531 157 241 64.4% 36 47.1% 56.9% 44.3% 55.7% 37 16 75 36.2% 32 15.5% 100 48.3% 109 39.9% 29 86.7% 1
82% 63.4% (1) (2) (3) (5) 74.6% 25.4% 131 54.4% 2
3
unemployment rate underemployment Kirchner & Peterson, 1982 DeLaGarza & Erin, 1993 Fuqua, Rathbun, & Gade, 1984 1990 Fuqua, Rathbun, Gade 1984 0.1 1936 1938 4
legally blind 0.1 2003 69 86 2003 57 24 2003 2003 35% 2000 48% Windows 5
Crudden, 2002 Wolffe & Spungin, 2002 2003 1998 91% 2003 2000 2001 6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7
low vision the blind 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 15 64 8
sheltered workshop 9
supported employment Rusalem, 1972 Miller, 1993 Parker & Szymannski, 1998 Crudden, Moore, & Giesen, 1996 84 10
.05 Commission for the Blind rehabilitation counselor low vision 11
Moore & Wolffe, 1996 people with acquired visual disability? 2003 2003 12
blind low vision 0.1 legally blind total rehabilitation 92 13
104 91 23924 44889 4000 800 2002 14
50 0.2 1998 0.9 1. 15
2. 1 2 3 16
4 40 50 91 5 A A 6 B B 17
Lynch Lynch (1998) 18
job Lynch R., & Lynch, R. (1998). 1998 91% work accommodations or job modifications 19
Wolffe,Sacks Orlansky 1997 job readiness program 1. self-awareness 2. vocational selection 3. job seeking slills 4. job searching skills 5. job maintenance skills 20
Crudden 2002 35 35 Crudden Jeppson-Grassman 1986 1. Phase I;decline or preparation 2. Phase II discontinuance 3. Phase III Restoration 4. Phase IV Normalization 21
2003 American Foundation for the Blind health care professionals case status code system 2000 73% 22
2001 37% 19 60 Wolffe Spungin 2002 23
2-1 X Wolffe, K. & Spungin, S. 2002 A glance at worldwide employment of people with visual impairments. JVIB, 249. 24
2002 Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness Wolffe 2002 2003 373 50 2004 6 3 1 8 ; 8 ( ) 3 7 1 5 10 5 9 2 1 6 1 2 4 5 6 3 9 3 1 25
2 7 2 2 1 5 1 4 1 1 8 5 2004 18 55 45 6 2-2 37.4 91 26
2-2 91% 1999 25 182 73.1% 200020 40 372 37.4%, 19-60 2001 1051 19-60 373 57 50 2003 57 24 45% 18-55 2004 63% 80% 2004 27
1. 15-64 28
2. 3. 531 157 241 64.4% 2003 2000 Wolffe Spungin 2002 1995 29
work accommodation or job modification SPSS for Windows10.1 30
15 64 4-1 1. 15~29 40 ( 16.6%) 30~40 47 ( 19.5%) 41~50 53 ( 22.0%) 51~64 101 ( 41.9%) 2. 140 58.1% 101 41.9% 3. 56 23.2% 49 20.3% 44 18.3% 43 17.8% 39 16.2% 10 4.1% 4. 126 52.3% 66 27.4% 49 20.3% 5. 241 205 85.1% 36 14.9% 31
6. 23 11.2% 157 76.6% 12.2% 25 7. 188 94.5% 5 2.5% 3 1.5% 8. 96 47.1% 108 56.9% 9. 20 93 49.7% 5 57 30.5% 6~20 37 19.8% 10. 22 10.9% 27 13.4% 1 0.5% 17 8.4% 2 2.0% 21 10.4% 3 1.5% 27 13.4% 54 26.7 0 11. 68 33.2% 52 25.4% 29 14.1% / 26 12.7% 4 2.0% 12. 145 71.4% 47 23.2% 11 5.4% 13. 31 (5.6%) 12 (6.0%) 14 (7.0%) 18 (9.0%) 0 124 (62.3%) 32
