (10 65) 15 20 (1 110) 5 33 (1 110) 脷 5 3 (2 5) 5 30 (2 140) 15 46 (2 330) 5 100 (3 330) (vi) ( ) 4 1 (1) 10 4 ( 20)* 5 100 (5 320) (vii) 5 1 ( 2)* 5 52 ( 260)* 5 110 (54 180) 10 2 600 (180 16 000) 5 850 (180 1 500) 5 4 300 (820 16 000) 256 * - 23 -