1997 12
1
1979 2
1 2 3 4 60 4 3
1985 1978 4
19 20 27 70 60 1979 3 167 5
1985 1979 1988 6
65 1985 7
65 8
1940 9
1985 30 1937 Robert Park 1935 Radcliffe-Brown 10
30 R.Firth M.Freedman R.Redfield 40 40 80 11
40 12
70 1982 1984 13
1985 14
21 21 21 1992 30 15
50 21 16
17
1995 1985 18
60 70. 1980 1982 1982 3 2 3 Sidney Goldstein 20 Sidney Goldstein 19
1985 41 1987 1 3 10. 1. 2. 19 30 12 3 3. 20
4. 30 5. 30 1932-1935 30-40 21
1 2 3 19861-3 6. 30 80 1992 7. 30 8. 1937 a new lead society197995 30 60 60 22
9. 10. 23
30-40 1952 70 / 30-40. 1. 80 30 2. 80 30-40 familyethnicity-nationality rural-urban communitiestype of cultures 24
1985. 1. 30-40 2. 12 1 2 31997 12 38 5 4 30 5 6 24 5 6 25
7 1988 4 a1994 37 b1995 9 c1997 16 5 7. 12 1. 1 2 30-40 3 2. 1985 1 10 2 26
3. 1 90 2 3 1990. 1988-1991 1 2 3 437 50 100 400 3 8 4 1 1 6 1992 27
30-40 30-40. 1 23 4 30 5 28
* * * * * * * 1979 1986 19961996 4 1997 5 21 1994 1 1 29
2 30
31
3 32
33
34
35
1985 1992 4 7 36
1994 1 1987 37
1997 7 5 1 5 97 38
2 20 60 3 60-70 8090 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 19 1 2 3 39
70 1 2 1990 3 4 5 6 40
1 2 41
paradigm[1] 1 2 80 William Rowe civil society [2]Philip Huang1940 [3] universalismcultural relativism sinological anthropologists 30 42
16 16 19 19 19 [4] [5]1946 ASA [6] [7] 19 20 1 2 3 ethnography [8] 43
[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] 60 [14] [15] J.J.M. De Groot18451921 [16] 18 44
[17] 19 [18] 3040 45
[19] 50...[20] 60 10 50 70 Maurice Freedman19151975William Skinner1925 70 80 80 46
[22], [23] 1949 7080 60 [24] [Arthur Wolf] [Emily Martin][Stephan Feuchtwang] [Jack Potter][Helen Siu] 80 50 47
/ [Man][Current Anthropology][American Anthropologist][Dialectical Anthropology][Ethnos] [Late Imperial China][Modern China][The China Journal] 60 1 2 3 4 5 48
60 50 [25] 1983 [26] 1962 [27] 49
[28] 1981 xxix James Watson 20 the lineage paradigm Hugh Baker Burton PasternakDavid Fuare [30] 50
Fortes generalizability 30 19 51
cost distance [31] [32] 19 60 52
counterculture 53
[33],[34] [35] 54
1 2 3 4 70 6070 60 [36] 1986 55
emic perspective [37] [38] [1]Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution (2nd Edition), Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1970. [2]William Rowe, "The public sphere in modern China", Modern China,1990, 16: 3:30929. [3]Philip Huang, "The paradigmic crisis in Chinese studies", Modern China, 1991, 17: 3: 299341. [4]Edward Said, Orientalism, London and New York: Penguin, 1978, p.12; Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History, Berkeley: California University Press, 1982, pp.323. [5]EvansPritchard, Social Anthropology and Other Essays, New York: The Free Press, 1962, pp.120, 4362. 56
[6] Geertz sociocultural anthropology [7]Ioan M.Lewis 1985 1 [8]Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973, p.5. [9]Claude LeviStrauss, 1972, Structural Anthropology, Vol.1, London and New York: Penguin, 1972, p.358. [10] 356359 [11]Marc Auge, The Anthropological Circle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp.1418. [12] [13]199612 [14]George Marcus and Michael Fischer, 1986, Anthropology as Cultural Ctirique, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986, p.1. [15] / [16]Maurice Freedman, "On the sociological study of Chinese religion", Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society, Arthur Wolf ed., Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp.1941. [17]Ernest Gellner, Culture, Identity and Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp.478. [18]Burton