14. 17 8.3% 40 19.4% 109 52.9% 15. 25 10.3% 24 10.7% 26 11.1% 149 63.7% 10 4.3% 4-1 15~29 40 16.6 30~40 47 19.5 41~50 53 22.0 51~64 101 41.9 241 100.0 140 58.1 101 41.9 241 100.0 43 17.8 49 20.3 39 16.2 44 18.3 10 4.1 56 23.2 241 100.0 49 20.3 66 27.4 126 52.3 241 100.0 33
36 14.9 205 85.1 241 100.0 23 11.2 157 76.6 25 12.2 205 100.0 5 2.5 3 1.5 188 94.5 3 1.5 199 100.0 96 47.1 108 52.9 204 100.0 5 57 30.5 6~20 37 19.8 20 93 49.7 187 100.0 22 10.9 22 10.9 27 13.4 1 0.5 17 8.4 0 0.0 4 2.0 4 2.0 21 10.4 3 1.5 27 13.4 54 26.7 202 100.0 34
26 12.7 68 33.2 29 14.1 52 25.4 26 12.7 4 2.0 205 100.0 145 71.4 47 23.2 11 5.4 203 100.0 31 15.6 12 6.0 14 7.0 18 9.0 0 0.0 124 62.3 199 100.0 17 8.3 40 19.4 40 19.4 109 52.9 206 100.0 25 10.7 24 10.3 26 11.1 149 63.7 10 4.3 234 100.0 35
4-2 4-2 89 112 44.3% 55.7% 14 12 19 2 3 3 2 21 1 1 10.8% 9.2% 14.6% 1.5% 2.3% 2.3% 1.5% 16.2% 0.8% 40.8% 140 27 6 2 1 26 69.3% 13.4% 3.0% 1.0% 0.4% 12.9% 149 35 6 10 8 27 4 3 6 19 27 BBS 7 0 49.5% 11.6% 2.0% 3.3% 2.7% 9.0% 1.3% 1.0% 2.0% 6.3% 9.0% 2.3% 0.0% 4 36
7 1 9 16 6 9.3% 16.3% 2.3% 20.9% 37.2% 14.0% 79 58 65 39.1% 28.7% 32.2% 47 31 16 51 70 43 30 132 34 7 8.9% 8.0% 3.5% 11.1% 15.2% 9.3% 6.5% 28.6% 7.4% 1.5% 21 178 10.6% 89.4% 4 10 4 2 20% 50% 20% 10% 1 1 5 3 2 3 6 4.8% 4.8% 23.8% 14.3% 9.5% 14.3% 28.6% 37
38 4-2 89 112 201* 44.3 55.7 100.0 14 10.8 12 19 2 3 3 2 21 1 53 9.2 14.6 1.5 2.3 2.3 1.5 16.2 0.8 40.8 130* 100.0 140 27 6 2 1 26 202* 149 35 6 10 8 27 4 3 6 19 27 7 69.3 13.4 3.0 1.0 0.4 12.9 100.0 49.5 11.6 2.0 3.3 2.7 9.0 1.3 1.0 2.0 6.3 9.0 2.3
39 BBS 0 301 0.0 100.0 4 7 1 9 16 6 43 9.3 16.3 2.3 20.9 37.2 14.0 100.0 79 58 65 202 39.1 28.7 32.2 100.0 41 37 16 51 70 43 30 132 34 7 461 8.9 8.0 3.5 11.1 15.2 9.3 6.5 28.6 7.4 1.5 100.0 21 178 199 10.6 89.4 100.0 4 10 4 2 20 20.0 50.0 20.0 10.0 100.0
1 1 5 3 2 3 6 21 4.8 4.8 23.8 14.3 9.5 14.3 28.6 100.0 4-3 1. 100 48.3 75 36.2 32 15.5 2. 46 63.1 26 36.1 3. 29 39.7 11 15.1 10 13.7 9 12.3 5.5 2 2.7 4. 38 52.1 / 40
11 15.1 5 6.8 / / 3 4.1 / 5. 82 6. 34 37.0 27 37.0 12 16.4 7. 3 6.7 36 80.0 4 8.9 2 4.4 0 8. 63 67.0 31 33.0 9. 2 2.1 32 34.0 19 20.2 10 10.6 31 33.0 10. 11 45.6 5 20.8 5 20.8 3 12.5 11. 50 17.9 41
12. 23 31.1 19 25.7 16 21.6 4 5.4 3 4.1 2 2.7 1 1.4 0 13. 66 90.4 7 9.6 14. 15600-30000 29 39.7 15600 18 24.7 30000 26 35.6 15. 4.2 69 95.8 16. 30 41 1 29 39.7 14 19.2 17. 20 8 11 21 30 5 6.8 31 40 22 30.1 41 38 52.1 18. 21 29.2 51 70.8 19. 5 15.6 11 34.4 2 6.3 1 3.1 42