Pasternak, "The disquieting Chinese lineage and its anthropological relevance", The Chinese Family, Hsie Jihchang and Chuang Yingchang eds., Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1985, pp.165191. [19]Bronislow Malinowski, "Preface", to HsiaoTung Fei, Peasant Life in China, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1939, pp.xixxxvi. [22]EvanPritchard, 1962, Social Anthropology and Other Essays, New York: The Free Press, 1962, p.5. [21] 1980 471519 [22] E.E.EvansPritchard, Witchcraft,Oracles and Magic among the Azande, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1937 The Nuer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940Max Gluckman, Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa, London: Routledge, 1961 Edmund Leach, Political Systems of Highland Burma, London: Athlone, 1954. [23]Claude LeviStraussTotemism, London: Routledge, 1962; The Elementary Structures of Kinship, London: Routledge; Structural Anthropology (Vols.12), London and New York: Penguin, 1969. [24]Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 1973; Victor Turner, Schism and Continuity in African Society, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1957; The ritual Process: Structure and AntiStructure, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1966Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, London: Routledge, 1966Edmund Leach, "Animal categories and verbal abuse", New Directions in the Study of Language, E.H.Lenneberg, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964, pp.2863. [25] [19951] [26]Edmund Leach, Social Anthropology, London: Fontana, 1982, p.127. [27] Maurice Freedman, 1962, "A Chinese phase in social anthropology", British Journal of Sociology, 1963, I: 119. 57
[28] [29] 1985 250 [30]Allen ChunThe lineagevillage complex in Southeastern China", Current Anthropology, 1996 37 3. [31]William Skinner, "Cities and the hierarchy of local systems", in Studies of Chinese Society, Arthur Wolf ed., Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978, p.2. [32]Wang Mingming, "Place, administration and territorial cults in late imperial China: a case study from South Fujian", Late Imperial China, 1995,16: 2. [33] Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, London: Routledge, 1972. [34]Edward Said, Orientalism, London and New York: Penguin Books, 1978, p.273 [35] 3 [36]Maurice Bloch, "Interview with G. Houtman", Anthropology Today, 1988Vol.4, No.1:1821. [37], 1993 161165 [38]Talal Asad, Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter, New York: Humanities Press, 1973. 58
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60
6 7 1984 1718 1974 61
8 9 10 11 510 1991 3 1991 Fortes,M.and Evans-Pritchard,E.E(eds)(1940),African Political Systems,London. 62
12 R.Ward:"Tapan:The continutity of modernization."inl.pye and S.verba Political Culture Political Developement Princeton University Press.1965 63
13 1988 3 14, 5 4 1988 11 3783 64
15,, 3 2 1986 5 65
16 1986 17 18 :,1984 1988 51 66
30 19 19 1988 5 1 20 1981 160161 67
21 1993 5 22 1985 68
23 24 1988 313. 1984 69
25 26 1991 1990 5 70
27 28 29 1981 2526 1991 1981 2829 71
72
30 1985 94 73
1 60 1996 2 1997 3 1997 4 1997 5 1997 6 1997 7 1998 8 1997 9 1997 10 1998 1. 1989 2. 1991 3. 1993 4 1993 5. 1994 74
6. 1995 7. 1995 8. 1995 9. 1996 10. 1996 11. 1996 12. 1997 1997 9 11 Prof. Richard Helmut GrathoffUniversity of Bielefeld, Germany 1997 11 7 1997 11 18 1997 11 28 100871 75