0 1 3.1 1 3.1 1 0 1 3.1 1 3.1 7 21.9 1 3.1 20. 63 92.6 1 1.5 0 1 1.5 1 1.5 2 2.9 21. 2 50 5000 0 5000-20000 1 25 20000-50000 0 1 25 22. 1 50 0 1 50 0 0 23. 147 75 32 16.3 17 8.7 24. 121 58.5 81 39.1 5 2.4 25. 24 66.7 9 43
25 3 8.3 26. 20 34.5 12 20.7 15 25.9 17.2 17.2 1 1.7 27. 23 41.14 5 8.9 15 26.8 4 7.1 3 5.4 6 10.7 0 28. 2 7.4 4 14.8 16 59. 4 14.8 1 3.7 29. 20 29 14 20.3 31 44 9 4 5.8 30. 103 39.9 22 8.5 37 14.3 14 5.4 12 4.7 4 1.6 30 11.6 7 2.7 21 8.1 8 3.1 31. 37 18 168 82 44
32. 23 62.2 14 37.8 33. 85 47.8 69 38.8 24 13.5 34. 54 70.1 23 29.9 45
46 4-3 75 100 32 207* 36.2 48.3 15.5 100 26 46 72* 36.1 63.9 100 29 4 4 10 4 11 2 9 73 39.7 5.5 5.5 13.7 5.5 15.1 2.7 12.3 100 / / / / / 0 5 38 11 5 0 3 11 73 0 6.8 52.1 15.1 6.8 0 4.1 15.1 100 0 9 47 13 4 73 0 12.3 64.4 17.8 5.5 100
47 27 34 12 73 37.0 46.6 16.4 100 4 37 4 2 0 45* 46 8.5 78.7 8.5 4.3 0 100 31 63 94 33.0 67.0 100 2 32 19 10 31 94 2.1 34.0 20.2 10.6 33.0 100 11 5 5 3 24* 45.6 20.8 20.8 12.5 100 16 23 38 6 5.7 8.2 13.6 2.1
48 20 50 6 27 25 12 8 27 14 7 279 7.2 17.9 2.1 9.7 9.0 4.3 2.9 9.7 5.0 2.5 100 3 19 23 16 3 4 3 1 2 74 4.1 25.7 31.1 21.6 4.1 5.4 4.1 1.4 2.7 100 66 7 73* 90.4 9.6 100 15600 15600 30000 30000 18 29 26 73* 24.7 39.7 35.6 100 3 69 4.2 95.8
49 72* 100 30 29 14 73* 41.1 39.7 19.2 100 20 21 30 31 40 41 8 5 22 38 73* 11.0 6.8 30.1 52.1 100 21 51 72* 29.2 70.8 100 5 11 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 7 32 15.6 34.4 6.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 21.9 100 63 1 1 1 2 92.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.9
50 68 100? 5000 5000-20,000 20,000-50,000 2 1 1 4* 50.0 25.0 25.0 100? 1 0 1 0 0 2* 50 50 100 147 32 17 196* 75.0 16.3 8.7 100 121 81 5 207 58.5 39.1 2.4 100 24 9 3 36 66.7 25 8.3 100 20 12 15 10 1 58 34.5 20.7 25.9 17.2 1.7 100
51 23 5 15 4 3 6 0 56 41.1 8.9 26.8 7.1 5.4 10.7 0 100 2 4 16 4 1 27* 7.4 14.8 59.3 14.8 3.7 100 20 14 31 4 69* 29.0 20.3 44.9 5.8 100 103 22 37 14 12 4 30 7 21 8 258 39.9 8.5 14.3 5.4 4.7 1.6 11.6 2.7 8.1 3.1 100 37 168 205* 18.0 82.0 100
52 23 14 37* 62.2 37.8 100 85 69 24 178* 47.8 38.8 13.5 100 54 23 77* 70.1 29.9 100 4-4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4-4
4-4 12 31 4 15 9 31 4 46 2 16 62 1 29 12 37 3 32 26 5 4-5 29 67 46 67 53
4-5 29 46 75 * 67 62 129.05.067 4-6 30 93 34 18 11 19 1998 91 2001 51-64 4-6 30 34 11 75 * p.05 93 18 19 130.000* 54
4-7 15 29 3 5 30 40 24 22 41 50 26 27 51~64 22 78 51-69 (2001) 4-7 15~29 30-40 41-50 51-64 * 3 24 26 22 75 p.05 5 22 27 78 132.001* 4-8 20 3 51 106 1 18 55
4-8 20 3 51 106.000* 1 18 75 127 * p.05 4-9 51 94 18 29 6 5 4-9 * p 51 18 6 75.05 94 29 5 128.428 56
4-10 14 17 4 8 10 7 11 7 35 89 (access to print) 4-10 14 4 10 11 35 74 * p.05 17 8 4 7 89 125.002* 4-11 5 39 17 5 20 16 21 20 18 75 57
4-11 5 5 20 20 * p 39 16 18 73.05 17 21 75 113.000* 4-12 21 57 18 40 35 30 (2001) 37 16 4-12 21 18 35 75 * p.05 57 40 30 127.003 58
4-13 54 69 21 63 (2001) 71% 29% 4-13 * 54 21 75.05 69 63 132.005 4-4 1. 49 81 37.7% 62.3% 2. 32 98 24.6% 75.4% 3. 18 53 25.4% 74.6% 4. 59
18 19 48.6% 51.4% 5. 5 20 5 25 25 29 1 3 12 4.0% 16.0% 4.0% 20.0% 23.2% 0.8% 2.4% 9.6% 6. 194 5 97.5% 2.5% 7. 131 29 11 27 3 8 11 11 10 54.4% 12.0% 4.6% 11.2% 1.2% 3.3% 4.6% 4.6% 4.1% 8. 25,000 32 25000-35000 36 35000-45000 25 45000-55000 9 55000 3 30.5% 34.3% 23.8% 8.6% 2.9% 9. 34 167 16.9% 83.1% 60
61 4-4 49 81 130 37.7 62.3 100.0 32 98 130 24.6 75.4 100.0 18 53 71 25.4 74.6 100.0 18 19 37 48.6 51.4 100.0 5 20 5 25 25 29 1 3 12 125 4.0 16.0 4.0 20.0 20.0 23.2 0.8 2.4 9.6 100.0 194 5 199 97.5 2.5 100.0 131 29 11 54.4 12.0 4.6
27 3 8 11 11 10 241 11.2 1.2 3.3 4.6 4.6 4.1 100.0 25,000 25000-35000 35000-45000 45000-55000 55000 32 36 25 9 3 105 30.5 34.3 23.8 8.6 2.9 100.0 34 167 201 16.9 83.1 100.0 1. 2. 57 62
3. 1. 36 47.1 % 56.9% 2. 44.3% 55.7% 37 16 16 63
3. 75 36.2% 32 15.5% 100 48.3% 109 39.9% 29 86.7% 82% 63.4% 2003 2000 2004 6 Crudden, Moore, Gieden, 1996 4. 64
5. 6. 74.6% 25.4% 131 54.4% 65
531 157 241 64.4% 36 47.1 % 56.9% 44.3% 55.7% 37 16 75 36.2% 32 15.5% 100 48.3% 109 39.9% 29 66
86.7% 82% 63.4% 74.6% 67
25.4% 131 54.4% 37 18% 531 157 68
69
1999 American Foundation for the Blind www.afb.org career connection 70
Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA reasonable accommodation 157 optical devices 71
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 72
73
74
75 2002 2003 2003 11 3 2004 1990 113-114 2001 51-70 2003 55-73 2000 14 3-30 2003 2003 82-90 2004
1995 160-195 1998 Crudden, A. (2002). Employment after vision loss Results of a collective case study. Journal of visual Impairments & Blindness, 615-621. DeLagarza, D., & Erin, J. (1993). Employment status and quality of life of graduates of a state residential school. Journal of Visual Impairments & Blindness, 87, 229-233. Fruqua, D., Rathbun, M., & Gade, E. (1984). A comparison of employers attitudes toward the worker problems of eight types of disabled workers. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 15, 40-43. Jeppson-Grassman, E. (1986). Work and new visually impaired A study of adaptive process. Stockholm, Sweden University of Stockholm, School of social work. Kirchner, C., & Peterson, R. (1983). Vocational rehabilitation placements of blind and visually impaired clients U.S. 1980 Statiscal brief #21. Journal of Visual Impairments & Blindness, 76, 391-387. Lynch R., & Lynch, R. (1998). Rehabilitation counseling in the private sector. In R. Parker & E. Symanski Ed. Rehabilitation counseling; Basics and beyond.(3 rd. Ed.). Austin, TX Pro-Ed. Moore, E., & Wolffe, K. (1986). Employment considerations for adult swith low vision. In A. Corn & A. Koenig Ed. Roundations of lo w vision clinical and functional perspectives. New York American 76
Foundation for the Blind. Wolffe, K., Sacks, Z., & Orlansky, M. (1997). Placement readiness and supported employment. In J. Moore, W. Graves, J. Patterson Ed Foundations of rehabilitation counseling with persons who are blind or visually impaired. New York American Foundation for the Blind Wolffe, K., & Spungin, S. 2002 A glance at worldwide employment of people with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairmets & Blindness, 96, 245-253 77
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1 2 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 4.? 1 2 3 5.? 1 2 3 78
79 6.? 1 2 7. 8.? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9. 1 2 3 4 5 / 6 10. 1 2 3 11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 12.? 1 2 3 4 13.? 1 2 3 4 5 1. 1 2 2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.? 1 2 3 4 5 6
80 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 BBS 13 5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.? 1 2 3 7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8. 1 2 9.? 10.? 11. 1 2 3 4 12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 1 2 3 2. 3.? 1 2 4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
81 1 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 / / 8 / / 5.? 1 2 3 4 6. 1 2 3 7.? 1 2 3 4 5 8. 1 2 9. 1 2 3 4 5 10.? 1 2 3 4 5 11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
82 12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13.? 1 2 14.? 1 15600 2 15600 30000 3 30000 15.? 1 2 16.? 1 2 3 17. 1 20 2 21 30 3 31 40 4 41 18.? 1 2 19.? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 20.? 1 2 3 4 5 6
83 21.? 1 2 5000 3 5000-20,000 4 20,000-50,000 5 22.? 1 2 3 4 5 23.? 1 2 24.? 1 2 3 25.? 1 2 3 26.? 1 2 3 4 5 27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. 1 2 3 4 5 29. 1 2 3 4 5
84 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 30.? 1 2 3 4 31.? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 32. 1 2 33. 1 2 34. 1 2 35.? 1 2 1.? 1 2 2. 1 2 3. 1 2 4. 1 2
5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6.? 1 2 7.?? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8.? 1 25,000 2 25000-35000 3 35000-45000 4 45000-55000 5 55000 9.?? 1 2!! 0958-788-573 85